DOCSLIB.ORG

Experimental Evaluation of Commercial-Scale Enhancement of Abalone Haliotisiris Populations in New Zealand

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Experimental Evaluation of Commercial-Scale Enhancement of Abalone Haliotisiris Populations in New Zealand MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published July 15 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. l Experimental evaluation of commercial-scale enhancement of abalone Haliotis iris populations in New Zealand David R. Schiel Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 1, New Zealand ABSTRACT: The viability of enhancing populations of abalone Haliotis iris by placing hatchery-raised juveniles into natural habitats was evaluated at the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Eighty thousand abalone, from 3 to 30 mm (shell length) in size, were seeded into 8 sites during 1990 and 1991 and sampled for survival and growth at times ranging from 5 to 23 mo. Annual mortality rates were 27.6 to 98.8 'X and instantaneous mortality ranged from 0.323 to 4.440. Mortality was greatest in sites affected by sand movement, which partially buried juvenile habitat. Desirable characteristics of sites for en- hancement were identified so that the risk of mortality due to habitat shifts can be greatly reduced in the future. Average annual growth increments ranged from 13.5 to 23.8 mm, but the lower value may be conservative because of the varying growth periods that seed were in place at the different sites. Preliminary economic analyses showed that, based on the current price of abalone, 3 individual sites should produce positive financial returns on the future harvest of abalone at the minimum legal size of 125 mm. Although 5 sites will have negative financial returns, the overall return of the 8 sites should exceed the original investment. INTRODUCTION One area where marine restoration may have a chance of success is in invertebrate fisheries, which are There is considerable interest in the methods and susceptible to overfishing (Harrison 1986). This is par- means of restoring marine populations that have been ticularly true of the commercially valuable abalone damaged or depleted in some way (Thayer 1992). To fisheries, which have suffered serial depletion in many be successful, this type of work requires a considerable countries, including New Zealand (Shepherd et al. knowledge about the life history of target organisms 1992b). The possibility of augmenting heavily ex- and an understanding of their ecology. In particular, it ploited abalone populations to help ensure their long- is necessary to know the links between early life stages term sustainability by enhancement with hatchery- and adult stages in terms of habitat requirements, raised seed has been explored in a few countries (Saito growth and survival. These links are far from clear for 1984, Tegner & Butler 1989).The interest in establish- most species. Especially in long-lived species, the rela- ing such a programme in New Zealand is more recent tionship between the numbers of juveniles and adults and has been in response to the perception that natural may break down under the influences of resource recruitment is irregular in many fishing sites limitation, predation, and environmental conditions (Sainsbury 1982a) and that the current high levels of (Underwood & Denley 1984, Connell 1985, Keough fishing effort in the comn~ercialand recreational fish- 1988, Jones 1990).These relationships have consider- ery may not be sustainable (Schiel 1992b). Population able importance in cornmercially-exploited species for enhancement, in conjunction with various manage- which economic value is attached to management ment initiatives, was seen as a means of significantly decisions. Moreover, any attempts at restoration or increasing recruitment to the fishery. enhancement of fished populations must be econorm- Attempts at enhancing abalone populations have cally viable. produced variable results (reviewed in Tegner & Butler Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 97: 167-181,1993 1989). In southern California (USA),it appears that few Paua generally occur in water depths <5 m (Poore seeded juveniles of HaLiotis rufescens survived to har- 1972c, Sainsbury 1982a). Sites where extensive sand vestable size despite many releases (Tegner & Butler and rock movement occur are usually poor habitat for 1985, 1989). Most seeded abalone were never seen juveniles. Rocky reefs that provide good juvenile habi- after release. Significant mortality was due to preda- tat are relatively common around the Chatham Islands, tion by crabs, lobsters and octopus, to the stressed con- New Zealand, where there is a substantial commercial dition of the hatchery-reared juveniles after their paua fishery (Schiel 1992b). This study was designed transport to seeding sites, and to alterations of habitat as a large-scale experiment in which growth and sur- following storms. Trials in Japan with H. discus hannai vival of seeded paua were assessed within a range of have also had variable results but successes have been sites around the island. The objectives were to deter- reported, with some seeded abalone eventually being mine the habitat characteristics suitable to enhance- captured in the commercial fishery (Saito 1984).Where ment on a commercial scale and to provide information recapture rates of seeded abalone were high, the size on whether seeding is an economically viable form of of seed at release was generally 230 mm (Saito 1984, paua population enhancement. Tegner & Butler 1989). New Zealand native abalone (or paua) Haliotis ins are relatively slow-growing, with average increments MATERIALS AND METHODS in shell length of 20 to 25 mm yr-' as juveniles (Poore 1972~).In a hatchery, the cost of raislng smaii abaiorie Study sites. The Chatham Islands are situated is considerably less than raising larger juveniles 700 km from mainland New Zealand at 44'S, 176'W because of the feed, attention, and time required to on the eastern edge of the Chatham Rise (Fig. l),a sub- maintain cultures of larger animals. Therefore, much marine ridge 250 to 500 m deep. The Chathams consist greater numbers oi smaiier individuals can be cultured of 2 main islands and several rocky outcrops. They for a given cost. Because it is necessary for seeding comprise a major fishery management area for Haliotis projects to be financially viable, the trade-offs between iris, with about 292 t caught annually (Schiel 1992b). costs of seed production, the size at release, and the Paua of all sizes are very abundant around the islands survival to harvestable size must be considered (Schiel on virtually all rocky inshore reefs (Schiel unpubl. 1989). In New Zealand, there is only one small hatch- data). This study was done on the main island, ery capable of raising juvenile paua. Growing them to Chatham Island. larger sizes is hampered by the lack of a cheap and I searched extensively for good juvenile habitat, abundant food. Because of the limitations on space and seeking sites of at least several hundred m2 with small food, any programme seeking to use large numbers of boulders on rocky reefs. This type of large-scale juve- hatchery-raised paua for enhancement of populations nile habitat is patchy in occurrence around Chatham is constrained to using small juveniles (<20 mm), which can be raised in the available facility (Tong & Moss 1992). Using seed paua of 8 to 15 mm in size pro- vides a reasonable balance between costs and returns (Schiel 1992a). In small-scale experiments, the recov- ery of 20 mm paua was slightly greater than 12 mm CHATHAM ISLAND paua (Schiel unpubl. data) but the cost of producing the smaller paua was considerably less. -50 S As for many abalone species, Haliotis iris juveniles (<?0 mm) are associated with under-boulder habitat (Poore 1972c, Sainsbury 1982a, Shepherd & Turner 1985). The selection of appropriate habitats, there- fore, was considered likely to be one of the most criti- cal factors affecting the survival of seeded paua. Pre- vious small-scale experiments on H. ins showed that mortality due to predation by fish and large inverte- brates was not great, or at least was not detectable against the background of other factors (Schiel 1992a, unpubl, data). However, habitat-related factors such as shifts in sand and movement of rocks accounted for most mortality, a result also reported by Sainsbury Fig. 1. Map of Chatham Island showing location of sites (1982a). seeded with Haliotis Ins Sch~el.Enhancement of abalone populations 169 Table l. Descnpt~onsand characteristics of enhancement Port Hutt and Whangamoe sites are more protected by sites at Chatham Island. Wind direction is that of greatest headlands. However, during southerly storms the full exposure at each site force of waves several meters in height can strike these sites. Kaingaroa and Owenga are affected by winds Site Exposure Characteristics from north through southeast. Hatchery methods. Eighty thousand juvenile paua Port Hutt (Alabama) S-SW Extensive boulder and small rock (10000 per site) were required for the project, with Owenga N-E Some reef, smaller the intention of seeding them over a 6 mo period. rock, large sand patches However, the production schedule of seed paua was Port Hutt (2) S-SW Extensive reef, some not met and seeding was therefore extended over small rock 1990-1991 (Table 2). Several batches of paua juveniles Whangamoe S-SW Some reef, large were grown during this period at the Ministry of boulders and rock Agriculture & Fisheries hatchery in Wellington. Waikaripi NW-SW Steep reef, some smaller rock Because of the geographic isolation of the Chatham Karen Wreck NW-SW Some reef, boulders and Islands and the possibdity of a separate genetic stock smaller rock there, adult paua from the Chathams were used for Pumphouse NW-SW Some reef, boulders and spawning in the hatchery. At least 8 males and 8 smaller rock females were used in each spawning to minimise the Kaingaroa W, N-E Reef, some smaller rocks, risks of loss of genetic variation (Smith & Conroy 1992). extensive sand patches The techniques used to spawn adults, rear and settle larvae, and raise juvenile paua have been described elsewhere (Tong & Moss 1992). It took 4 to 6 mo to Island and many areas were excluded from the seed- raise paua to an average size of ca 10 mm.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evolution of Large Body Size in Abalones (Haliotis): Patterns and Implications
    Paleobiology, 31(4), 2005, pp. 591±606 Evolution of large body size in abalones (Haliotis): patterns and implications James A. Estes, David R. Lindberg, and Charlie Wray Abstract.ÐKelps and other ¯eshy macroalgaeÐdominant reef-inhabiting organisms in cool seasÐ may have radiated extensively following late Cenozoic polar cooling, thus triggering a chain of evolutionary change in the trophic ecology of nearshore temperate ecosystems. We explore this hypothesis through an analysis of body size in the abalones (Gastropoda; Haliotidae), a widely distributed group in modern oceans that displays a broad range of body sizes and contains fossil representatives from the late Cretaceous (60±75 Ma). Geographic analysis of maximum shell length in living abalones showed that small-bodied species, while most common in the Tropics, have a cosmopolitan distribution, whereas large-bodied species occur exclusively in cold-water ecosys- tems dominated by kelps and other macroalgae. The phylogeography of body size evolution in extant abalones was assessed by constructing a molecular phylogeny in a mix of large and small species obtained from different regions of the world. This analysis demonstrates that small body size is the plesiomorphic state and largeness has likely arisen at least twice. Finally, we compiled data on shell length from the fossil record to determine how (slowly or suddenly) and when large body size arose in the abalones. These data indicate that large body size appears suddenly at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Our ®ndings support the view that ¯eshy-algal dominated ecosys- tems radiated rapidly in the coastal oceans with the onset of the most recent glacial age.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Research Document 8919 Paua
    Not to be cited without permission of the author(s) New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Research Document 8919 Paua fishery assessment 1989 D.R. Schiel MAFFish Fisheries Research Centre P 0 Box 297 Wellington May 1989 MAFFish, N.Z. Ministry of Agricultun and Fisheries This series documents the scientific basis for stock assessments and fisheries management advice in New Zealand. It addresses the issues of the day in the current legislative context and in the time frames required. The documents it contains are not intended as definitive statements on the subjects addressed but rather as progress reports on ongoing investigations. Paua Fishery Assessment 1989 D. R. Schiel 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview This paper contains background data and information on paua, Haliotis iris and H. australis. There is not a large literature on these species, and little published information exists on the fishery. What follows represents a summary of the literature, unpublished information available at MAFFish, and conversations with those involved with the paua fishery. 1.2 Description of Fishery Paua (usually called abalone in other countries) are marine molluscs which occur in shallow, rocky habitats throughout the shores of New Zealand. Two species are fished commercially in New Zealand. These are the black-footed H. iris, which is by far the commonest species, and the yellow-footed H. australis. Most of the commercial catch is comprised of H. iris, while only a small amount of H. australis is caught. This document concerns H, iris, as there is more information on this species, and separate fisheries records are not kept for the two species.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulation of Haemocyanin Function in Haliotis Iris 255 Also Matched with Adductor Muscle Haemolymph Samples
    The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 253–263 (2002) 253 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2002 JEB3731 The archaeogastropod mollusc Haliotis iris: tissue and blood metabolites and allosteric regulation of haemocyanin function Jane W. Behrens1,3, John P. Elias2,3, H. Harry Taylor3 and Roy E. Weber1,* 1Department of Zoophysiology, Institute Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, DK 8000 Aarhus, Denmark, 2School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia and 3Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 30 October 2001 Summary 2+ 2+ We investigated divalent cation and anaerobic end- Mg and Ca restored the native O2-binding properties product concentrations and the interactive effects of these and the reverse Bohr shift. L- and D-lactate exerted substances and pH on haemocyanin oxygen-binding (Hc- minor modulatory effects on O2-affinity. At in vivo 2+ 2+ O2) in the New Zealand abalone Haliotis iris. During 24 h concentrations of Mg and Ca , the cooperativity is 2+ of environmental hypoxia (emersion), D-lactate and dependent largely on Mg , which modulates the O2 tauropine accumulated in the foot and shell adductor association equilibrium constants of both the high-affinity muscles and in the haemolymph of the aorta, the pedal (KR) and the low-affinity (KT) states (increasing and sinus and adductor muscle lacunae, whereas L-lactate was decreasing, respectively). This allosteric mechanism not detected. Intramuscular and haemolymph D-lactate contrasts with that encountered in other haemocyanins concentrations were similar, but tauropine accumulated and haemoglobins.
    [Show full text]
  • D050p145.Pdf
    DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 50: 145–152, 2002 Published July 8 Dis Aquat Org Evaluation of radiography, ultrasonography and endoscopy for detection of shell lesions in live abalone Haliotis iris (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Hendrik H. Nollens1,*, John C. Schofield2, Jonathan A. Keogh1, P. Keith Probert1 1Department of Marine Science, and 2Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand ABSTRACT: Radiography, ultrasonography and endoscopy were examined for their efficacy as non- destructive techniques for the detection of shell lesions in the marine gastropod Haliotis iris Gmelin. X-rays provided 69% correct diagnoses, with detection being restricted to those lesions which were mineralised. Ultrasound also showed potential to reliably detect lesions (83% correct diagnoses), but only where the lesions demonstrated a clear 3-dimensional relief. Lesion dimensions were under- estimated using ultrasound. Endoscopy, applied to anaesthetised individuals, provided the most accurate method (92% correct diagnoses) for lesion detection and, although invasive, had no dis- cernible effect on survival of the abalone 8 mo after screening. KEY WORDS: Abalone · Haliotis · Gastropoda · Shell lesion · Detection · Radiography · Ultrasono- graphy · Endoscopy Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher INTRODUCTION Grindley et al. (1998) reported shells in which the lesion had invaded the adductor muscle attachment A range of shell-invading organisms associated with site, potentially resulting in the abalone losing its shell. live abalone has been reported in the literature Aquaculturists also reported this condition to cause (Kojima & Imajima 1982, Clavier 1992, Thomas & Day fatalities to abalone kept in captivity. In addition, it has 1995), although in most cases the effects of such organ- been suggested that wild populations with affected isms on their host remains to be ascertained.
    [Show full text]
  • White Abalone Recovery Plan
    FINAL WHITE ABALONE RECOVERY PLAN (Haliotis sorenseni) Prepared by The White Abalone Recovery Team for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Protected Resources October 2008 RECOVERY PLAN FOR WHITE ABALONE (Haliotis sovenseni) Prepared by National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Regional Office ~ationalwarineFisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration White Abalone Recovery Plan DISCLAIMER DISCLAIMER Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions which are believed to be required to recover and/or protect listed species. Plans are published by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), sometimes prepared with the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, state agencies, and others. Objectives will be obtained and any necessary funds made available subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved, as well as the need to address other priorities. Recovery plans do not necessarily represent the views or the official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in the plan formulation, other than NMFS. They represent the official position of NMFS only after they have been signed by the Assistant Administrator. Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes in species status and the completion of recovery actions. LITERATURE CITATION SHOULD READ AS FOLLOWS: National Marine Fisheries Service. 2008. White Abalone Recovery Plan (Haliotis sorenseni). National Marine Fisheries Service, Long Beach, CA. ADDITIONAL COPIES MAY BE OBTAINED FROM: United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Regional Office 501 W. Ocean Blvd., Suite 4200 Long Beach, CA 90802-4213 On Line: http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/ Recovery plans can be downloaded from the National Marine Fisheries Service website: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/recovery/plans.htm Cover photograph of a white abalone by John Butler of the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Country Note on National Fisheries Management
    COUNTRY NOTE ON NATIONAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS -- NEW ZEALAND Summary 1. This paper provides an overview of New Zealand’s management of commercial fisheries. It is New Zealand’s country note contribution to the OECD Fisheries Committee’s review of the use of management instruments/incentives in OECD countries. This review forms part of the Committee’s further examination of economic aspects relating to the transition to sustainable fisheries. 2. Part I of this paper briefly describes New Zealand’s commercial fisheries1. Part II describes the regime used to manage fisheries and information is provided on objectives, management instruments and institutional arrangements. This part outlines the Quota Management System (QMS), which is New Zealand’s preferred way of managing commercial fisheries and is used to manage most stocks in New Zealand fisheries waters. 3. Part III assesses the attributes of the property rights that are a component of the QMS. Quota shares are allocated to fishers when a stock becomes subject to the QMS. Each quota share is an ownership right in perpetuity and each year it generates an Annual Catching Entitlement (ACE). Quota shares are considered to demonstrate certain attributes of property rights – exclusivity, duration, quality of title, transferability, divisibility and flexibility. Opportunities exist for improving flexibility in use of the catching entitlements generated by quota shares. New Zealand is implementing an approach that enables quota share owners to act collectively and to propose legally recognised fisheries plans. This approach means quota share owners will be able to shape the management of the fishery, which should lead to more efficient use of resources and increases in fishery and quota share value.
    [Show full text]
  • The Scientific Names of Our Legendary Paua Species Are Haliotis Iris
    The scientific names of our legendary Paua species are haliotis iris (Black Foot), haliotis Paua usually spawn a few times at the end of summer Besides numbers and size restrictions on gathering paua, australis (yellow Foot), and haliotis virginea when water temperatures begin to drop. Males and rules state that people aren’t allowed to use scuba (White Foot), of the haliotidae family and live females release sperm and eggs through the holes in their equipment or other breathing apparatus when gathering only in our coastal waters. shells, known as broadcast spawning, with fertilisation paua. You cannot even transport paua in boats or cars happening in open water. Clouds of sperm (as many as 7 carrying this equipment. Gathering is allowed by free Names of mollusks from this same family differ between million released per male) and eggs mingle, and eventually, diving only. countries and may be known by other names. In the west by chance collision, life ignites, and another paua begins the name abalone or sea-ear is most common. All are For those in the central fisheries area, shell fish rules and its journey. ear-shaped with small holes near the outer edge of the limits for paua include: shell and live in coastal waters. The fertilised eggs hatch into microscopic larvae which All paua have a 10 per day limit. Minimum keep sizes are: free-float for about a week then settle on the sea floor, The Black Foot (the critter with a black foot) has a unique Ordinary/Black foot (125mm) except in designated where most provide easy meals for other creatures, Taranaki region (85mm), Yellow foot (80mm).
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancement of New Zealand's Commercial Abalone (Paua) Fishery
    Enhancement of New Zealand’s Commercial Abalone (Paua) Fishery 6th International Symposium on Stock Enhancement and Sea Ranching Dr. Tom McCowan – Paua Industry Council Ltd., New Zealand Outline • New Zealand’s abalone (paua) fishery • Fisheries enhancement initiatives Reseeding • What have we learned? Where are we going? New Zealand’s abalone fishery Blackfoot abalone (paua) – Haliotis iris PAUA (PAU) PAUA (PAU) New Zealand’s abalone(Halio tisfishery iris, Haliotis aust ralis) Paua • Current production: 705 t (TACC is 921 t) • One of the last remaining wild abalone fisheries • Quota Management System • Catch set over 7 regional management areas • Minimum legal size (125mm) • Free dive fishery 1. INTRODUCTION Quantitative stock assessments are available for PAU 4, 5A, 5B, 5D and 7 and these are given separately. 1.1 Commercial fisheries Paua inhabit shallow waters (generally less than 6 m) off the coastline of New Zealand. The commercial fishery for paua dates from the mid-1940s, when shell was marketed and the meat generally discarded. Both meat and shell were sold from the late 1950s. Since the 198687 fishing season, the fishery has been managed with an individual transferable quota system and a total allowable commercial catch (TACC) for each of eight Quota Management Areas. Total reported landings of paua and TACCs are shown in Table 1, while Figure 1 shows the historical landings and TACC for the main PAU stocks. Fishers gather paua by hand while free diving (use of underwater breathing apparatus is not permitted). Most of the catch is from the Wairarapa coast southwards: the major fishing areas are in the South Island (PAU 7), Stewart Island (PAU 5) and the Chatham Islands (PAU 4).
    [Show full text]
  • Radula Development in Abalone Haliotis Discus Hannai from Larva to Adult in Relation to Feeding Transitions
    FISHERIES SCIENCE 2001; 67: 596–605 Original Article Radula development in abalone Haliotis discus hannai from larva to adult in relation to feeding transitions Tomohiko KAWAMURA,*1a Hideki TAKAMI,1 Rodney D ROBERTS2 AND Yoh YAMASHITA1 1Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Shiogama, Miyagi 985-0001, Japan and 2Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, New Zealand ABSTRACT: The radula morphology of Haliotis discus hannai was examined by scanning elec- tron microscope from the larval to the adult stage. The radula of competent larvae contained 11–13 transverse rows of teeth after 6–7 days at 20°C. The number of rows increased to 25–30 during the first several days after settlement, but then remained approximately constant throughout the post- larval period, increasing again in abalone larger than 4 mm in shell length (SL). In post-larvae <~1 mm SL, only two pairs of lateral teeth (L1, L2) were present in the larval radula. An additional three pairs of lateral teeth (L3–L5) were added progressively as post-larvae grew from 0.9 mm to 1.9 mm SL. Marginal teeth were added steadily from one pair in larvae to 30–40 pairs at 3–4 mm SL, 70–80 pairs in 30–40 mm juveniles, and 70–90 pairs in 90–100 mm adults. The serrations on the working edges of the rachidian (R) and lateral teeth became less pronounced as the abalone grew. Nearly all serrations disappeared from the rachidian (R) and inner lateral teeth (L1, L2) by ~2 mm SL, and from the outer lateral teeth (L3–L5) by 20 mm SL.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Fossil Abalone (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Haliotidae) with Comparison to Recent Species Daniel L
    J o x0)^ J. Paleont., 73(5), 1999, pp. 872-885 Copyright © 1999, The Paleontological Society 0022-3360/99/0073-0868$03.00 REVIEW OF FOSSIL ABALONE (GASTROPODA: VETIGASTROPODA: HALIOTIDAE) WITH COMPARISON TO RECENT SPECIES DANIEL L. GEIGER AND LINDSEY T. GROVES Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089-0371, <[email protected]>, and Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Sections of Malacology and Invertebrate Paleontology, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, <[email protected]> ABSTRACT—Compared to their Recent counterparts, fossil abalone are rare and poorly known. Their taxonomy is problematic, because most of the 35 fossil species have been described from single specimens and shell characteristics of Recent species are extremely plastic. Thus, the use of fossil species in phylogeny is questionable. Abalone first appear in the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichian) with one species each in California and the Caribbean, are unknown in the Paleocene, and appear again in the late Eocene and Oligocene of New Zealand and Europe. They are regularly found from the late Miocene to the Recent in tropical to temperate regions worldwide. Most records are from intensely studied areas: SW North America, Caribbean, Europe, South Africa, Japan, and Australia. Despite their highest present-day diversity being found in the Indo-Pacific, their scarcity in the fossil record in this region is remarkable. The family may have originated in the central Indo-Pacific, Pacific Rim, or Tethys. An extensive list of all known fossil records including new ones from Europe and western North America is given. Fossil and Recent abalone both apparently lived in the shallow, rocky sublittoral in tropical and temperate climates.
    [Show full text]
  • Haliotis Discus Hannai)
    Draft Assessment Report: Application to amend the List of Specimens Suitable for Live Import (Haliotis discus hannai) CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory October 2014 1. Introduction This draft assessment report was prepared with assistance from Aquagestion, Chile and is based on current knowledge and information on the Japanese or Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino). Much of the information on this species’ biology was sourced from the FAO Training Manual on Artificial Breeding of Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) in Korea DPR (FAO, 1990). 2. Objectives of the draft assessment The draft assessment was undertaken to address the potential impacts on the Australian environment, based on the terms of reference as outlined in the application process to amend the List of Specimens Suitable for Live Import, administered by the Australian Government Department of the Environment. 3. Terms of Reference 3.1 Taxonomy of the species PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Gastropoda SUBCLASS: Orthogastropoda ORDER: Vetigastropoda FAMILY: Haliotidae GENUS: Haliotis (sole genus in the family) SPECIES: Haliotis discus SUBSPECIES: Haliotis discus hannai TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=397083; Geiger & Owen (2012). COMMON NAMES: Pacific abalone; Japanese abalone GMO: Not a GMO 3.2 CITES Status Not listed in CITES Appendices I, II or III. Globally, there is a high demand for abalone (several species) as seafood and there is a decline in wild stocks. To meet this high demand, abalone farming is expanding in several countries. Aquaculture of Haliotis discus hannai is a thriving and prosperous industry in China, producing about 50,000 metric tonnes in 2010. This species is not native to South America.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Abalone (Haliotis Kamtschatkana)
    COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Northern Abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana in Canada ENDANGERED 2009 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2009. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Northern Abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vii + 48 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Previous reports: COSEWIC. 2000. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Northern Abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 20 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm) Jamieson, G.A.. 2000. COSEWIC status report on the Northern Abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana in Canada in COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Northern Abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-20 pp. Jamieson, G.A. (unpublished report). 1999. COSEWIC status report on the Northern Abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-24 pp. Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Joanne Lessard for writing the update status report on the Northern Abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment Canada. This report was overseen and edited by Janice Smith and Dr. Dwayne Lepitzki, COSEWIC Molluscs Specialist Subcommittee Co-chairs, and Sue Pollard, member of COSEWIC. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-953-3215 Fax: 819-994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur l’ormeau nordique (Haliotis kamtschatkana) au Canada – Mise à jour.
    [Show full text]