Obihiro Univ. Agr. Vet. Med. Kiyoshi Tsutsuki Explanation of the Map
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Map of Japan/Hokkaido, Amsterdam Yan Yansonius (1658) Re-edited for 2018, Part 1 Obihiro Univ. Agr. Vet. Med. Kiyoshi Tsutsuki Same map showing the eastern part of Hokkaido. Tokachi is designated as “Tacapsy”, while Hidaka mountains as “Snowy mountains”. Explanation of the map • Hokkaido had been the most unknown part in the world. Even the people in the main island of Japan did not know the detail of Hokkaido 300 years ago. But native people Active volcanic island, lived here since more than 20,000 years ago Hokkaido and a special culture has been cultivated. Active volcanoes in Japan 1 Komagatake (near Hakodate) Komagatake Esan Usu-zan Meakan&Akan-Fuji Tarumae-san from Shikotsu lake Eruption site 2 Kussharo-lake Mashu-lake Distribution of lava and volcanic Mashu-lake ash in Hokkaido Distribution of Volcanic ashes Major volcanic ashes fallen in Tokachi in Hokkaido plain Tarumae a (Ta-a ) 1739 AD Komagatake c2(Ko-c2) 1694 AD Tarumae b (Ta-b) 1667 ADRebellion of Ainu people led by Shakushain Usu b (Us-b) 1663 AD (Southern Tokachi plain) Tarumae c (Ta-c) ca BC1000 Wide distribution Tokachi c2 (To-c2) 3000-4000 BP Cold again Tarumae d (Ta-d) 8940160 BP Rising sea level Eniwa soft loam 11,940240 BP Eniwa Ball shaped loam15,010400 BP Warming again Eniwa a (En-a) 17,000-19,000 BPGlacial maximum Shikotsu 1 (Spfa-1) 39,000-41,000 BP (Sub-interglacial) Kikuchi(1999) 3 Advance (cold climate) and retreat (warm Climate change in last 40,000 years climate) of glacier in last 20,000 years in northern and southern hemisphere) • Getweidel Sub-interglacial period44,00029,000BP Northern Southern warm • Glacial maximum in Wurm25,00016,500BP coldest • Late-glacial period16,50010,000BP getting warm • HoloceneAfter10,000BP • 8,500BP Raise in sea water level (transgression) years • 6000BP Highest sea water level 1000 • 50004000BP Cool climate again. Regression of sea level • 40002000BP Warming again • After 2000BP Cooling Retreat(warm Advancecold 13 million years ago (Neogene period), Hidaka mountain range started to lift up due to the collision Early stage of Pleistocene of two tectonic plates. (164000078000 years BP Tokachi plain was a bay connected to ocean West Hidaka mountain range East West peridotite East Hidaka mountain range Eurasian plate North American plate Transect of Hidaka mountain range Late stage of Pleistocene Middle stage of Pleistocene (130,00040,000 years BP (780,000130,000 years BP Volcanic ashes fellfrom Mt. Kuttara and Shikotsu. Hidaka mountain range uplifted, and enormous Warm climate in interglacial age. amount of soil and gravel accumulated in plain. 4 Last stage of Pleistocene Holocene epoch<10,000 years BP (40,00010,000 years BP Climate warming. Progress and retreat of sea. Fall of Terrace was eroded and new volcanic ashes falled Eniwa- new volcanic ashes. Erosion of terrace and formation a. Ancient sand dune was formed. Glacial age. of alluvial plain. Activity of mankind is recorded. How terraces were formed and volcanic sashes were accumulated. Recently, contribution of yellow dust from How terraces were formed China is also considered remarkable. • When mountains were raised, • Soils eroded from hills were accumulated in plain, and cliffs along the terraces were formed. • In the glacial period, the sea retreated and wide plain were formed. Erosion of hills proceeded in accordance. • In the interglacial period, accumulation of sediments occurred preferentially. • When volcanoes erupted, the plain was covered with volcanic ash. However, the volcanic ash on the lower terrace is removed due to erosion. • In the higher terrace, old volcanic ashes were remained. Activity of people in Tokachi Activity of people in Tokachi • 120,000 BP Fossil of Nauman Elefant and primitive continued stoneware • 21,500 BP Fine stone ware for hunting below Eniwa-a • BC5000 Active fishery Archaeological remain volcanic ash (17,000 BP) at Kawanishi C site. in Urahoro town) • 19,300 BP Obsidian knife shaped stone ware below • BC4000 Johmon designed earthen ware in Eniwa-a volcanic ash (17,000 BP) at Kami-shihoro. Furumai • 14,000 BP Earthenware showing the evidence of cooking • BC3000 Spitz-based earthen ware in Memuro fish (Taisho, Obihiro) • 9000BP Fine stone blade culture in Kami-itaira below • BC2000 Flat-based earthenware in Satsunai Tarumae-d volcanic ash (9000BP) • BC1000 Pipe-shaped earthenware • 6000BP Earthenware in Yachiyo. Trace of Oldest House • BC 200 Ironware and Village in Tokachi • AD1300 Start of Agriculture Tokachi-buto 5 Peat layer from which a Fossil Rearranged Nauman Fossil of Nauman Elefant was found Stone tool like materials found in the Nauman fossil layer Eniwa loam Eniwa –a Shikotsu Pumice volcanic sand (40,000 yBP (17000yrs BP) 120,000 yrs ago Volcanic ash sand dune Kawanishi town, Obihiro Peri-glacial Relief in Soya Hill GlacierJung-frau in Europe Alpen Area 6 En-a Volcanic ash disribution The Age when En-a volcanic ash fell. • 17,000 yBP • Stone age, Pre-earthenware age Shikotsu-1 pumice Eniwa-a Spfa1) • Very cold and dry glacial age (En-a) Pacific Ocean Andosoil profile in OUAVM farm Eniwa loammixed with long range aeorian dust 15000-12000 yBP Eniwa sand 17000yBP Andosoil on Eniwa loamOUAVM Farm Oldest remain site in Hokkaido Stone knifes from Kawanishi C site Eniwa sand with lamina like layers 21,500 years before present below Eniwa-a 7 Oldest remain site in Hokkaido in Shimaki, Kami-Shihoro Stonetools found below Eniwa-a layer Obsidian Stone tools These obsidian stone tools are excavated in Shiratakivillage where original stones are produced. These stone tools were used for 9,000 years BP hunting. Stone tools found in Enia loam layer, in Kami-itaira Obihiro-Taisho archaeological sites 15,000 years • Trace of cooking was proved on the ago, when earthenware excavated in Taisho No.3 site. glacier This earthenware dates back to 14,000 years started to BP (News on 2013.4.11). 15000 melt, and • It is assumed that ancient people cooked climate salmon which ascended the river. became warmer. Earthenware excavated in Taisho, Obihiro(14,000 yBP, with the trace of cooking. Oldest record in the world. The Age when Ta-d Ash fell. • 9,000 yBP • Rapid Warming • Rise in Sea level peaked in 6000 yBP • Early Jomon Age 8 Distribution of Ta-d Ash (8,000-9,000 yBP Tarumae-c 2,500 BP Tarumae-d 9,000BP Eniwa-a loam Volcanic ash + loess AndosoilShimizu Earthenware in Early Johmon Age Tarumae-d 9000BP Eniwa-a loam Volcanic ash + loess Wet type andosoil Beppu cho Archaeological remain at Heiwa The Age when Ta-c Ash fell. in Urahoro town • Early Johmon Era 7000BP5000BP • Fell in 2,5003,000BP • Necklace stone made of jade, oldest record • Late Johmon Era in Japan • Volcanic ash separating Johmon Era and – Jade produced in Hidaka mountain range, younger era Hokkaido, had been used (nephrite . • Regression of sea • Climate had been cold for 2000 years before the fall of Ta-c volcanic ash. • Formation of Tokachi Bouzu (Earth hammock) 9 Distribution of Ta-c (2500-3000 yBP Tarumae-b Tarumae-b Tarumae-c Tarumae-d Tokachi Bozu (earth hammock in OUAVM) Tarumae c Tarumae c (2500BP (2,500 yBP) Tarumae-d Taruma d (9000BP (9,000 yBP) Soil in wet type forest in Obihiro Andosoil Sarabesu Univ. Earthenware in late Johmon Age Fashionable lady in Johmon Era (Exhibition of the Hokkaido Museum, Sapporo) 10 Distribution of Ta-b (300 years ago) The Age when Ta-b Ash fell. • Mt Tarumae erupted in 1667 AD. • Establishment of Matsumae feudal domain in 1604 by Tokugawa shogunate regime) • Tokachi market ruled by Kakizaki family • Background of rebellion by Shakushain Ainu people (1669) Rebellion of Shakushain Rebellion of Ainu people occurred in 1669 in Iburi area. Several Ainu Tribes were consolidated and a regional war occurred between Japanese soldiers, managers, and Ainu people Leader of Ainu people, “Shakushain” was killed on the occasion of peace talk negotiation. Shakushain Eruption of Mt. Tarumae in 1667 (Tarumae-b Leader of Ainu volcanic ash) might have been one of the cause. Yoichi Ishikari Menasicle Shakushain Uchiura Shikotsu Onibishi Teritories of Ainu tribes Mt Tarumae from the train of Super Hokuto 11 Tarumae-a a 1739 b 1667 c Tarumae-b BC1000 d BC7000 Volcanic ash covering the peatland Soil profile at Hayakita in Mukawa (1667 AD1739AD Four big eruption of Tarumae volcano Dressed soil Komagatake-c2 1667 Tarumae-b Mud flow in 1926 1633 Usu-b Surface soil of paddy field (1898-1926) Black mudPeat Soil profile in Kami-Furano Soil Oikamanai peatland Museum Soil in Biei Hill Soil in Biei Hill easily eroded Very old pyroclastic flow deposit from Mt. Tokachi 12 Gray terrace soilTakikawa Pyroclastic flow once sedimented below water Clayey, very hard Iron mottles are formed Gray terrace soil Takikawa Gray terrace soilTakikawa Gray terrace soil Takikawa 13.