NOTES OF THE WEEK. ART. By R. H. Stephens. WORLD AFFAIRS. By M. M. Cosmoi. A PERIODICAL. By J. A. M. Alcock. OUR GENERATION. By Edward Moore. VIEWS AND REVIEWS: Psychic Research -- VIII. By A. E. R. READERS AND WRITERS. ByR. H. C. REVIEWS: Crucible Island. Ann’s First Flutter. DRAMA: The New Morality. By John Francis The Ivory Trail. Hope. PASTICHE. By R. M., N. C.Hermon-Hodge, Ruth MUSIC. By William Atheling. Pitter.

much more likely to come off than to fail. And in NOTES OF THE WEEK. the second place, our readers will not be surprised to hear that we ourselves are not in the least surprised by Much the most significant event of the week has been it: the event has long been inherent in the existing the public initiation by the “Times” of open naval commercial system and has always, in fact, been open rivalry between this country and America and Japan. to calculation. Modern industrial nations, as we are Those who can recall the attitude of the Northcliffe always pointing out, are permanently faced by the difficulty Press towards Germany in the days preceding the War of providing employment for an increasing number will have no difficulty in discovering resemblances and of people rendered useless by increasing economies in drawing the appropriate moral. “With the present of production. Their only possible means of relief, building programme of the United States and Japan in short of a radical change in the domestic distributive full progress,” we are told, “it will not be long before system, is an increasing export; and since, in the the British fleet . . . will rank third among the navies nature of things, foreign markets cannot continue to of the world.” The design, of course, is not to institute absorb with a diminishing purchasing power, an comparisonsfor any inimical object. In fact, the ever-increasingmass of imports, one of two things must “Times” hastens to remark that “it cannot be eventually happen: either one industrial exporting repeated too often that insistence on this point is inspired nation must go out of business in the certainty of by no fear of possible hostile intention, either in the creating for itself a gigantic unemployment problem United States or in Japan.” The policy is entirely leading to Bolshevism, or it must attempt to knock out abstract, a matter of statistics only. At the same time, its rival by war. There is no particular “wickedness” “the nation cannot be indifferent to a state of affairs that we can see in the policy thus enforced on the which constitutes a complete reversal of the pre-War executivesof the rival nations. If, for example, we knew for Navy policy of this country.” We should think not, a surety that the Committee of Imperial Defence; which indeed, considering what our pre-War policy brought has been silently sitting ever since the Armistice, had us to; but the powers behind the “Times” know been spending its time planning war with America; or perfectlywell that insistence upon the point at issue cannot if, on the other side of the Atlantic, it were revealed be regarded as merely academic either in America or that Mr. Harding’s policy is war -- we could find no in Japan. A statistical comparison of naval strength is ground for such denunciations of human wickedness the familiar diplomatic forerunner of a comparison in as adorn the pages of the “Nation” and Mr. Morel’s other terms; and we once more put it to our readers, “Foreign Affairs.” The wickedness is resident, not in whose responsibility is greater than that of any other the executive policy, but in the legislature that defines body of people in this country, whether they are the object of the policy; and, briefly, so long as both content to see, within a measurable period of time, a war this country and America, with the full consent of their between England, America and Japan. For ourselves respective Liberal and Labour parties (not to mention we cannot with our poor resources and against the the hypnotised public), continue to tolerate and support malice and apathy of the whole of the Press do much a system that actually requires an increasing export to more than continue to point to the approaching peril. maintain it, so long will it be the absolute duty of their We are in number, all told, only two or three; our executives to employ the necessary means, of which readers are a few thousand, many of them highly and war is, of course, the chief. powerfully placed. And it is for them at least to second * * * cur efforts to avert the greatest catastrophe that can The American Note sent by Mr. Colby to the British occur to the human race. Government on the Mesopotamian oil agreement * * * particularly and on “mandates” generally “politely but It will be useless, we may say, to attempt to meet firmly” indicates the policy which America is not only the situation by denunciation, still less by indulging disposed to adopt, but must adopt within the four the opinion that, after all, it is only another of Lord corners of the existing system. In summary, America’s Northcliffe’s “stunts.” In the first place, we have demand, as “a participant in the world war and a every assurance that if it is a “stunt” journalistically contributor to its successful issue,” is for a share in the speaking,“ it has the backing of a considerable party swag, among which, first and foremost, must be among the governing oligarchies both of this country included a share in the access to the world’s oil and America; in other words, it is a “stunt” that is resources. Oil, it need scarcely be remarked, is a key-product in every sense of the word. Oil to-day is At the Guildhall banquet a few weeks ago, Mr. Lloyd power; and it therefore follows that not only is George asserted that “things were coming right.” At America’s claim justified on the moral facts of the the dinner of the Federation of British Industries last case, but her enforcement of the claim is to be expected week he had recovered from his optimism and was on the grounds of economic necessity. We do not ready to say that the period of depression now upon us pretend to know what reply Sir Basil Zaharoff and his might be long or short, hut in any event it would be friends will dictate to be made by the British and serious. Without pausing to inquire what England has French Governments to America’s demand. It may done to deserve a weathercock for its Prime Minister, be that the threatening articles of the “Times” are we pass on to note the remedy Mr. Lloyd George had the preliminary clauses. But there cannot be the least to offer. If our report can be believed, his remedy for doubt that, as things are, threats or no threats, a situation in which Production almost tragically America must and will have as much oil as England exceeds Consumption is to consume less. There must, and France, cost what it may. The “Times” Washington he said, be the most relentless economy all round. The correspondent,one of the most intelligent journalists “orgy of expenditure” that had taken place had been living (though we do not know his name from the ruin of industry after a war such as that in which Adam), summarised American policy very clearly in his we had been engaged. Everybody, in public and dispatch of last Monday. The question of foreign private station alike, must spend less. How a reduced trade, he said, was being studied in America with a demand for commodities at home is going to make up closeness hitherto unknown. The Merchant Marine for a deficiency of demand for commodities abroad we was being developed at a rapid rate; the practical are sure that Mr. Lloyd George has not the least idea. problems of lines of communication were being seriously As we have said, the immediate cause of the industrial tackled; and, above all, the extension of oil resources slump is the cessation of demand chiefly, of course, under American control was being sought with the from abroad. Foreign nations simply have not the utmost determination. Once again, we cannot see that money with which to come to our market. Mr. Lloyd it could be otherwise. Long ago, and when Mr. Vanderlip George’s remedy for this state of things is to urge the and Mr. Brandeis were trying to reassure this home consumer to follow voluntarily the example country that America would not “go in” for foreign compulsorily set by the foreign consumer: in a word, to trade, we observed that America had no option in the reduce consumption all round. matter, save by a domestic industrial revolution. * * * Foreign trade as a means of disposing of American “surplus” production is as necessary to America as it It is improbable that when Napoleon or whoever it is to this country, the alternative being unemployment. was said that the English were a “nation of The recent creation of three or four million unemployed shop-keepers”he had in mind the refinement of the phrase. in America is sufficient evidence of America’s need of Mr. Lloyd George, however, in his references to our foreign trade, and a sufficient explanation of her recent shopkeeping and the present shortage of European Note to England. Nor can the situation be eased by customers, might have been expected to distinguish words alone. The forces that produced the Note are between a shop and a factory. A shop without customers not sentimental but vital and real. America’s foreign is, indeed, in a sorry plight; since it is not in a position policy, like our own, is dictated by her domestic to live save by the mere exchange of goods; but a situation. factory is in a different position altogether. Supposing * * * that England were nothing but a shop, an entrepôt Co-operation has often been suggested as a means between producers and consumers of goods, the cessation of escape from the horrors in which competition will of foreign demand would infallibly be fatal; but, as it certainly involve the world. But we may say at once is, England being a prodigious manufacturer of goods, that co-operation merely between producers and against as well as a shopkeeper, the cessation of foreign consumers will provide no remedy. It was reported demand ought to have the effect of stimulating and satisfying last week, for instance, that certain American shipping home demand to an even greater extent. It will: companies had agreed to accept the conditions laid be seen on a little reflection that our present situation down by European shippers for engaging in mercantile is ridiculous to the very height. Because foreign transport between Europe and the Far East. The demand for our manufactured goods has declined, therefore decisive condition was acceptance of the “Conference” or we are unable to supply ourselves with goods. Shipping Ring whose object is to keep up prices, in When foreign demand was at its highest, during the other words, to regulate if not to eliminate competition War, that is to say, we were able to supply our own inter se. In spite of the fact that such Conferences are people with goods as they have never been supplied illegal under the Sherman anti-Trust Law, the American before; but now that there is little foreign demand, our companieshave been persuaded and enabled to own people must consume less if not actually go without. accept it, with the apparent result that an amicable Something must be wrong somewhere to make settlement of America’s claim to share in the world’s such a paradox a political platitude; and the explanation, shipping has been made. A second glance, however, we believe, is obvious. We do not distribute at will show that, in fact, the problem has been only home the means of consuming what we can produce. shelved and not solved; for an agreement to keep up * * * prices (in this case transport charges) can only have It would naturally occur to people who shirk radical the result of reducing the effective demand of the thought that the only means of reducing prices is to potential consumers. The higher the charges the less decrease the cost of production; and determined efforts, effective the purchasing power of the would-be we may be certain, are about to be made to reduce the customers; and since the explicit object of the Shipping factor of cost represented by wages. Already, in fact, Conference is to maintain prices, the American shippers notice has been given in several industries that the will find themselves engaged in a diminishing trade workers must be prepared to accept less; and in one brought about by the deliberate impoverishment of or two cases the demand has been met, if in others it their prospective clients. We really do not see that has so far been resisted. That a reduction in wages co-operation under these circumstances is going to must result in a proportionate decrease in purchasing solve any problem whatever. On the contrary, by power -- in other words, in a further reduction of effective adding to the inability of the world to employ ships, demand -- does not appear to have been realised its effect must be to intensify the existing problem. either by employers or by Labour itself. It seems the The co-operation of producers alone, without regard to most obvious thing in the world to increase demand by the means of consumers, is not only murderous in reducing prices; and the question at whose expense respect of consumers, it is suicidal in respect of the prices are to be reduced is never so much as asked. producersthemselves. They are killing their own market. The effects of the present course, however, will be brought about all the same. Economic consequences are contemptuous of men’s opinion of them. And the World Affairs. net result of the present movement to reduce wages will If China were not what it is, one of the permanent be an accelerating reduction of effective demand, norms or planes of human consciousness, we might well leading, in its turn, to further efforts to reduce prices at despair for the fate of Europe. Incredibly little of all the expense of wages. No mere resistance on the part that Europe has hitherto done to China lies outside the of Labour can, we fear, affect the issue. Labour’s only definition of crime; and when we have regard to the alternatives to the Scheme we have propounded is to almost seraphic harmlessness of China, the parallel of accept reduced wages or to see unemployment increase the Spanish in Peru and Mexico with Europeans in daily. Even these alternatives, moreover, can be China is heightened to Europe’s everlasting disgrace. reduced to one, since low wages are as inseparable from Not even the official European records can pretend unemployment as unemployment is from low wages. to gloze the horrible story of Europe’s incursions into * * * China for the purpose of robbery and spoliation. One Mr. Clynes is bent on completing his estrangement and all, they lay the blame on their own situation, on from the Labour movement as well as from sense; and the fact that if they had not, other nations would have in his speech on Thursday last in favour of Increased taken advantage of China, that it was a scramble whose Production he has, we hope, accomplished his purpose. only excuse was that it was a matter of life and death. The sooner he follows Mr. Brace into a Government We have listened to Chinamen telling the story of the job the more freely will the world breathe. By an loot of China by the “Christian” Powers with tears in undesignedcoincidence the event last week of the Advertising their eyes and in our own. To this day the indemnities Exhibition at Earl’s Court may be said to have laid upon China for attempting to defend herself exceed given the lie to Increased Production as even the beginning in amount the rest of her official revenue; it is as if of a palliative for our social disease. For what burglars had broken into a store and after carrying in the world can be said of these three leading phenomena away the goods, charged the owner with the cost of the of the week: a demand for economy, a demand expedition. Not untold national treasures only, but for increased production, and a frantic effort on the thousands of miles of territory have been stolen from part of advertisers to make people buy and consume China by the Western Powers; and not goods and territories more -- all issuing, as it were, from the same mind? only, but the inestimable blessings of independence If there is, as alleged, an urgent demand for more and spiritual inviolability. production, such that everybody must work to the very * * * utmost, why the need to spend 100millions a year in stimulating demand by means of advertisement? If, The marvellous equilibrium of Chinese psychology, again, we must economise relentlessly all round, why due, as we have said before, to the fact that China is does Sir Robert Horne open an Exhibition the first still in the bosom of the Father, has alone prevented object of which is to persuade people to spend? Mr. the outbreak hitherto of reprisals on the greatest possible Clynes and his friends cannot be expected to put two scale. China has a capacity for long-suffering and two together, since even they would be forced to that is almost superhuman; but it would be a tragical make four of the sum. To those Labour leaders, mistake to suppose that, because it is long, it is without however, who are still on the mat we commend the end. Looking at the question as psychologists, forgoingconundrum as a parlour-game for the approaching and not with the cynical superiority of robber-tradesmen, period of festivity. the celestial forbearance of the Chinese is really * * * a proof of the most dangerous possibilities. Once A solitary ray of light has been shed in an interview again, demon est deus inversus. Beneath the Chinese a “Daily News” representative has had with “a calm lies an ocean of power. Below the smiling waves highly placed official of the Yorkshire Miners’ of Chinese psychology sleeps the dragon of the deeps; Association.” If we dare believe what is reported, there and it is more than a coincidence that the flag of the exists at least one man, “highly placed” in the most peaceful people in the world should contain the counselsof the Miners’ Federation, who is not incapable emblem of the Dragon. Moreover, it is not as if the of profiting by experience and learning by precept. May world does not know what is contained in the Chinese we dare further to hope that he will constitute himself unconscious. Thousands of years of history are there a missionary? He is confident, in the first place, to witness that whole civilisations have been submerged, as we are, that no permanent settlement of the mining like buried continents, within the Chinese mind. In the industry can be based on the recent compromise. That unconsciousness of the Black race only primitive and shuffling conclusion, necessary as it was in view of the barbarous civilisations lie buried; but China is an false issues raised, was the means to a truce, but it epigenesis of high civilisation; China has “forgotten” a was nothing more. Real concessions have still to be great deal that Europe has only recently begun to learn; made. In the second place, we are delighted to what is still future to Europe is already past to China; discover that our “highly placed official” has been made for China is old in wisdom. Machinery, of the most acquainted with the revolutionary (for it is no less than delicate kind, was invented and used in China before revolutionary) distinction between Output and Development. Europe knew the use of iron. China gave it up before He demands that the owners shall disclose to Europe took it up. Chemistry, too -- and the fact is the Miners in all its aspects the finance of the industry, significant -- is one of the oldest arts of the historically including “the charging of development costs to oldest civilisation in the world. The genius for chemistry output.” Next, our highly placed official demands a is a buried talent of the Yellow race in general. share in control “on Guild lines”; and to set at rest Finally, in the practical philosophy call the Tao, China any doubts we might entertain of the meaning of the not only formulated but incorporated in the common life phrase, whether Old Testament, as it may be called, one of the greatest cultural achievements of the human or New, he committed himself to the following spirit. It is the final expression of perfect faith in the statement: “Since our recent failure,” he said, “the Father -- human confidence in the divine; and it enables Miners have been looking at the problem from a China to smile even in the midst of agony and death. different angle. They see themselves as consumers as A people with a past as splendid as this, and that shows well as producers. And their appreciation of their dual no signs of weariness or decadence -- China still numbers capacity will lead them to approach the whole question a quarter of the human race -- is not without a future, with modified ideas from which all consumers may nor without a future full of surprises for the unthinking hope to benefit.” We cannot refrain from italicising Europeans. We can safely say that China will last the first faint indication on record of an appreciation as long as the human race; but, further than this, that by a highly placed official of the new views of an old from time to time there will emerge from the calm of problem. China movements, beneficent or maleficent as the case may be, of incalculable importance to the future of application of Tao to the individual. Tao is stirred by mankind. the new idea to a new activity. In 1911, China declared * * * itself a Republic. At any moment China may become a We have already seen, when considering the problem nation, a racial nation, with all the spirit of Tao at its of Japan in relation to the world, what are the designs back. Lastly, for the present, it is worth bearing in of Japan upon China. Let us repeat that we are not mind that more and more wars in the future will be blaming Japan or Japanese policy. The hegemony of fought, if fought at all, with Nature’s finer forces. the world-process is the responsibility of the White Now chemistry, as we have said, is a “forgotten” race; and the rest of the races must needs dance to the science in the East; it is, that is to say, a science which une played by Europe. If Japan, therefore, claims the East can as easily recall as the West can discover. China, and looks to China as the source of her future Given such a nationalist renaissance in the East as we power, it is only because Europe has taught her to have imagined, arising as a compensatory movement do so. Europe is the criminal university of the East; against Western decadence, the instrumental means is clearly indicated. and it is in the school of European Imperialism that * * * Japan has learnt her lessons in politics, Such, moreover,are still the distractions among the White peoples, There are two means only, as far as we can discern, that Japan has other inducements than the proximity for preparing against such a future. One is positive, of China for the pursuit of her designs; she has the the other is negative or defensive. The positive inducement of the opportunity that makes the thief. consists in the re-integration of Europe (including America) We shall risk the danger of making an assumption and in Europe’s re-affirmation of her racial mission of that would, if it were true, spell disaster for the human organising the world functionally. We cannot repeat race; the need, however, is too great for caution. Let this phrase too often for the importance of the idea contained us suppose that war were to break out between England in it. Everybody knows that on the verge of a and America, involving before its close the last “nervous” breakdown the most urgent need is to “collect” fratricidal war of the White race -- would not Japan’s the brain and to act with decision. One moment claim upon China be then much more than a claim -- an later, and the effort is useless. So it is with Europe established fact? That a last great White war of this at this moment. We are on the verge of the nervous kind is within the bounds of possibility is, at least, a breakdown of the world; and the only thing that can necessary calculation in Japanese policy; and nothing, save the world is the determined red integration of the in that event, we believe, could prevent the incorporation best European intelligence. The frantic distractions of of China within the Empire of Yamato. We have Europe and America are unimaginably perilous. All its no ill-will to Japan, as we have none to any other race parts are engaged in warring openly or secretly against or people. In the functional organisation of the world each other, and not a common mind exists. That way every race and nation has its indispensable part to play. madness lies, and the end cannot be far off. But it is But since we believe that the Aryan race alone can not too late for a tremendous spiritual effort to be made, discharge the highest function ofworld-organisation -- the and for Europe to pull itself together. The decadence function of intelligent direction-the assumption of has arrived from neglect of the positive duty of Aryandom world-hegemony by Japan would be nothing short of a to order the world beneficently as the Chosen Son planetary calamity. of God and his Regent on Earth; and from contempt of * * * the world’s unconscious; and both attitudes must be How to avert such a human tragedy -- that is the instantly reversed. Europe must take up the “White question of questions for world-statesmanship; and we Man’s Burden” in a more universal sense than ever must once more urge that the peril is not fanciful. Let before. She must develop a “craze” for a sublime us remind ourselves of the facts. Five times since the world-order. The alternative is to Se overwhelmed by fall of Rome the Yellow race has overrun Europe as the East, the unconscious. Or to fight it. far as to the Atlantic Ocean. Only within the last three * * * or four hundred years has the White race been able to Let us be explicit and brief. Failing the positive hold its own against Asia. Again, as everybody who policy just indicated, there only remains defence by has thought upon the subject declares, the “emotional strategy, if the West is not to be overcome. Japan is stimuli” that suddenly stir the East are a matter of marked out by the Father to be the Kshatriya of the mystery, past ordinary divination. For. ourselves we Eastern renaissance if it should needs be that the attribute them to the suppressed, complexes of the renaissance be by war. It is, therefore, necessary that world’s unconscious; they are no more and no less Japan should be deprived of as many of her prospective mysterious than the psychology of the unconscious of weapons as possible. Once again, it is in no spirit of the individual. But that they seize upon the organism, hostility to Japan that we affirm this; nor are we urging whether an individual or a race, and propel it to it as the superior way for Europe. Europe’s duty, we extraordinaryconduct, is recorded in history as well as in affirm, is to order the world by the hegemony of her psychology. Suppose, then, that the psychological intelligence. The mere defensive measures we are now balance of the world as we know it is upset by a radical considering are a pis aller simply. But if, in the event “conflict” in its brain, such as would be indicated by of the worse, it is Japan that must be the protagonist a European-American war; or even, we may add, in of the East against the West, then ordinary but practical contemplation of such a war -- we affirm it long-sightedprudence dictates that Japan should be left as is in the highest degree probable that an answering far as possible without the consenting support of her response or effort to restore balance would at once be possible allies. Who are her possible allies? The manifested in the East, in the world’s unconscious, and greatest is China, the next is India, and, at a long that we should witness one of those “mysterious” remove of probability, the third is Russia; for Russia has movements of migration or conquest of which ancient an Asiatic as well as a European face. All three, it is history is full. Still again, it must be remembered that clear, must be put out of harm’s way, out of Japan’s “nationalism” is one of the most explosive ideas that way, if Europe elects to defend herself against an can enter the mind of a race. Thanks to Tao, with its Eastern renaissance instead of anticipating it by an divine laissez-faire, China has hitherto been content intelligent positive policy. The means, again, are fairly with an individualist morality. While the Chinese clear: the increasing “independence” of India, the individual has been one of the most gracious creatures on absolute assertion, maintenance and encouragement of the earth, the Chinese corporate and collective sense, as complete independence of China, and the resumption at expressed in Government, has been one of the least efficient the earliest possible moment of European friendly relations ever known. But the importation of the ferment with Russia. None of these “defences” can be of nationalism into Asia has put an end to the exclusive safely neglected for another moment; but each should be hastened by every possible means. The unconscious cunning, if it is not sentimentalism, to pretend that is already forcing the pace; the conscious must hurry “Convict 99” would not serve equally as well for a or fall behind. The spirit of Aryandom, now in the “movie” as “Shirley.” That being so, it is not serving utmost peril, demands as the second best alternative to literatureto adapt works to the cinema which must the affirmation and pursuit of its mission the defence of be reduced to their mere incidents to be produced. And its existence; and this is only possible through the leaving that aside, the general degradation of taste “independence” of India, the “integrity” of China and the which the cinema is compassing should he a sufficient re-establishment of friendship with Russia. reason for literary men not to support it. Amusement M. M. COSMOI. is made so easy in the Picture Houses that its habitués cease to have after a while enough concentration to be able to sit through an amusing play. The cinema requires less alertness in the audience than any other Our Generation. entertainment; one must be far more wide awake in a music-hall. There is nothing energising in it from the The recent storm in the “Daily News” over the anaesthetic music to the neutral dead colours on the boycottby the “Times’’ of Mr. Asquith’s Bradford speech, screen (vivid colour is always stimulating), and the with the subsequent apologetic explanation by the audience get neither refreshment nor rest, but simple “Times,” raise more strikingly than usual the question relaxation. They come out more tired than they went which the mere existence of the Press keeps always in. Their education in art has beenthrown a hundred before us, How are we to know whether or no we are years back by this inane invention. getting a just presentation of news? As citizens it is Mr. Jiro Harada’s bequest of all his property, not only important, but necessary, to know what is amounting to £1,500,000, to Japan, probably explains being thought and said by all political classes in the in part why Japan has risen to power so rapidly in the community, and for the impartial fulfilment of this need last fifty years. Only a belief in one’s race could evoke we have not a single organ in the country. The absence (or excuse) such an act of generosity; and that a belief, of this organ, however, simply proves how weak, how almost great, in themselves has been behind the rise of undeveloped, is our sense of citizenship. If a feeling of the Japanese to power few would deny. The bequest political responsibility were alive among even is to be used for charitable and educational purposes, one-twentiethof the population, there would be no difficulty “according to the needs of the times”; that is, it is in supporting a newspaper, absolutely non-partisan, designed to increase not only the national efficiency whose function would be simply to relate, with the but to expand the national culture. The sentiment necessary abstraction, whatever is being said by all which could have inspired an act such as this has parties, what is the probable “strength” of this or that surely become weaker in this country during the last faction at any time, what new political ideas are being twenty years. Not so long ago the belief of the Scotch, added to the stock, what new problems are arising. for example, that their young men could beat the world, The journalistic talent in the country is not so meagre and the consequent efforts which the older generation that this could not be done objectively and impartially. made to give them an education, were a source of But as things stand at present, we are kept in absolute emulationwhich had good results. The same was no doubt ignorance of these matters, and, moreover, our very true in England, but the sentiment has for some reason ignorance is obscured by misleading diagnoses by the or other weakened. The reason may be that at present warring newspapers. The “Daily News,” for example, we are neither nationalist with a good conscience does not try to give us an idea what the strength of nor internationalist with conviction. And being un Liberalism is; it tells us only what strength it would decided, we are without sentiments strong enough to like Liberalism to have. Political news is not told as inspire actions such as Mr. Harada’s. For it is news but as propaganda; the newspapers, in other possible to make sacrifices for a nation or for Europe if words, are filled, not with facts, but with suggestion. we believe sufficiently in either, or in both. At present, This is in reality what is called the power of the Press. however, we are halting between them: it is perhaps It induces new moods in the public, and makes possible a good sign as well as a bad, for if we are losing a the destruction, or, rather, let us say, the indefinite feeling of nationality which is exclusive, it may be prolongation of Governments by the most vulgar kind because we are on the road to a European of hypnotism. Thus the public are made to live in a consciousness. sort of day-dream in which Mr. Lloyd George and Mr. An article upon working class education by Mr. Bonar Law are the phantoms, as unlike the real Mr. Albert Mansbridge in the “Observer” the other week Lloyd George and Mr. Bonar Law as one’s dreams are shows that the efforts which Labour is making to unlike the repressions in the unconscious which throw obtain knowledge are much greater than is generally them up. And the distortion which the Press imposes realised. Too much honour cannot be given for it, upon persons it imposes still more successfully upon and too much scorn cannot be accorded the ruling class ideas, For the birth or death of an idea it does not feel for their wickedness and their stupidity in permitting itself; bound to report at all; even although the very a state of affairs in which education is compelled to be existence of society might depend upon it. The danger a matter of a class and not of the community. Our is very clear: we need to be told the truth about our educational system, niggardly, unintelligent, inhumane own country, and we cannot get it. There is no organ satisfies no longer the desire for knowledge of the in England for recording what is really happening. children of the working classes, and they are compelled, It was reported the other day that the Ideal Films therefore, to create an education of their own. The (Limited) have decided to “adapt” a number of English only education which counts, now-a-days, is class classics for the cinema, among these being “Shirley,” education; and for its effects we shall have to wait for “Diana of the Crossways,’’ “The Old Wives’ Tale” another decade. Whatever these effects may turn out and -- “Sinister Street.” In order to baptise this new to be, one thing is almost certain, they will be good enterprise a dinner was held at the Hotel Cecil, where, for the nation but bad for the plutocracy. If Labour among others, there were present Mr. Compton is the next class destined to rise to supreme power, its Mackenzie,Mr. Stephen McKenna, and Mr. W. W. Jacobs. present intellectual activity can only be regarded as an The increasing patronage of the cinema by literary men unconscious preparation for the task. It is also a is disquieting, because it shows that more and more preparation for internationalism. The proletariat is not the capacity for reverence of one’s métier is dying out. a national but, at the least, a European unit, existing To adapt “classics” for the cinema is impossible; for in all nations, as Socialists like Bax have said for so the simple reason that any work of imaginative art long. What is the conclusion to be drawn from this, whatsoever must reduce itself on the film to the dimensions however? That the working class should make themselves of a serial story in “Answers.” It is simple acquainted, not merely with European affairs and European industrial development, but with the I praised the Muirhead “Blue Guide” to London European spirit as revealed in Europe’s culture and when it appeared as the first of the series designed to values. Then a substantial step towards internationalism supplant Baedeker; and constant use of it has would be taken. confirmedmy first judgment; it has never failed me. The EDWARD MOORE. two new volumes, “England” and “Belgium and the Western Front” (16s. and 15s., respectively. Macmillan)appear to me to be of equal excellence; and I Readers and Writers. can speak of “England” with some experience. The compilers are enthusiastic and even more anxious to In view of Mr. Tawney’s own “English” attitude collect correct information than most travellers are to towards the new ideas upon Credit, his plea in “The acquire it. The series is one of our few real victories over Germ any. Sickness of an Acquisitive Society” (Allen and Unwin, * * * 1s. net) for “the intellectual conversion which, in their Mr. Gerald Gould is described as the Acting Editor mistrust of principles, Englishmen are disposed to of the “Daily Herald” and, as such, he must be held place last or to omit altogether” is mildly farcical. responsible for the crimes committed in the name of And to the same crude species of humour belongs the Mr. George Lansbury. His own work, however, is following sentence: “The road along which the upon another plane, that of verse and satire; and in organised workers, like any other class, must climb to “Lady Adela” (Palmer. 3s. 6d. net) we have a real addition to the belles lettres of social satire. power starts from the provision of a more effective I did not expect to be amused by reprints of sketches from the service than their masters, as their grip upon industry “Daily Herald,’’ but “Lady Adela,” I confess, becomes increasingly vacillating and uncertain, are able surpasses all probability. It is witty, spirited and amusing to supply.” The sentence must be read several times from first to last, and can be placed with Mr. Belloc before its meaning can be disentangled from the and Mr. Max Beerbohm. The accompanying drawings syntactical wreckage, whereupon it appears that Mr. by Will Dyson are as good as the text and reveal Tawney expects organised Labour immediately to another aspect of his many-sided genius. * * * provide an economic service superior to that provided by One of the things to be feared by “M. M. Cosmoi” the existing system. This is all very well, however, is the vulgarisation of “esoteric” conceptions. No as a counsel of perfection descending straight from the doubt there is a “World order” proceeding according clouds of Baliol; but, after all, organised Labour is only to divine Plan; and equally, no doubt, there is an one of the indispensable factors in economics; there are antagonistic element which may be called “Satan.” But others, such as management, research, market-organisation, when I read Professor Gilbert Murray’s “Satanism and and finance, efficiency in which is not to be the World Qrder” (Allen and Unwin. 1s. 6d. net), my feeling is that somehow or other the original attained by organised Labour without considerable conceptions have been unutterably belittled. The “World training and practice. Is the co-operation of these Order” no longer appears to be a divine plan, but only factors to be assumed from the word Go? Are they a kind of higher Liberal policy; and Satan is reduced even prospectively within the control of an “organised almost to the dimensions of a party leader of the Tory Labour” that does not yet understand them? As it Opposition. I am sure that Professor Murray thinks appears to me, Mr. Tawney, like so many other and writes very sincerely. Exception cannot be taken well-meaning reformers, proposes to place upon the to any of his expressed sentiments. He reminds us shoulders of organised Labour a burden too heavy to that England, as the present strongest Power in the be borne-the obligation to improve while carrying on, world, is certain on that very account to attract all the by themselves and without the co-operation of the rest hatred there is in the world; and warns us that of the present factors, the economic work of an historic “humanity” will not for very long endure the continuance industrial society. Briefly, it cannot be done. Either of a form of world order that is arbitrarily the whole of industry must be simultaneously imposed, the implication being that England must govern converted and its direction changed, as it might be the world according to the divine plan, or expect to be under the Douglas scheme, or “organised Labour” turned out of office. And “Satanism” he defines as must be allowed a long period of trial and “hatred of World Order,” in the sense of despair that error during which industry will be anything such an order can possibly be good. But it is all, as but as “efficient” as it is at present. It is unfair to I have said, just a little depressing; and the secret of demand not only a revolution from Labour unaided, Professor Murray’s gift of diminution is to be found, I but a revolution that shall from the start provide a more think, in his references to the Apocalypse. It appears efficient economic service than that now obtainable. from these thatProfessor Murray has no real conception himself of anything very much greater than * * * politicalmovements, for he says that “the mental attitude It was scarcely worth Professor J. W. Scott’s trouble of the Book of Revelation is almost exactly like that to confute Marx’s theory of Value (“Karl Marx on of the persecuted Bohemian sectarians” of the later Value.” Black. 3s. 6d. net), since most of Marx’s Middle Ages; in short, that it expresses the resentment theories have been confuted by recent experience; and of the politically oppressed. I turn to a recent his theory of Value, in particular, has of late received work by Mr. James M. Pryse on “The Apocalypse less and less theoretical as well as practical support. Unsealed” and there I find an attempt to interpret John’s What we are entitled to expect from independent visions in the esoteric tradition as “a manual of economists such as Professor Scott is something more spiritual development.” The Book of Revelation is than refutation of dead or dying theories; either, that not “a cryptic history or prophecy,” says Mr. Pryse. is to say, criticism of new and living theories or, better All its references to contemporary history and still, new theories themselves. Not only, however, does geography are symbolic, like persons and events in dreams; Professor Scott confine his adventure to an attack upon and they are to be interpreted, psycho-analytically, as Marx, but his alternative theories of Value are at least referring to the profoundest doctrines of the Christian as dead as those of Marx. The Price of a commodity, Gnosis or Way of Second-birth. Professor Murray has he says, must be such as to “yield a margin of profit no mysticism; he is a Liberal rationalist; and, in on the capital needed to produce it.” Where have we consequence, his conception of both Satan and the World heard that formula before? Was it while we were in Order is no better than his political interpretation of the Ark? At any rate, it is quite dead, and Professor the tremendous Revelation of John. Scott upon Marx is a ghost writing about a corpse. R. H. C. “Marriage-à-la-Mode” know the real brilliance of her Drama. comedic acting; and in “The New Morality” she By John Francis Hope. revealed a command of the stage that I have never seen I did not know The Play Actors in their former her exhibit professionally. She seems positively to incarnation; but if the production of “The New enjoy playing a new part; but freedom, I suspect, is the Morality” is a fair sample of their work, their second condition of the full expression of her comic genius, time on earth will be glorious. There is a difference of and Mr. Ben Webster had obviously not been a hard atmosphere at these subscription performances that task-master. It is something of a feat to play a whole should interest a student of herd psychology; it can act in bed. as Miss Seyler had to do in the first act of hardly be due to the actors, for so many of them play “The New Morality”; but Miss Seyler not only with different societies, and I imagine that the audiences performed the feat, but performed it brilliantly. By the end are much the same. It must be due to the of the act we were not only acquainted with the producers, I think, that a Stage Society show should so substance of the play, but with the character of the woman; frequently have (in the acting, I mean) an air of painstaking and her playing of what were euphoniously called bewilderment, that the Pioneer Players (now “nerve-storms” enabled us to give the proper value to dead) should usually have produced the impression of Wallace Wister’s elaboration of them into “the new throwing the actors on to play impromptu, that the morality” I never knew how many things a bed could Art Theatre should so often aim at fantastic acting express until I saw Miss Seyler in it expressing “the while paying the most meticulous attention to details, new morality” to her harmless, necessary lady friend while the Phoenix nearly always produces the impression and her reluctant pupil of a husband. She made the bed that the show would be better if only the actors wore give a new version of “mid-channel,” and uneasy lay modern clothes and spoke modern prose. Perhaps the head that invented the new morality -- which, like there is something in a name; The Play Actors are the old, is simply an excuse for giving a husband committed to nothing but play-acting, and Mr. Ben “hell,” as she phrased it in her tumultuous proselytising. Webster,like a good producer, aimed only at letting them One pitied such a husband as Mr. Frederick Worlock act. Harold Chapin’s comedy just happened; it showed us married to such a termagant of a genius. seemed a spontaneous effervescence of human nature; He might have quoted Desdemona’s lament with the actors were at ease, I dare swear that they point: were happy. They seemed to be playing well Those that do teach young babes within their compass, with a perfect grasp of Do it with gentle means and easy tasks; their material; and, actually, they were playing She might have chid me so; for, in good faith, better than I have ever seen them play. Mr. I am a child to chiding. J. H. Roberts, for example, is an actor whom, I For to confront a plain, blunt Colonel with a problem should think, is not often well cast. He is somewhat in psycho-analysis, to ask him to discover unaided under-powered for an actor, has generally the air and what it was that his wife was objecting to (only a manner of a minor poet just down from Oxford; and minor poet could do that) was to show, once again, one has a tendency to overlook him; be would be left that morality had added a new terror to marriage. The to the ladies if one met him anywhere. He has what Inquisition, I understand, divined the heretic’s Othello lacked, “those soft parts of conversation that thoughts and gave him “hell,” or “salvation,” which chamberers have”; and generally has an air of was really the same thing; but the inventor of the new ineffectuality. But as E. Wallace Wister he converted morality reversed the process. She demanded that her his gyves to graces. Here was a man whom he knew, husband should divine her thoughts, and gave him somewhat ineffectual physically, but with that curious “hell” to help him in his black-magical divination. belief in the power of words that makes even the feeblest But there is more heat than light, I believe, in “hell” bold when they know what they want to say. He was and she had to tell him at last that “the new morality” incapable of Mercutio’s: “Make it a word and a blow”: enjoined this commandment: “Thou shalt not go he only wrestled in thought, struggled to find formulae shoppingwith thy neighbour’s wife.” The second was of expression. He ought to have been a diplomatist -- like unto it: “Thou shalt not make thyself look, ridiculous or a leaderwriter. Mr. Roberts made the man live on the river.” Counsels of perfection, of before your eyes; one could see that physical expression course; because, if she did not want him to look was the last thing that this man was capable of, his ridiculous why did she marry him? silly little gesture for “pulling up and down,” the ease It seemed a pity that so pleasant an actor as Mr. with which ha could be hustled off the stage, his very Robert Horton should have had nothing better than a unconsciousness of any but an intellectual reaction to sententious K.C. to play, with the flat-catching argument what he said, everything put him into a different class that no progress had been registered in from the man who was quite capable ofpicking him up 6,000 years (wrong chronology) because the ten by the scruff of the neck and dropping him into the commandmentswere still only ten. His own profession river. A more delightful piece of acting, in its detail should have taught him otherwise; the modern man and ensemble, I have never seen; and when he stated obeys far more than ten commandments, and “Dora” “the new morality” (in vino veritas), he really scored added a few hundreds during the war. Harold a comedic triumph. It was a long speech. and he was Chapin’s wit was chiefly verbal; it did not extend to supposed to be rather drunk; but he played it with so the accurate description of things, and the. substance perfect a synthetic expression that one was as interested of his play will not bear argument. “The New in the intellectual statement of the case as in his delicate Morality” is a comedy of manners, but of bad manners. playing of inspired inebriety, and the comic effect of But it plays delightfully; it is an actor’s play, and his debating scores. When the “natural” method is The Play Actors played it with sheer delight. One applied to the right material by the right person, it can would like to put it on the professional stage, and let produce its masterpieces as well as any other method; the general public know how much talent is concealed and Mr. J. H. Roberts’ performance was a masterpiece. from it by the ordinary conditions of production. It His style is that of theminiaturist -- but size is not a is absurd that Miss Seyler should only be known as a measure of power in art. good actress instead of the comedic genius she really Why is it that Miss Athene Seyler always plays better is, that Mr. J. H. Roberts should move about playing at these subscription performances than she does I know not what I know not where. For less than his professionally? She was certainly the success of playing of Wallace Wister, John Hare became famous; Roxana,” and although I did not like her in “As You andI wish that I had a big drum to beat to call attention Like It,” many people did, and her performance in to the fact that this performance of “The New “His Lady Friends” is one of the chief attractions of Morality” was a masterpiece. I shall watch The Play the play. But only those who saw her as Melantha in Actors with great interest. Music. Art. Arthur Rubinstein (Wigmore, November 11) began INDEPENDENT GALLERY. This is the only gallery in with Bach-D’Albert Toccata in F. maj.: a solidity of London in which one can see some of the works of rhythm, the whole like a set of taut steel cables modern artists chosen and arranged with taste. In the whirling, seizing and holding the auditor; a present exhibition there are several paintings by barbaric noise, splendidly structural, fit for a Therese Lessore, and a few works by known French decade that has taken up African sculpture. artists of great interest. “La belle Rose” (48), by Rubinstein then relapsed into the sickly opening Friesz, is a very forceful and well-painted study. The of the Franck prelude, with enormous waste of few Marchonds one would not like to put among the technique; he showed himself a hopeless sentimentalist Lest. Everything shows that Marchond and present-day pyrotechnic in the Chopin barcarolle, gave the Etude French artists generally are declining more and as a speed test, and whatever one may say in praise more into mannerism, cleverness, “showing-off,” and of his Polonaise, it was anything but an interpretation have ceased to paint what they feel. They are on the of Chopin. threshold of a sort of anti-academic academism. Mlle. Taillifer began her valses with a Chopin touch, However,the ten paintings, by Signac (61, 72-80) are but that is a parenthesis. Rubinstein came back in the excellent -- sincere and expressive. Segonzac is not well rather shallow alerte of Poulenc, did well in the represented. Prokofieff Marche and in Falla “Dance.” The other In spite of their cleverness, one feels that the paintings two Prokofieff numbers were omissible, and as for of Therese Lessore have no raison d’être. There “Suggestion diablolique,” the poor old devil is such a is little feeling for mass or expression, and all that worn out stage prop that one is ashamed to heave rocks is rendered is merely visual and superficial. Without at him any longer. “Diablique” fiddle-sticks. something behind to justify and give its meaning to all As Rubinstein is so great a pianist that all the other the lines and colours, a picture is in the strictest sense star-players come out to listen to him, we may as well insignificant, however well it might be executed. analyse his “art”; sic. For him the piano is not an INTERNATIONALEXHIBITION OFCHILDREN’S DRAWINGS, abbreviation of the orchestra ; it is not the means whereby 217, KNIGHTSBRIDGE.These drawings and woodcuts one performer can express his orchestral thought. are the work of children between eight and fourteen, His technique is adequate; it is that abundant and they were produced under the inspiration of techniquewhich is required of a master-pianist or a trapeze Professor Cizek, Principal of the Vienna School of virtuoso. Beyond a certain point any great concentration Arts and Crafts. They show how much more can be of technique is bound to be interesting. But done by allowing young painters to find their own Rubinstein’s personality is ordinary; only at one point expression (what Professor Cizek appears to have done) is he a super performer; i.e., in his rhythm. And than by hauling them through academies and libraries the compelling power of this excites the audience, for on art. Once among these drawings, one does not the same reason that a really great drummer or even a want to leave them, and the longer one stays the more normally good tom-tom player excites For Rubinstein refreshed and awake one becomes. The reason for the piano is a Schlaginstrument; it is not a little orchestra; this is that these children possess what the majority of it is a gorgeously varied drum or series of drums. adult artists do not: the capacity for direct expression. The skeleton of his work is tympannic, i.e., it is a They do not lose themselves in inventions deliberately drummer’s skeleton; his variety is not in variation of sought, and inserted because “it is the thing”; they see orchestral colourings, but in drum-shadings, in the light directly and innocently, and express what they see. and dark, the approach and recede which a drummer Matisse might envy them. There are some things can render. among the class works which are really a new experience; Note the magnificent effect of the Bach Toccata. for example, No. 29, where you feel in lookings Magnificent, barbaric. And note also how it is done -- at each of the figures an emotion quite inexpressible, done in a manner effective just so long as the lines of and are only enlightened when you detect written musical structure run longitudinally = = = =, on one corner, “Here you see the never seen.” And i.e., in the counterpoint. actually you do “see the never seen,” and enter into the By playing very fast this line is reinforced and mood of wonder of the artist. Erich Meitner (aged 11) becomes = = =I|=. Even as a proposition in physics we manages in No. 38 to pass on to us in the same way know that one sound wave may be used to reinforce his joy in anticipating the coming Christmas. But another. Rubinstein simply drives one note into the all the drawings are not lighthearted. There back of another ; he establishes a solid current of sound are half a dozen or so satirical works by Franz Prolest and this torrent of notes beats triumphantly into the (aged 14), which show a vigour of characterisation and auditor. But this system is no use whatever when he a power of conception almost incredible at that age. comes to music which is constructed harmonically, i.e., But the most remarkable picture in the exhibition is more or less vertically, sic.: ///////////. The attempt “Revolution” (19), by Rocco Venerande (aged 12). In to jam these rising aromas, smoke columns and algae it, the artist manages to give us not merely a collection of sound only leads to a confusion. That part of music of people, but a crowd, and not merely a crowd, but a which can be expressed by sheer rhythm he. gets -- the crowd menacing, gloomy and filled with a common toccata, the March, the Dance; but music to interpret purpose, and becoming before our eyes an army of revolt. human passion, or reverie, or psychology, no. He The figures are painted in a sort of rough order, not expresses either perfectly ordinary and common-place disciplined by a word of command, one feels, but by nullities, or sentimental tosh; he does not “interpret” the unconscious rhythm of a single resolve. They are anything of interest. The Taillifer stuff? Most portrayed in heavy, earth-like colours, and in dim talented young performer, Miss Taillifer, but young-lady light, while over them float flags of gloomy crimson, psychology. and behind them nothing is seen but a dark threatening A full Bach programme of Rubinstein would be a sky. By a stroke of conscious or unconscious art, musical event. Played with this solidity the contrapunto the painter has made both his foreground and his background has the excitative element of syncopation; it is narrow, so that all we see is an irregular rush indeed a much more architectonic syncopation; and, in of men, half mob and half army, against a strip of his Bach, Rubinstein is perhaps the only musician distant sky. The feeling of imminent calamity is almost who has succeeded in bringing into musical performance overwhelming. There are many other pictures calling the qualities which Vlaminck and Picasso have for comment, but it is impossible to mention them all. admired in African carving. But not Chopin, and The exhibition should be visited both by educationists certainly not Debussy. WILLIAM ATHELING. and students of art. R. A. STEPHENS. neurosis of the individual animated by it, then its A Periodical.* release is to be obtained by dream study and the free Aquarterly, the “International Journal of Psycho-analysis,” association method first made public in these days by Freud. After that analysis becomes a sort of synthetic has made its appearance. It is directed by re-orientation. But as this release happens first in Freud and edited provisionally by Dr. Ernest Jones. unconsciousness, and as many patients, once they feel As was to be expected from such a combination, it is free, think themselves healed and depart, caring little a strictly partial and one-sided undertaking, the attention what they shall do in their freedom, there is small paid to such writers as Jung and Silberer being wonder that the Freudians proclaim their theory and remarkable only for its scantiness. The only matter for method as the be-all and end-all of psychiatry. As I have said, they have a blind eye for the remainder. And speculation here is whether the Freudian blind eye is it is only when we understand this that Freud can be actually or wilfully opaque. The reaction against approached without fear of infection. This explains “mysticism” has taken to itself a new defence in the completely the intuitive reaction to Freud of the editorial as a classing together of the puritanical, unenlightened, of those whom the Freudians accuse of conventional opponents of Freudianism with those who, bigotry. So the editorial was quite right really in classing it is said, “acquiesce in the new ideas on condition together all opponents to Freud. For these that their value is discounted” -- whatever that may opponents resolve themselves -- excluding always the superficial minds -- into conscious and unconscious mean. Well, I think we might take it upon ourselves to critics, both inspired from the same source, however point out that the only answer to such a statement is a their reactions may differ. At the same time, Freudianism tu quoque -- the reply to repression is fixation -- and as dissection of instinct, the astral, the lunar body, leave it to the editors of this journal of psycho-analysis egocentric desire, the infantile, is the invaluable means to consider the scientific value of such a dispute. I am for the release of kundalini. The Freudians by their nut here concerned with that large class who invariably dogmatism become their own worst enemies. As a final take a superficial view of any and every subject, who comment on this article we might perhaps be permitted know not the unconscious in any aspect and are merely to comment on the somewhat curious delight Freud shallow minded, but with those who, like Jung, have takes in reducing all psychology into the infantile, in found in the rigid Freud a deficiency. So-called scientific taking man down a peg. This is, of course, the Freudiananalysis per se is nothing more than dead so-called scientific attitude, that cuts its own throat. It mutton, whereas psycho-analysis in the sense of an begins with a dismissal of speculation because speculation exploration of the unconscious is a practice of art and is sometimes rash and illogical, but ends in an discrimination, a sheep of extreme liveliness: the quest opposition to speculation because it is speculation. of the golden fleece, in fact. And because the Freudians Hence come dogma and ultimate dry bones. have a blind eye, that is no reason why they should Freud’s contribution is followed up by an excellent be allowed to hoodwink everyone else. Too much dissection of Henry VIII by Mr. Flugel. This is very damage would be done, and the nature of it can be well done, and the surgings of libido bound up in indicated by noting one of the subjects for discussion put Henry’s infantile complexes are most skilfully traced. before one of the recent meetings of the International This is just the sort of work at which the Freudian Psycho-Analytical Association -- “The Question of the excels, and is admirable. What a pity it is, then, that Advisability of Psycho-Analysing Artists.” Verb. sap., he should stop short at this point. Were he to swallow and I will leave it at that. It cannot, however, be too his emotions and cast an eye, say, upon Silberer, we often emphasised that there are varying levels of dream should not find ourselves so frequently criticising him. perception and interpretation: one with reference to But when we find Mr. Flugel remarking in a footnote external circumstance and at least two with reference that the psycho-analytic (meaning the Freudian) method to internal circumstance in the form of the sukshma and is applicable to “myths, legends, customs, literary and karana sariras, or instinct, the astral, and intuition, artistic productions, etc.,” he must be informed that buddhi. And after all this there is the archetypal the Freudian is only one method of psycho-analysis, and “collectiveunconscious.” Any who neglect to consider this is strictly limited to the discovery of libido buried in are not dealing in justice with the background psyche. infantile complexes. Where the products of intuition And the penalties therefore are intoxication and are concerned, Freudianism, in and by itself, is off the perdition. map -- if I may be permitted the expression. This study The editorial is followed by an obituary on Dr. Putnam, of Henry VIII is a most useful example of both the after which comes a short article by Freud, dealing scope and the limitations of pure Freudianism. in especial with his libido theory. Once again we The journal closes with a long and almost complete must complain that Freudianism is insufficient. Libido bibliography of publications on psycho-analytic subjects in Freud’s conception is pure sexual hunger. Let us up to the present time. And this is followed by a long discriminate a little. Libido, in and by itself, is neither and critical abstract of these publications. It will be sexual nor yet desire. It is kundalini, power, upon almost superfluous to comment that this abstract is the wings of which desire may indeed ride, and which written entirely from the Freudian point of view -- or may indeed as easily drive down as up, perhaps more lack of view, if the reader prefers it. Dr. Nicoll is easily when we consider that our present state is a mentioned, and it is stated that he “interprets Fraud descent of the spirit into matter. In other terms, libido wrongly.” The “unscientific statements” of Miss may indeed be bound up with desire and thereby undergo Bradby are “deplored.” “Adler, Jung, Silberer, the fixations that Freud has so admirably analysed. Maeder, Stekel,” have all apparently been “critically But Freud’s analyses are only half a picture, and torn to pieces” by Dr. Ernest Jones. I quote all this libido itself is pure power, as anyone who has experienced in condemnation of what we must now callthe grossly its release from any sexual fixation will cheerfully and wilfully one-sided attitude taken up by those responsible testify. And, again, it is creative power, which explains for this review. It is entitled an international amply enough its tendency to be ensnared in a sexual journal, and its spirit is more provincial than that of fixation in the body. But creative power functions at many a parish magazine. It is called a journal of varying. planes, so to speak, and libido may be orientated psycho-analysis, and betrays itself as a journal of sexually, artistically, philosophically, or spiritually. psychic starvation. It professes to be scientific, and is Should it suffer from fixation, with consequent yet as dogmatic as the Roman Church. At this rate it will soon be as lifeless, too. Then will approach the * “The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis.” time for a true psychology. (International Psycho-Analytical Press. 30s. per annum.) J. A. M. ALCOCK. recantation-period was full on. And upon the depressed Views and Reviews. and anxious faithful there came, in 1888, the terrible confession of the Fox sisters which we noticed in the PSYCHIC RESEARCH. -- VIII. second chapter.” Mr. MCCabe’s history of Spiritualism* appears in time I must refer readers for details and the later history to enable me to conclude this series. I have already (which is brought up to date) to the book itself; Mr. referred to the difficulties that beset psychic research McCabe’s work of record is clearly and concisely done, in determining its subject-matter; and if, as the editor and the historical method is more destructive tu simple of “The Psychic Research Quarterly” alleged, “the credulity than any other. There is nothing to investigate, problem of the Survival of Death and the credentials nothing to believe; when Sir Oliver Lodge went of Spiritualism are, for the majority of people, the to America this year, “Mr. Joseph Rinx, a member of most interesting and important questions with which the American Society for Psychical Research, Psychic Research is concerned,” then the history of advertised£1,000 for the production of a single phenomenon.” Spiritualism demonstrates that there is no subject-matter The challenge is still open. But one may notice at all on these questions, except for the Criminal certain peculiarities of thedevelopment of the movement Investigation Department. Let us get our minds clear which are significant; for example, it is contagious on the elementary issue; if survival of bodily death is that is to say, it spreads by contact. It began a fact, it is a fact as universal as death itself, and there at Hydesville, and the movement “slowly spread in is no apparent reason why it is not as well known. All waves from Hydesville. If it depended on human that Spiritualism or “occult science” generally could mediums learning something from each other, this is do would be to demonstrate its modus operandi, and what we should expect arid what we invariably find. give us, as a counterpart to the morbid anatomy of The mediumising power spreads by contact, or by death, the vivid anatomy of the life beyond. If survival descriptions in the Press. It takes a year to reach New is a fact, I repeat, it is, ex hypothesi, as common as York, four years to reach London or San Francisco, death itself; it is not a matter of belief, but of simple five years to Cuba, six years to South America. seven knowledge. But Spiritualism, according to the years to Turkey, and so on.” When we remember Spiritualists, began in 1848 because the nineteenth how the “spirit” of discovery manifested in science century was just entering upon a very dangerous period commonly reveals itself in more than one place at about of “materialism” which the “spirits” were determined the same time, so that Wallace and Darwin, Adams to combat by a direct revelation of the truth of immortality. and Leverrier, are commonly coupled together as It was as a positive exposition and demonstration co-discoverers, and radium, to take another example, was of what is, ex hypothesi, a universal fact that isolated by a number of people all about the same time Spiritualism began -- and the first proof of the immortality (the phenomena is a commonplace of scientific history), of the soul was that Margaretta and Katie Fox it is certainly singular that the “spirits” of revelation learned to crack their toe-joints. of the immortality of the soul should have been limited The relevance of the demonstration to the proposition to the one focus of Hvdesville. Mr. McCabe shrewdly is not obvious enough to entitle us to put Q.E.D. to says: “It is not possible to contend to-day, as the early it. But Margaretta Fox’s confession in 1888, and her spiritualist historians did, that the little wooden cottage demonstration on the stage of the New York Academy of John D. Fox in Hydesville had an ‘aura’ which of Music of the way in which the “Rochester rappings” distinguished it from every other house on the globe; were produced, demonstrate that “mediumship” is the especially as it was promptly abandoned by the Foxes only phenomenon that Spiritualism provides for investigatioon. and not used for further manifestations.” We are confronted with nothing but an enquiry into the bona-fides of personal character; and the history There is another fact worth mentioning in connection of Spiritualism shows that good faith is the prerogative with the prestige-suggestion of the adherence of of the sitter, not of the “medium.” In that scientific men to Spiritualism. Apart from the fact that no one medium with whom they experimented has been astonishingly clever book, “The Road to En-Dor,” Lieut. Jones warned us against ever trusting a medium; exempt from exposure (Mr. McCabe tells us that even his own success in trickery proved to him that no one the latest, “Eva C.,” re-introduced by Baron von can be trusted to observe a fact accurately if he Schrenck-Notzing, made a confession of which an assumes the very point at issue, viz., the trustworthiness account appeared in the Proceedings of the S.P.R. for July 1914), there is another fact to be noticed. “The of the medium. We are confronted with no more recondite problem than that, and the history of Spiritualism) complaint is often made that, when any distinguished is a history of exposure of fraud. Mr. McCabe man declares for Spiritualism, sceptics at once begin sums up his ninth chapter in these words: “Thus in ten to suggest that he was in a state of senile decay. But years nearly every English and American medium of no sort of disposition either way can alter the historical any repute was convicted of fraud. There were scores facts. Such men as Robert Owen, Professor Hare, of minor exposures, but it is enough to record those Professor Challis, Professor Zöllner, Professor Weber, which were generally known and made a deep impression. and Professor Lombroso were near the end of their Herne, Williams, Mr. and Mrs. Holmes, Bastian, lives when they accepted Spiritualism. Sir W. Crookes Taylor, Mrs. Fay, Buguet, Egerton, Slade, Eglinton, was eighty-five years old when he at length plainly said Monck, Rita, Miss Wood, Florence Cook, Mr. and Mrs. that he was a Spiritualist. As for Lombroso, his Fletcher, and Mme. d’Espérance, were the élite of the daughter and biographer, Gina Ferrero, says that mediumistic world. With their names the spiritualist during the last three years of his life (1906-9), when he wrote his book, he suffered chronically from press had been filled for more than a decade. Each was pronounced thoroughly safe. Each was a fraud. The arterio-sclerosis,and occasionally from angina pectoris, and general public did not believe in ‘trances’ and ‘unconscious’ that he was always tired and sleepy and could not work for more than half an hour at a time. However, he impersonations. The whole movement was condemned. Only a very few well-known mediums was convinced that the dead still live; though, retaining escaped detection, and this was generally because, as in his materialism (as spiritualist writers always omit to the case of Stainten Moses, they gave no opportunity to say when they refer to him), he regarded the ‘soul’ as the general public to observe them; or because, like a material fluid.” Mrs. Hardinge and Mrs. Tappan, they confined themselves The last, and most important, fact that I need mention to speeches in which it was difficult to tell the is that no “spirit,” even of a psychic researcher normal limits of a woman’s volubility. The British who had prepared a “test,” has ever passed it. Myers left a message in a sealed envelope; when, a month * “Spiritualism: A Popular History from 1847.” By after his death, he was supposed to be communicating Joseph McCabe. (T. Fisher Unwin. 15s. net.) through Mrs. Thompson, he knew nothing of the test-message, when, three years later, Mrs. Verrall while Wells’ apocalytic visions reduce him to the level announced that his “spirit” had communicated the of a mechanical deviser of warnings. contents to her, the letter was opened -- and there was no correspondence between the two messages. “Hodgson Ann’s First Flutter. By R. A. Hamblin. (Allen and tried the different method of leaving behind him Unwin. 7s. 6d. net.) amongst his papers a large number of cipher or cryptic Meredith tried to make a hero of a tailor; Wells writings of which he said nothing to anybody. It was has more than once made a shop assistant interesting; clear that: he intended to communicate the key from but Mr. Hamblin’s grocer’s assistant does not strike beyond, but he has not done so, though he died fifteen either his imagination or ours. Therefore, Mr. Hamblin years ago.” Mr. McCabe’s work suffices to show that adds literature to grocery, in the attempt to make his the phenomena of Spiritualism afford no subject-matter hero interesting. Kipps, if we remember rightly, ended for psychic research; but his volume has the additional by keeping a bookshop; Mr. Polly had a passion for interest for the psychologist of a study of what using long, strange, and sometimes unintelligible commonplace fraud acting upon common credulity may words; but Mr. Hamblin’s hero writes a novel, a real, produce . A. E. R. high-class and apparently dirty-minded novel. At least, the hero’s father called it “dirty drivel,” although his uncle, fresh from Ceylon, said that it was “full of the Reviews. facts of life. That’s the kind of book we like in Ceylon.” Publishers, please note. The irruption into literature Crucible Island: A Romance, an Adventure, of the grocer’s assistant was not successful, but and an Experiment. By Condé B. Pallen. his import of literature into the organ of the grocery (Harding and More. 6s.) trade, the “Dry Goods Gazette,” was successful. His articles, “Over the Counter,” became a feature of that “Socialism” (whatever that map be) has inspired organ, and incidentally helped to reconcile his father to some very queer visions of Utopia, all of them exercises his literary activities. “Why,” said the editorial of the in deductive logic, and not in imaginative construction. “Dry Goods Gazette,” “should a trade journal be Dr. Pallen’s “Crucible Island” is simply an attempt confinedentirely to the dry facts of business, and never to show that “Socialism,” logically applied, produces a touch on its romance or humour?” The question could minor hell upon earth. One of the characters argues: be asked with more propriety of a novelist, such as Mr. “It is this delusion, like the mirage in the desert, that Hamblin. Perhaps Ann is intended to supply the romance; the hero met her on a seat on Hampstead lures the rank and file of Socialists to an acceptance of Heath. She was a post-office clerk, against whom “a its doctrine. They embrace Socialism under the false serious charge affecting your moral character and supposition that it leads to an easy freedom from service reputation” was brought; she could not rebut the charge, to another. They rail at capitalism as a system of and was dismissed. Her subsequent adventures at economicslavery, little realising that the practical outcome envelope-addressing, canvassing, office work, are faithfully of the Socialist scheme not only imposes upon them a detailed; the romance begins in earnest when the system of heIotry worse than capitalism ever devised, a hero and his uncle (the latter incognito) come to live at the boarding-house where she has at last settled condition of servitude which has its only parallel in down to regular employment. She convinces him that the slave system of the ancient world [which, by the she loves him by spoiling his food, putting sugar in the way, was capitalistic]. More than this and worse than salt-sifter, and so forth. The good uncle from Ceylon, this, they utterly fail to realise that with this economic who picks his teeth with a corkscrew (instead of a servitude there comes an utter degradation of the sexual paper-knife, as all real gentlemen do) goes his own way, relations between man and woman in the entire extinction marries the landlady, gives five shops to Ann’s father, of the family.” It is our old friend: ‘“Socialism makes the hero his heir, and says “Bless you” to all those who have been kind to Ann and her lover, and means the nationalisation of women”; and, indeed, leaves his “Curse you” to be implied by all who have capitalism has so standardised them in physique, dress, not. Meanwhile, apart from Mr. Hamblin’s tilts at the and general culture that, as “women are not born, but reviews of psychological novels, there is nothing in the made,” according to Zangwill, there is a case to be book of interest to anyone but readers of the “Dry stated for transferring the industry of woman-making Goods Gazette.” to the State. Unfortunately for Dr. Pallen’s heroics, The Ivory Trail. By Talbot Mundy. (Constable. though, a whole campaign of attack on capitalism has 7s. 6d. net.) been carried on for years by the young Catholic group The search for buried treasure can always be reIied in the “New Witness,” and “the entire extinction of on to provide adventure for the seekers; when it is the family” in the interests of “the Servile-State” is hidden in Africa (where anything may happen), when by them declared to be the purpose of capitalism. Logic the Germans (who are capable of anything) are also in applied to such generalised terms will always produce search of it, when every scoundrel in Zanzibar is after “awful consequences”; and we have some sympathy it, the Anglo-American party cannot complain of boredom. with the historic declaration of Lord Curzon that he The manifest contrast between the German and British character is emphasised again and again in a refused to discuss “Socialism,” did not know what it series of villainous. incidents; Mr. Mundy, having made meant, and demanded a positive proposal as a basis the Germans the villains of his story, finds plenty of of discussion. The fact remains that, somehow, man is work for them to do. His German professor of ethnology being, and has to be converted into a social animal, is a most sinister combination of brains and and “Individualism,” as expounded by Dr. Pallen, does bestiality, a Dantesque figure in this inferno. That all not permit even the possibility of the process. Dr. the villains come to a bad end, and the Anglo-American Pallen loads the dice against “Socialism”; his party (with a lord at its head) at last finds the ivory, “CrucibleIsland” is a community of criminals who are and gets rich, is the inevitable ending of a melodrama prevented from association or contact with the outer which always shows that virtue, in the long run, world. The same stagnation of culture can be demonstrated triumphs over vice. It is the destiny of all good in any community in a similar state of isolation, Englishmen to discover hidden treasures, which always and has nothing whatever to do with the ownership of seem to be buried on the other side of Hell. But, as property. Worst of all, Dr. Pallen cannot write; he is Lincoln said, for those who like this sort of thing, this worse than Bellamy, immeasurably worse than Morris, is the thing they would like. and the “Spectator,” and so on. Dugs will quarrel Pastiche. about a bone, but the more bones your reformers have the more they quarrel. Confuse the issues! MHISTORY. HOME SECRETARY:Excellent, Sir, I’ll have them got [A meeting of the retro-super-Cabinet of Big Business ready at once. mainly Finance.] PRIME MINISTER:Mind, don’t begin till you must. Keep PRIME MINISTER: There is nothing very urgent this up the boycott as long as possible. morning, gentlemen; but I should like to bring to HOME SECRETARY:Trust Northcliffe! your notice again the attack now being made on R. M. the foundations of our great financial system. It is time that we concert measures of defence. What is IMPRESSION. . . . . your view, Mr. Home Secretary? Have you consideredthe matter since it was broached a few I came, upon a day, unto a place months ago? Where witch-elms, that were tired with many years, HOME SECRETARY:I have had inquiries made; and I Leaned down a brooding and mysterious face, am now in a position to report on the facts. And whispered fretfully of ancient tears; PRIME MINISTER:What are they? And silver-birches sweetened all the air, HOME SECRETARY:The propaganda is being run chiefly In passionless array, by two persons, Major C. H. Douglas and a Mr. With innocent, outstretch’d arms, and delicate hair, Orage, the editor of a weekly journal called THE That trembled lest the Wind should pass that way, NEW AGE. Two books have so far been published: And there were mountain-ashes, faery vines “Economic Democracy” and “Credit-Powerand With berries in their hair; and wistful pines, Democracy,” the former by Douglas and the latter That go lamenting all their days; by Douglas and Orage. I have also discovered one And, where the bramble wound his tortuous ways, or two pamphlets. But the current propaganda is The wizard beech, carried on in THE NEW AGE. Most old, and wise, and full of sorrow, PRIME MINISTER:What sort of people are these Douglas Dreaming of Yesterday, and sighing for To-morrow, and what-do-you-call-him? Did you say Orange ? And full of restlessness, and mystic speech. HOME SECRETARY:No, Orage; pronounced, I am told, And I crept fearful through their vastitudes after the French style -- Orrage. Very afraid, PRIME MINISTER:Sounds rather like Oo-rah! Well, go A poor weak, crawling atom in the Woods, on. My naked soul before them laid . . . . . HOMESECRETARY: They are both educated and intelligent In all the lonely earth and sea and sky men, much above the average; and, as far as I can Went none so little and alone as I. discover, both absolutely beyond suspicion. They N. C. HERMON-HODGE. believe in their idea. PRIME MINISTER:Poor devils! Yes? I FEAR THE GENTLE FOLK FORGET. HOME SECRETARY:So far they have had little success. Their readers are few and the subject itself is not I fear the gentle Folk forget exactly popular. My name and my face, PRIME MINISTER:Precisely -- and fortunately! But does In hollows where the turf is wet, it show signs of catching on at all? I am told that And the hill there’s a good deal of subterranean talk about. Where every enchanted grace HOMESECRETARY: That is true. The industry of these Hath his appointed place; people is indefatigable; and my secretaries tell me They cry me back to them, and still that at any moment something may emerge in the May they not have their dainty will. Labour movement. PRIME MINISTER:What about the Press? Have you This blossom and that did I take, seen to that? Wealthy in flowers, wildered in wealth; HOMESECRETARY: Of course. That goes without saying. Now, do I see a leaf, I make For two years practically not a word has been My silent moan, and kiss by stealth publishedremotely bearing on the question. The boycott That sign of my allegiance: has been complete. Can Mothswing-dust come here so far, PRIME MINISTER: Good, that’s my noble Ariel! What Andfor remembrance carry home further steps have you taken ? The kiss i’ the leaf, to where there are HOMESECRETARY: Difficulties have been put in the way Fair dreams for all, and love for some? of the circulation of the books. Our agents have Weep me as under the ground, O merriest! been everywhere at work suggesting that the whole As my roof were the green blade, and the brake: idea is the invention of “currency-cranks.” And And he among you that is cheeriest we’ve seen to it that nobody in any position of Shall cull me a token such as fays do make, authority should appear publicly to countenance it. In When they that are but shadows flit and flee short, we are freezing it. Right ghosts of shadows into eternity; PRIME MINISTER: How do you account for its spread, then? For you agree that it is spreading. A moss-blossom, please you, good folk, HOME SECRETARY:Well, I’ve already suggested industry. Shrouded with a gossamer, But, of course, youand I know that they’ve got hold And hung full sadly on the oak of part of the truth. To such sighs as you might hear PRIME MINISTER:Ah yes, I forgot that. And that If the little linnet spoke: remindsme. You remember what we had to do with poor old Nickett who would go and blab Cabinet secrets ? And the smallest leaf of all, HOME SECRETARY:We made him promise to tell half a And the fly his diamond crest, dozen fairy-tales for every fact he gave away; so And drops that from the woodbine fall, that nobody should know which was right and which For that these are muskiest; was wrong. Muskiest, and passing sweet PRIME MINISTER:That was it; and that’s what we must Since loving tears they counterfeit. do before long in the present case. Mr. Home Secretary, RUTH PITTER. I charge you with this duty. Get a copy of this Scheme of Douglas and Horace -- oh, yes, Orage! well, O-rage -- and have prepared, say, a score or so of variations of it -- of course, they must be harmless. And then, when the time comes, get them written up by good names for publication in the “advanced” newspapers-you know, the “Herald”