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Lo Hemos Olvidado Todo PERSPECTIVAS nº39 marzo/abril 2007 DEL MUNDO DE LA COMUNICACIÓN sumario Lo hemos olvidado todo HUBO UN TIEMPO EN EL QUE POR ENCIMA DE LAS DIFERENCIAS IDEO- LÓGICAS, LOS PERIODISTAS ESPAÑOLES COMPARTÍAN UN PACTO NO EX- Lo hemos olvidado todo PLÍCITO ACERCA DEL TRATAMIENTO INFORMATIVO DE LOS ACTOS TE- pág.1 RRORISTAS. LAS BASES ERAN UN ESCRUPULOSO RESPETO A LAS VÍCTI- MAS, INFORMAR SIN ENTORPECER LA INVESTIGACIÓN Y NO HACER EL JUEGO A LOS TERRORISTAS. Concentración y pluralismo informativo La prioridad era respetar la digni- sar de las peticiones de las asocia- en Europa dad de las víctimas y sus familiares. ciones de víctimas de no emitirlas. Lo secundario, pero no por ello me- Un episodio lamentable de intromi- pág.2 nos importante, conciliar el derecho sión gratuita en una circunstancia a la información con el deber de no tan íntima como es la muerte o el do- entorpecer la investigación policial. lor. La metamorfosis de un buscador Por último, evitar a toda costa cual- en un metamedio quier tentación de instrumentalizar la La democracia se sostiene en la plu- información con fines partidistas. Du- ralidad de opiniones que, llevada al pág.4 rante décadas los medios respetaron campo de la comunicación, se ha en mayor o menor medida estas re- de concretar en la independencia y glas de juego y las aplicaron a los autonomía de los profesionales de la Perspectivas del numerosos atentados que ETA ha co- información, la ausencia de presio- cine polaco reciente metido en nuestro país. Sin embar- nes exteriores y el rigor informativo, basado en el contraste de las noti- pág.6 go, toda la madurez alcanzada por los informadores en la cobertura de cias. Sin embargo, el análisis reali- Tablas: terrorismo pareció desvanecerse el zado en los citados libros sobre las Contenido de los 11 de marzo de 2004. Esta es una coberturas de los principales medios informativos de televisión de las conclusiones que se despren- –especialmente los diarios de infor- en España de de las investigaciones que sobre mación general– concluye que su pág.8 el mayor atentado perpetrado en Es- trabajo se caracterizó por poner la paña se han publicado en Cobertu- línea editorial e informativa al servi- ra Informativa del 11-M y en La co- cio de determinados poderes políti- municación en situaciones de crisis: cos, no de la audiencia, ofreciendo del 11-M al 14-M (Eunsa, 2006). como reales hechos que luego se demostraron como simples especula- Tres años después de la masacre, di- ciones partidistas sin contrastar, y PERSPECTIVAS DEL MUNDO DE LA COMUNICACIÓN versos investigadores demuestran las haciendo un periodismo basado no debilidades de la cobertura realiza- Consejo de Redacción: Ángel Arrese, Mercedes en la información, sino en la opi- Montero, José Luis Orihuela, Miguel Ángel Jimeno. da por los principales medios de in- nión, con el ánimo de influir en el re- Editor: Avelino Amoedo. formación españoles. En los cuatro sultado de las elecciones generales. Coordinación editorial: Sira Hernández. días que siguieron a la masacre –e Publica: Facultad de Comunicación, incluso en los sucesivos aniversarios Fue el periodismo de trinchera en su Universidad de Navarra. Campus universitario 31080 Pamplona, España. de la tragedia–, parece como si los máxima expresión, que por desgra- Tel.: 948 42 56 17 periodistas hubieran padecido una cia se ha ido perfeccionando duran- Fax: 948 42 56 64 www.unav.es/fcom/perspectivas amnesia sobre el buen hacer del pe- te los tres últimos años y es la nota e-mail: [email protected] riodismo. Un breve repaso a las fo- predominante del panorama infor- Imprime: Gráficas Egúzkiza. tografías publicadas muestra que mativo español. Resulta sorprenden- Depósito Legal: NA.3267/00 fueron habituales las imágenes te que se haya olvidado la lección ISSN: 1577-1997 cruentas de víctimas del atentado, de que todo abuso de instrumentali- Copyright Facultad de Comunicación. Univer- sidad de Navarra. Prohibida la reproducción to- violando así el respeto a las situa- zación de los medios por parte de tal o parcial, sin el permiso escrito de la redac- ciones de dolor y la intimidad de la los políticos contribuye inexorable- ción. La distribución de esta publicación es un servicio exclusivo a los antiguos alumnos de la vida privada. ¿Cuántas veces he- mente al debilitamiento de la credi- Facultad y pretende comentar hechos relevantes mos podido contemplar la secuen- bilidad (y de las ventas). ¿Qué tal si de la actualidad del mundo de la comunicación. cia de los atentados grabada por paramos las máquinas y reflexiona- una de las cámaras de seguridad de mos sobre qué estamos haciendo y Atocha? Innumerables, incluso tres dónde queremos que esté la profe- años después de la masacre y a pe- sión en el futuro? UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA facultad de comunicación nº39 marzo/abril 2007 PERSPECTIVASDEL MUNDO DE LA COMUNICACIÓN Concentración y pluralismo informativo en Europa “LA UNIÓN EUROPEA ESTÁ DECIDIDA A PROTEGER EL PLURALISMO EN LOS MEDIOS COMO PILAR ESENCIAL DEL DERECHO A LA INFORMACIÓN Y A LA LIBERTAD DE EXPRESIÓN CONSAGRADO EN EL ARTÍCULO 11 DE LA CAR- TA DE DERECHOS FUNDAMENTALES”. ASÍ COMIENZA EL DOCUMENTO DE TRABAJO “PLURALISMO EN LOS ME- DIOS DE LOS ESTADOS MIEMBROS DE LA UE”, APROBADO POR LA COMISIÓN EL 16 DE ENERO DE 2007. La contundente declaración del eje- ropa, que es diez veces favorable los grandes grupos de comunica- cutivo comunitario parecería indi- al primero. ción: las compañías que controla- car una disposición a endurecer la sen el mercado mundial influirían Por tanto, la Comisión se debate legislación sobre la concentración de modo decisivo en los procesos entre no hacer nada –como hasta en el mercado europeo de la co- electorales, en la agenda de temas ahora– y, en consecuencia, dejar municación, si no fuera porque en de discusión y en los valores domi- que la regulación comunitaria ge- los últimos quince años la Comisión nantes de la sociedad. neral sobre libre competencia se ha mostrado que está más dispues- aplique también a los medios, o Afortunadamente, el efecto de esas ta a publicar documentos explora- promover una iniciativa legal que operaciones de concentración se torios que a aprobar un nuevo mar- co legal referido al pluralismo infor- proteja el derecho a la información ha atenuado por otros fenómenos mativo. de los ciudadanos europeos. de signo contrario: a) la tecnología ha impulsado la aparición de nue- De momento, en el documento de En efecto, desde comienzos de los vos medios; b) la evolución del mar- trabajo citado, la Comisión asegu- años noventa, tanto el Parlamento co legal ha debilitado las barreras ra que realizará un estudio en pro- Europeo como el Consejo de Euro- que dificultaban la entrada de com- fundidad sobre el grado de con- pa han urgido a la Comisión para petidores en cada país; c) el des- centración del mercado europeo que establezca unos límites a la censo del coste de los créditos ha durante este año, con vistas a una concentración de los medios que favorecido que más personas y em- posible regulación, que se aproba- sean de obligado cumplimiento en presas inviertan en negocios de la ría en 2008. todos los estados miembros. comunicación; d) el incremento de Sin embargo, la Comisión se ha en- Estas incertidumbres del ejecutivo la demanda de información y en- frentado a tres obstáculos que le comunitario constituyen un buen tretenimiento permite que subsistan han impedido llevar a la práctica motivo para reflexionar sobre la más ofertas; e) la difusión global e esas recomendaciones. Por una magnitud del problema: nos intere- instantánea de las innovaciones parte, asociaciones empresariales sa saber en qué medida el creci- que surgen en cualquier mercado como el Consejo Europeo de Edito- miento de los grandes grupos de son rápidamente imitadas en otros res (EPC), la Asociación Europea comunicación constituye una ame- lugares, por lo que no siempre el de Editores de Periódicos (ENPA), naza real para el pluralismo infor- pez grande se come al chico: un ri- la Federación Europea de Editores mativo en Europa. val de menor tamaño pero más rá- de Revistas (FAEP), la Asociación pido puede atacar por la retaguar- Europea de Radio (AER) o la Aso- El debate sobre la dia y destrozar a su contrincante. concentración ciación de Televisiones Comercia- Desde hace un cuarto de siglo, el les Europeas (ACT) –con fuerte ca- El profesor Ben Bagdikian publicó debate sobre la concentración de pacidad de ejercer tareas de lobby en 1983 un famoso libro, The Me- los medios tiende a plantearse des- en Bruselas– se han opuesto a esas dia Monopoly, en el que pronosti- de posiciones extremas: la mayor iniciativas reguladoras. En segundo caba –equivocadamente– que, en parte de las monografías, artículos término, las diferencias entre los es- pocos años, dos o tres compañías y declaraciones o bien son extraor- tados europeos –unos partidarios norteamericanas, una japonesa y dinariamente alarmistas o apenas de regulaciones más restrictivas, quizás una europea serían las pro- ven efectos negativos en el creci- como Francia o Alemania, y otros pietarias de la mayor parte de los miento de los grandes grupos de más permisivos, como Gran Breta- medios de comunicación del plane- comunicación. ña– han impedido cualquier tipo ta. de acuerdo. Finalmente, a la pro- En parte, la dificultad de acercar pia Comisión le preocupa la atomi- Bagdikian consideraba que la ola esas posiciones surge de los intere- zación empresarial de la comuni- de fusiones y adquisiciones de me- ses que están en juego. Las empre- cación en el Viejo Continente, por- dios en los años ochenta apenas sas más asentadas pretenden evitar que incide en el desequilibrio de la dejaría oxígeno para sobrevivir a límites legales a sus proyectos de balanza comercial del sector au- las empresas más pequeñas, que expansión.
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