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OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators Globalisation Economic on Handbook OECD 2005 « STATISTICS STATISTICS M Measuring Globalisation easuring Globalisation OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Although globalisation’s impact on national economies is well recognised, little quantitative information is available to shed light on the issues involved in debates on the subject. The purpose of this manual is not to evaluate the many consequences of globalisation, but rather to measure its extent and intensity. The manual defines the concepts and puts forward guidelines for data collection and the fine-tuning of globalisation indicators. Measuring Globalisation The proposed indicators apply by and large to multinational firms – the major players in the process of globalisation – particularly in the areas of trade, international investment and technology transfer. OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators OECD’s books, periodicals and statistical databases are now available via www.SourceOECD.org, our online library. This book is available to subscribers to the following SourceOECD themes: Statistics: Sources and Methods Industry, Services and Trade General Economics and Future Studies Science and Information Technology Ask your librarian for more details of how to access OECD books on line, or write to us at [email protected] www.oecd.org ISBN 92-64-10808-4 2005 92 2005 06 1 P -:HSTCQE=VU]U]U: 2005 Measuring Globalisation OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. Also available in French under the title: Les indicateurs économiques de la mondialisation MANUEL DE L’OCDE © OECD 2005 No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission. Applications should be sent to OECD Publishing: [email protected] or by fax (33 1) 45 24 13 91. Permission to photocopy a portion of this work should be addressed to the Centre français d'exploitation du droit de copie, 20, rue des Grands-Augustins, 75006 Paris, France ([email protected]). FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foreword and Acknowledgements In response to increasing demand for better measures to analyse the trends of globalisation, the OECD took the initiative to draw up a conceptual and methodological framework for gathering quantitative information and constructing indicators. This work has led to the present “Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators”. It is the outcome of co-operation among experts from member countries and with international organisations. The work was carried out primarily in the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry under the aegis of the experts of the Special Session on Globalisation of the Working Party on Statistics of the Committee on Industry and Business Environment (CIBE). Recognising the multidimensional nature of globalisation, the Secretary-General of the OECD, Donald J. Johnston, recommended that the work be undertaken collaboratively with other OECD groups with expertise in foreign direct investment, international trade and technology. These include the Investment Committee and its Workshop on International Investment Statistics (WSII) serviced by the Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs; the International Trade Statistics Expert Group and the OECD-Eurostat Experts in Trade in Services Statistics served by the Statistics Directorate; and the Working Party of the Trade Committee serviced by the Trade Directorate. Among groups serviced by the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, the Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP) and its working parties, the Working Party of National Experts on Science and Technology Indicators (NESTI) and the Working Party on Technology and Innovation Policy (TIP), also participated in the preparation of the Handbook. The Handbook was approved and declassified by the CIBE. In addition, Chapter 2 was approved and declassified separately by the Investment Committee. While the Handbook is the work of many individuals, the principal contributor has been Thomas Hatzichronoglou of the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry who organised the subject matter and prepared drafts of all of the chapters except Chapter 2. This chapter was prepared by Ayse Bertrand of the Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs. Other members of the Secretariat who also made significant contributions include Paul Atkinson, Andrew Wyckoff, Daniel Malkin, Candice Stevens, Pierre Poret, Dominique Guellec, John Neighbour, Bernard Damsma, William Cave, Nadim Ahmad, Andreas Lindner, Anthony Kleitz and Peter Walkenhorst. The OECD Secretariat wishes to thank all of the experts who participated in the preparation of the Handbook and, in particular, Dr. Hartmut Fest of the German Ministry of Economics and Labour, who played a particularly important role throughout the preparation of the Handbook as Chair of the Special Session on Globalisation. Roger De Boeck, Chair of the Workshop on International Investment Statistics of the Investment Committee also played a key role. The Secretariat also wishes to mention the experts from international organisations who participated in the meetings and offered their comments, in particular Margaret Fitzgibbon (IMF), Maria Montanjees (IMF), Neil Patterson (IMF), Guy Karsenty (WTO), Katja Weigl (UNCTAD), Torbjörn Fredriksson (UNCTAD), Masataka Fujita (UNCTAD), David Cieslikowsky (World Bank), Brian Sloan (European Commission), Bettina Knauth (Eurostat), Arto Luhtio (Eurostat), Michaela Grell (Eurostat) and Paolo Passerini (Eurostat). OECD HANDBOOK ON ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION INDICATORS – ISBN 92-64-10808-4 – © OECD 2005 3 FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Secretariat also wishes to thank David Belli (former head, International Investment Division, Bureau of Economic Analysis, United States) and Yvan Gervais (Statistics Canada) who served as consultants in 2003 and brought their expertise to bear on the final revision of the Handbook. Other important contributions were made by Obie Whichard (United States), William Zeile (United States), John Jankowski (United States), Edouard Mathieu (France), Fabrice Hatem (France), Claire Plateau (France), Giovanni Balcet (Italy), Lelio Iapadre (Italy), Anne-Christine Strandell (Sweden), Enrica Morganti (Italy), Frédéric Boccara (France), Vincent Thollon Pommerol (France), Lionel Fontagné (France), Martyn Vaughan (United Kingdom), Angelo Zanetta (Switzerland) and Raoul Depoutot (France). Nobuo TANAKA Enrico GIOVANNINI Director Chief Statistician and Director Directorate for Science, Technology Statistics Directorate and Industry William WITHERELL Jean-Marie METZGER Director Director Directorate for Financial Trade Directorate and Enterprise Affairs 4 OECD HANDBOOK ON ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION INDICATORS – ISBN 92-64-10808-4 – © OECD 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1. The Concept of Economic Globalisation and its Measurement .................. 15 1.1. The concept of economic globalisation ......................................................................... 16 1.2. Why does measuring economic globalisation matter? ............................................... 19 1.3. A “core” set of indicators of economic globalisation ................................................... 20 1.3.1. Scope, coverage and interpretation of the reference indicators...................... 21 1.3.2. Reference indicators of foreign direct investment ............................................ 22 1.3.3. Reference Indicators of the economic activity of multinational firms ........... 22 1.3.4. Reference indicators of the international diffusion of technology ................. 25 1.3.5. Reference indicators of the globalisation of trade ............................................. 26 1.4. A conceptual framework for the
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