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Name: ______Date: ______Period: ______Chapter 1: The of 1.1 Science Main Idea: encompasses five areas of study: astronomy, , , , and . “Earth science is a combination science that draws upon all other to unlock Earth’s mysteries.” Five Areas of Study

Astronomy Study of objects beyond Earth’s Study of materials that make of Earth and the processes that form Geology and change these materials Oceanography Study of Earth’s

Meteorology Study of -producing forces in the atmosphere

Environmental Science Study of the interactions of Earth’s and their surroundings

Earth’s Four Systems  All four of Earth’s systems are all organisms on Earth as well as the environments in which they live unique and interdependent. area from the surface of Earth down to its center  Changes to one affect the other three. all the on Earth, including the water in the  Interaction between systems is atmosphere and geosphere happening constantly in many Atmosphere the blanket of surrounding Earth different ways. : the application of scientific discoveries used to make easier, safer, or more efficient.

1.2 Methods of Main Idea: Scientists use scientific methods to structure their experiments and investigations. (s): Problem-solving procedure that scientists use to conduct experiments. 1) Form a Purpose/Question/Problem based on . 2) the problem by collecting , making observations, asking questions, using prior knowledge, and reviewing related research. 3) Form a , which is a testable explanation of a situation that can be supported or disproved by careful procedures. 4) Conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis (repeated multiple ). 5) Analyze the results after organizing them and identifying possible errors. 6) Draw a conclusion. Explain whether the hypothesis was supported or not and communicate the results. The Nature of Scientific Investigations Independent variable: in an experiment, this is the factor that is changed by the experimenter. Dependent variable: factor that is affected by changes in the independent variable. Constant: factors that do NOT change during an experiment Control: used to show that the results of an experiment are a result of the condition being tested. * An investigation involves and collecting data but does NOT include a control. Le Système International d’Unités (SI) is a modern version of the metric system based on a decimal system.

Measurement Definition SI Unit

Length distance from one end of something to the other end meter (m)

Mass amount of in an object kilogram (kg)

Weight gravitational force on an object newton (N)

Area amount of surface included within a of boundaries square meters (m2)

Volume amount of occupied by an object Cubic meters (m3)

Density amount of matter that occupies a given space (Mass / Volume) g/cm3, g/mL, or Kg/m3

Time interval between two events second (s)

Temperature average kinetic of the that make up a material kelvin (K)

In scientific notation, a number is expressed as a value between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10.

The number of grains of sand on Earth is approximately 4,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 and would be written as 4  1021. The mass of Earth at 5,974,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg would be written as 5.9742  1024 kg.

1.3 Communication in Science Main Idea: Precise communication is crucial for scientists to share results effectively with each other and society. Lab Report: a written account of a lab.

In line graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the horizontal (x) axis, and the dependent variable is plotted on the vertical (y) axis. Circle graphs show a fixed quantity using slices representing parts of the whole. Bar graphs represent quantitative data using bars.

Scientific model: idea picture, system, or mathematical expression that represents the concept being explained. Scientific : explanation based on many observations during repeated investigations. : principle that describes the behavior of a natural .