Role of wetlands in the seasonal distribution of discharge of the Poluy, Nadym, Pur and Taz rivers (Northern part of the Western Siberia)

E.A. Zakharova, A.V. Kouraev, S. Biancamaria, M.V. Kolmakova, N.M. Mognard, V.A. Zemtsov, S.N. Kirpotin Context: active national/international cooperation

Cooperation CNRS-Russia: GDRI CAR-WET-SIB (Biogeochemical cycle of carbon in wetlands of Western Siberia) French ANR Project “Impact-BOREAL”, FP7 “MONARCH-A”

Field studies in the Noviy Urengoy region (summers of 2008 and 2009) and in the Altai mountains (summer 2009) Int. J. of Environmental Studies August 2009 - special issue on Western Siberia with several our publications on this subject Western Siberia: an unique region

Ob’ + Yenisey+ PNPT : 1250 km3 /year (greatest input among all other Arctic seas)

Flat relief - multitude of natural objects (large and small rivers and streams, extensive floodplains, 90°90° EE 70°70° EE 90°90° EE Yenisey lakes, mires, etc). M i d d l e Salekhard Nadym 75° E 85° E 70° N Pur KARAKARA SEASEA Ob' Poluy DudinkaDudinka

estuaryestuaryestuary estuaryestuaryestuary YeniseyYeniseyYenisey S i b e r i a n estuaryestuaryestuary YeniseyYeniseyYenisey TazTaz S i b e r i a n estuaryestuaryestuary TazTaz TazTaz

UralUral MountainsMountains Siberian Ridge

Ob'Ob'Ob' TazTaz Ob' SalekhardSalekhard MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINSMOUNTAINS SalekhardSalekhard Khanty-MansiyskKhanty-Mansiysk MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINSMOUNTAINS Pur SamburgSamburg Nizhnyaya SidorovskSidorovsk H i g h l a n d Poluy Nadym TunguskaTunguska 60°60° NN PoluyPoluy NadymNadym UrengoyUrengoy URALURALURAL NadymNadym UrengoyUrengoy TuruhanskTuruhansk URALURALURAL UrengoyUrengoy TuruhanskTuruhansk URALURALURAL TuruhanskTuruhansk Ob' Ob' 65° N IrtyshIrtyshIrtysh Vasyugan

BerezovoBerezovo YeniseyYeniseyYenisey

TomskTomsk PodkamennayaPodkamennaya KuznetskKuznetskKuznetsk TunguskaTunguska Ala-TauAla-TauAla-Tau SIBIRSKIYE UVALY HILLS Ob'

URALURALURAL MOUNTAINS MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINS URALURALURAL MOUNTAINS MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINS Ob' Khanty-MansiyskKhanty-Mansiysk Ob' TobolTobol IrtyshIrtyshIrtysh 150150 kmkm IshimIshimIshim Permafrost type Continuous permafrost Poluy, Nadym, Pur and Taz Altay Mountains Discontinuous permafrost 50°50° NN Zone of constant seasonal soil freezing (PNPT) IrtyshIrtyshIrtysh Ob' w atershed Kazakh Melkosopochnik Ob' inner w atershed Homogeneous conditions, Great Vasyugan Bog good climate indicator Influence of permafrost. Active layer depth in tundra 20-25 cm N to 80-90 cm S, taiga - up to 2m. Permafrost conditions

Permafrost types of Russian Federation (after K.A.Kondratyev and V.A.Kudryavtsev classification) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Yenisey Yenisey 10 11 12 14 ZapolyarniyZapolyarniy NoviyNoviy UrengoyUrengoy PangodyPangody PangodyPangody Type Percent of Average temperature, deg Depth of permafrost, m Ob' Nadym TazTaz coverage , Celcius Pur % Continuous permafrost 3 100 less than -13 M >800 m Ob' 4 100 -11 to -13 M 500-700 m 5 100 -9 to -11 M 400-600 m, in mountain ridges 1000 m or more Khanty-MansiyskKhanty-Mansiysk 6 100 -7 to -9 M 300-500 m, in mountain ridges up to 500_900 m 7 100 -5 to -7 M 200-400 m, in mountain ridges 300-500 8 100 -3 to -5 M 200-400 m, 9 100 -1 to -3 M 100-300 m IrtyshIrtyshIrtysh Vasyugan Discontinuous permafrost 10 70-80 0 to -2, thaw soils - +1 to 0 M up to 100 m, rarely 200-300 m Ob' 11 40-60 0 to -1, thaw soils - +2 to 0 M 50-70 m, rarely 100-200 m TomskTomsk 12 5-10 0 to -0.5, thaw soils +2 to 0 M 15-20 m, rarely up to 50 m Zones of constant seasonal freezing of soils 14 up to 5% 0 to -0.5 M up to 10-20 m

Note the depth: several hundreds of meters ! Climate conditions

General increase of winter 90 T= 0.25x - 428 T= 0.39x - 712 and summer air 40 T= 0.17x - 301 temperatures -10 T= 0.49x - 1000

-60 T= 0.36x - 786

sum of temperatures, deg temperatures, of -110sum T = 0.39x - 902 -160 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Tsum neg Taz Tsum pos Taz Tsum neg middle Ob Tsum pos middle Ob Tsum neg Ob Tsum pos Ob

600 Increase of precipitation in the northern regions 500 400

300

200

precipitation, mm precipitation, 100

0 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Taz_summerP UDL Taz_winterP UDL Satellite Earth observations: focus on radar altimetry Radar altimetry measurements

T/P (Oct 1992- Aug 2002, new orbit - Aug 2002-2005) Jason-1 (since Feb 2002) GFO (since Jan 2000) ENVISAT (since Nov 2002) Jason-2 since June 2008 + ERS-1 (Jul 1991 - Mar 2000), ERS-2 (since Apr 1995) Main instruments: radar altimeter, radiometer

Footprint: radar - 12 km (ocean), radiometer - 22 - 42 km

Repeat period: 10 days (T/P, jason), 17 days (GFO) and 35 (ENVISAT) Satellite coverage Altimetric coverage (red - T/P, green - GFO, orange - ENVISAT) Coverage by four satellites Combining four

satellite missions Ob' bay

GFO

Lower Ob' Envisat

T/P New orbit Middle Ob' T/P

Irty sh

Upper Ob' Intersections of satellite ground tracks with main Ob’ channel: Nov osibirsk reserv oir separate for each satellite

Dramatic Intersections of satellite ground tracks increase with main Ob’ channel: of spatial coverage all four satellites Wet zones extent

What do we see from backscatter in Siberia? Wet zones: one- and two-humped camels

Using ENVISAT data we estimate the extent (%) of Flood_type 1 wet zones within 21 mid-size watershed of the Ob’ 77 1,1 river system. Basing on the difference in seasonal 2 66 3 11 33 signal we grouped the watersheds into the 3 main 55 33 types (and one subtype) 1616 88 1010 1111 44 99 1010 1111 22

1717 1717 1212 1515 1212 Type 1: Small permanent flooding 1818 1515

1313 (one peak) and well pronounced 1414 1919 draining

2020

Type 1a: Same as 1 but with two 2121 peaks

No River name 11 Pim 1 Taz Type 2: High permanent flooding 12 Tym 2 Vakh 13 Ket with insignificant draining 3 Pur 14 Vasyugan 4 Trom Yugan 15 Big Yugan 5 Nadym 16 Severnaya Sosva 6 Poluy 17 Konda 7 Schuchya 18 Tavda Type 3: Medium permanent flooding 8 Kazym 19 Tura with two peaks 9 Nazym 20 Om 10 Lyamin and well pronounced draining 21 Inner watershed Wet zones: timing of seasonal variations

Beginning Beginning 77 77 of freeze-up of flood 66 66 11 11 33 33 55 55 33 Flood start

Mid March 1616 88 1616 88 End of March Beginning of April 1010 1111 44 1010 1111 44 99 99 1010 1111 Mid April 22 22 22 End of April Beginning of May 1717 1717 1212 1717 1515 1212 1515 1212 1818 1818 1515 Maximal flood 1313 1313 1414 1414 Mid April 1919 1919 Beginning of May Mid May End of May Beginning of June 2020 Flood start 2020 Mid March End of March Freeze start 2121 Beginning of April 2121 Mid April Beginning of October End of April Mid October Beginning of May Beginning of November

Maximal Flood start Mid March 77 End of March 77 Full freezeBeginning-up of April flood Mid April End of April 66 66 11 11 33 Beginning of May 33 55 33 55 33

1616 88 Generally N to S, 1616 88 1616 88 Maximal flood 1616 88 Mid April 1010 1111 44 1010 1111 44 99 1010 1111 99 1010 1111 22 but some specificBeginning of May 22 Mid May Flood start End of May 1717 Beginning of June 1717 1515 1212 1515 1212 Mid March 1818 1515 orographic/draina 1818 1515 End of March Beginning of April 1313 1313 1414 Freeze start 1414 Mid April 1919 ge features 1919 End of April Beginning of October (8) Beginning of May Mid October (8) Beginning of November (5) 2020 2020 Maximal flood Mid April Full freeze 2121 2121 Beginning of May Mid November Mid May End of November End of May Beginning of December Beginning of June Mid December End of December Wet zones: interannuall variations

100 a)

Nadym (blue)

s

n )

o 80

i Pur (red)

t

%

(

a

r

v r

e Poluy (green

t

e a

s with crosses)

b w

60

o

n

c

e

i r

p Taz (black

Wet zones extent (%) t

o e

with dots)

s

m

i a

t 40

l

d

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(PNPT) f

s

o

s

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a 20 R

0

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) 5000

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e

)

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3 4000

m

m

y

(

d

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g 3000

N

r

a

Discharge d

h

n

c a

2000

s

i

)

d

e

u

y

l

l i

(NP) b 1000 (

a Pur (blue)

r d u Nadym (red) P 0

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Significant variability from year to year. Wet zones extent (%) similar in spring and autumn, though in volume it is very different => need to study water level changes River level from satellite altimetry Ob River : water level

6 validation Salekhard 8

9 7 5

10

2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0

-2000

-4000 height, mm height, -6000

-8000

-10000 H,mm RIMS data st8 st9 st10 Water level from altimetry

Variability is highest (1-1.5 m) for lakes, much less (50-70 cm) for flat mires and drained lakes.

Wetlands have regulating (dampening) affect on water level

Northern Ob’: 70 Lake 69 68 Nadym 67 66 Level, m 65 swamps 64 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Draned 69 68 Level, m lake 67 66

65

64 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Middle Ob’:

Surgut swamp 78.5 Level_m st23 78 Lake 77.5 region 77 76.5 76 Level_m 75.5 75 74.5 74 1-Jan-93 2-Jan-94 3-Jan-95 4-Jan-96 4-Jan-97 5-Jan-98 6-Jan-99 7-Jan-00 7-Jan-01 8-Jan-02

79 Level_m st23 78.5 78 Flat bog 77.5 77 76.5 76 Level_m 75.5 75 74.5 74 1-Jan-93 2-Jan-94 3-Jan-95 4-Jan-96 4-Jan-97 5-Jan-98 6-Jan-99 7-Jan-00 7-Jan-01 8-Jan-02 Discharge and its relation with snow cover 5000

) Flow components estimates

s /

3 4000

m

(

e

g r

a 3000 Three main sources of water flow :

h

c s

i • melt waters

d

y

l 2000

i Interflow and • ground waters (basic flow) a

d A

overland flow n • rain waters (interflow and overland flow during a 1000 Basic flow e Melt M C waters ice free period) 0 D B 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Day of year Data on daily discharges are used for the estimates of the flow components parts

Mean of the flow components input for 4 Arctic rivers Nadym river: low impact of melt water 100%

(29%) and high impact of 80% overland/interflow (45%) 60%

Changes in a watershed properties as a 40% result of intense human impact related 20% with gas exploration 0% Poluy Nadym Pur Taz Basic flow Meltwater Overland Anthropogenic impact

http://pics.livejournal.com/hullun_kissan/pic/00016ec1 Snow cover and flood flow

250 Estimation of spring flood volume (using in situ daily data on discharge and hydrograph 200 graphical separation) - Zakharova et al., IJES 150 2009

100 W flood, mm W flood,

Very good relation => possibility to quantify 50 role of snow in seasonal water redistribution 0 100 150 200 250 300 350 SWE SSM/I , mm 80 70 Nadym Snow water equivalent from SSM/I and in

60 situ data versus spring flood volume

%

, t 50

s Poluy o

l Taz

r 40

e t

a However we lose about 20-60% of

w 30

t l

e Pur snowmelt water for evaporation +

20

m

w retention for later release

o 10

n S 0

-10 Year The ratio of water lost is increasing for

-20

5 6 8 9 1 2 4 5

9 0 1 2 3 4 7 0 3 6

8 PNPT - climate change or anthropogenic

9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0

8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0

9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 impact? Temporal evolution of difference between snow volume and spring flood (I.e. % of snow lost)