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Persistencia De Cepas Tradicionales En El Secano Interior Del Maule Sur: Rescate De Elementos Patrimoniales Para El Futuro Desarrollo De Proyectos Turísticos

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Persistencia De Cepas Tradicionales En El Secano Interior Del Maule Sur: Rescate De Elementos Patrimoniales Para El Futuro Desarrollo De Proyectos Turísticos JUAN CARLOS CANTILLANA *T@M#@QKNR#@MSHKK@M@ Mg. en Gestión Ambiental Territorial, Universidad de Talca [email protected] PERSISTENCIA DE CEPAS TRADICIONALES EN EL SECANO INTERIOR DEL MAULE SUR: RESCATE DE ELEMENTOS PATRIMONIALES PARA EL FUTURO DESARROLLO DE PROYECTOS TURÍSTICOS RESUMEN propios de una estructura territorial que, puesta en valor, permitiría el desarrollo de un El desarrollo de la actividad turística requiere turismo sustentable, generando ingresos adi- de la existencia de recursos presentes en el cionales a los viticultores de la zona, a la vez territorio, a partir de los cuales puedan desa- que valoran una de las expresiones culturales rrollarse productos turísticos de interés para más genuinas de Chile Central. el visitante. En la actualidad, la búsqueda de experiencias es uno de los principales moto- Palabra clave: cultivares tradicionales, geo- res de los viajes turísticos, por lo que resulta mática, enoturismo. necesario identificar la presencia de recursos que puedan trabajarse para convertirlos en productos que satisfagan tal necesidad. ABSTRACT Una de las corrientes del turismo de intereses especiales es el enoturismo, que se ha desa- The development of touristic activity requi- rrollado orientándolo a la presentación de res the existance of resources present in the los grandes viñedos con formas de cultivo si- territoy from which they can develop tourism milares a las encontradas en todos los países products of interest to the visitor. At present, productores de vino en el mundo. Una posi- the search of experiences is one of the main bilidad de diferenciación de la experiencia tu- engines of tourist travel, so it is necessary to rística la constituye la presencia de cultivares identify the presence of resources that can be vitícolas tradicionales en el secano del Valle worked to turn them into products that sa- del Maule, asociados a las etapas iniciales de tisfy that need. la vitivinicultura chilena. One of the currents of tourism of special in- El presente trabajo utiliza técnicas geomáti- terests is the wine tourism, which has been cas para identificar y describir la distribución developed to the presentation of the large de estos cultivares tradicionales, elementos vineyards with forms of cultivation similar to 60 TRILOGÍA. FACULTAD DE ADMINISTRACIÓN Y ECONOMÍA, diciembre 2017 PERSISTENCIA DE CEPAS TRADICIONALES EN EL SECANO INTERIOR DEL MAULE SUR: RESCATE DE ELEMENTOS PATRIMONIALES PARA EL FUTURO DESARROLLO DE PROYECTOS TURÍSTICOS those found in all the wine producing coun- to por una oferta integrada de ocio dirigida tries in the world. A possibility of differenta- a una demanda cuya motivación incluye el tion of the tourist experience is the presen- contacto respetuoso con el entorno natural y ce of traditional viticultural cultivars in the la población local, es definido como turismo dryland of Maule Valley, associated with the rural (Barrera, 2006. Citado por Szmulewicz, initial stages of Chilean viticulture. 2008). Como una variante particular de este tipo de turismo encontramos el enológico, This paper uses geomatic techniques to iden- que, según Szmulewicz y Álvarez (Szmu- tify and describe the distribution of these lewicz, 2008) es la actividad que se relacio- traditional cultivars, elements of a territorial na con el conocimiento in situ del proceso de structure that, put in value, would allow the elaboración del vino, incluyendo las visitas a development of a sustainable tourism, gene- los elementos relacionados con él, como por rating additional income to the winegrowers ejemplo las casas de sus cultores, las bodegas of the area, while valuing one the most ge- donde se vinifica y la historia que lo contex- nuine cultural expressions of Central Chile. tualiza. Torrejón (2004), citado por Szmu- lewicz (2008), señala que esta forma de turis- Keyword: traditional cultivars, geomatics, mo también conjuga el interés por la cultura wine tourism. del vino con su potencial turístico. El identificar aquellos sectores donde es po- INTRODUCCIÓN sible desarrollar estas actividades supone la visualización de la distribución de los viñedos El desarrollo de la actividad turística va de y bodegas de producción viníferas, encon- la mano con la existencia de recursos que se trándose en la actualidad diferentes opciones encuentran presentes en el territorio y a los de visitas en el mercado, asociados a las ya cuales los visitantes quieren acceder, con el tradicionales rutas del vino existentes en los fin de desarrollar experiencias que hagan de diversos valles vitivinícolas nacionales. Es- su viaje un elemento enriquecedor. La iden- tas rutas del vino cubren parte importante de tificación de estos elementos de interés, así la demanda por conocer el mundo del vino, como la identificación de su distribución en pero su aporte tiende a reflejar solo una par- el espacio geográfico, permitirá conocer lu- te de la oferta existente en el territorio, toda gares donde puedan desarrollarse tipos de vez que su modelo de negocios se enfoca en turismo asociados a tales condiciones. presentar a grandes viñas que producen los vinos que generan la mayor parte de la de- Conocido es que en la actualidad la actividad manda a nivel mundial, por lo que, siendo una turística ha aumentado tanto a nivel mun- propuesta de gran valor, ha dejado de lado dial como en nuestro país, siendo el turismo dos aspectos que en la actualidad deben co- de intereses especiales al que deba prestarse menzar a considerarse. Por un lado, se enfoca mayor atención, toda vez que se aleja de las en métodos de producción que, tanto por sus condiciones del turismo de masas, tanto por escalas de trabajo como por los cepajes ela- el mayor aporte económico a las comunida- borados, son reproducibles en cualquiera de des locales que visita, como por la creciente los grandes productores vitivinícolas mun- conciencia ambiental de sus cultores. diales. En segundo lugar, ha tendido a desa- rrollarse en aquellas viñas de mayor tamaño, Entre el turismo de intereses especiales, aquel capaces de generar por sí mismas una nueva desarrollado en el espacio rural y compues- variante de negocio, como es incorporar en TRILOGÍA. FACULTAD DE ADMINISTRACIÓN Y ECONOMÍA, diciembre 2017 61 JUAN CARLOS CANTILLANA sus actividades regulares la visita de excur- proceso de comunicación estratégica que, a sionistas y/o la recepción de turistas. Estas decir de Morales (2010) citado por Manzini dos situaciones hacen que visitar una ruta del (2011), ayuda a conectar intelectual y emocio- vino en Chile resulte similar a desarrollar esta nalmente al visitante con los significados del actividad en el Valle de Napa en California, recurso patrimonial visitado, de este modo se cuna de esta modalidad turística. logrará su apreciación y disfrute. En la búsqueda de la diferenciación y, con Según Bormida (2005) citado por Girini ello, de la creación de productos turísticos (2010), los sistemas patrimoniales que se diferenciadores, se ha propuesto un enfoque asocian con el desarrollo del turismo enológi- en pequeños productores insertos en agru- co, poseen ciertos componentes básicos que paciones o cooperativas para desarrollar un se repiten y otros que son propios de cada turismo asociado a la idea de comercio justo uno de ellos. Entre los básicos se encuentran (Gallardo et al, 2011), así como la identifica- los viñedos, las bodegas, los sistemas de re- ción de cepajes tradicionales como parte de gadío, las vías de acceso, las construcciones los elementos representativos del territorio relacionadas, entre otros. Estos componen- (Mena et al, 2016). Esta última propuesta es tes que originan a su vez un paisaje, se van la que se considera más interesante de estu- ordenando y adquiriendo sentido a la vez que diar en este momento, toda vez que la dife- van ligados a procesos históricos, culturales y rencia en el volumen de producción, si bien sociales que le otorgan esas identidades pro- resulta interesante desde el punto de vista de pias. El paisaje generado por esta interacción la redistribución social de los beneficios del representa un valor social y se constituye en turismo enológico, no lo es tan claro si consi- un valor fundamental para la cultura de los deramos, además, componentes culturales y pueblos y su identidad cultural. condiciones que resalten los elementos dife- renciadores de un territorio. El paisaje es un elemento patrimonial más, por lo que su comprensión constituye una En este contexto, debemos recordar que un herramienta importante para conocer a los turista busca elementos que le hablen del pueblos que se visitan. En ello radica la im- lugar y en ello es fundamental el rescate de portancia de este libro abierto que explica la lo subyacente, no solo lo visible, sino lo que cultura (Pastor, 2008). Si llevamos esta idea le otorga sentido a lo que se observa. En el al ámbito enoturístico, el paisaje vitivinícola mundo rural, los estilos de vida son los que es la forma en que el ser humano imprimió cargan de sentido a los paisajes, cargan de el paisaje a través del tiempo, en distintos significado al espacio geográfico, otorgando contextos sociales, económicos y culturales, valoraciones a determinados lugares. El te- todo ello a los fines de su actividad agrícola rritorio así es concebido como un hogar en el productiva, la que hoy puede ser vivenciada cual se ha invertido trabajo y esfuerzo, todo por los turistas que buscan interpretar los lu- ello ligado a una historia propia; y, mientras gares visitados. más propia, más valiosa. El vino refleja entonces la herencia histórico Es posible entonces orientar las preocupa- cultural, social y patrimonial de los pueblos ción de identificar lugares de interés turís- que lo han cultivado, generando estos paisa- tico hacia aquellos que se relacionen con el jes del vino que Bruroni y Rossi (2000), citados patrimonio, donde este sea además interpre- por Rodríguez y otros (2010), como se des- table; es decir, donde pueda desarrollarse ese cribe en la forma más amplia a toda la oferta 62 TRILOGÍA.
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