Department of Human Geography

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This is the published version of a chapter published in Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm University: 1964-2014.

Citation for the original published chapter:

Widgren, M. (2014) Department of Human Geography. In: Gudrun Dahl, Mats Danielson (ed.), Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm University: 1964-2014 (pp. 145-174). Stockholm: Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm University

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Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-110076 Digital offprint of

Widgren, Mats (2014) Department of Human Geography. In Dahl, G. and Danielson, M. eds Faculty of Social Sciences at Stockholm University 1964-2014. Stockholm University, pp- 144-173 144 Kapitelnamn

In 1986, the facilities at Norrtullsgatan 2 were rebuilt and renovated. The Geo Library was moved from the Old Observatory and came to form an important hub for students and researchers alike. (Photo: Eva Wernlid) 145

Department of Human Geography Mats Widgren

Among the different factors that influ- versity as a whole. During the first years ence the character, the culture and the achieve- (1956–1971), the Department was internally ments of a university department, the intellec- dispersed at several addresses. It shared one tual and practical leadership is of course area of the city, Vasastan, with many other instrumental. During the first thirty years of departments of social science (see map in the Department of Human Geography, it was a Helmfrid 2001). Later on, we became internally one-professor department. The professor most concentrated but were left behind in the inner often also served as head of department. As city (1971–1997). Most other disciplines geographers, we also believe that space and moved to the Frescati campus. Our departmen- location matter. In the documentation from the tal premises were subject to a profound rebuild early years, the obstacle that distance created is ing and reorganisation in 1986–1987, coinciding a current theme (Hannerberg 1965, Lundén in time with the appointment of a new profes- 1970, Helmfrid & Sporrong n.d.). Economic sor. In the summer of 1997 we finally moved to geography has shown that easy access to face- Frescati and were co-localised with the geosci- to-face contacts enables creative development ences and in convenient proximity to most other and is a force behind clustering and creative social sciences. cities. For the Department of Human Geogra- In the beginning of the spring term 1971, I phy, its locations over the last 50 years have lined up with other students in the stairways at offered qualitatively different possibilities for Kungstensgatan 45 and registered as an under- face-to-face contact within the Department, graduate in human geography after having with colleagues in physical geography and with studied statistics, political science and econom- other departments in social science and the uni- ics. This semester was my only direct contact 146 Department of Human Geography

Kungstensgatan 45, now used by Folkuniversitetet. (Photo: Mats Danielson)

with the first of the four phases I will describe dent, the active member of a successful research below. In 1973, I was employed as an assistant group on historical landscapes in the 1980s and started my doctoral studies. From my doc- and 1990s, and the professor (1999–) and head toral defence in 1983 and onward, I have been of department (2001–2007, 2013–2014). The employed in different positions at the Depart- following is based on my own memories, notes ment. Thus, the position of this text’s author and reflections, a browsing through 50 years of moves from the curious investigator of what university catalogues, some printed material on was prior to my own memories (pre-1971) to the history of the Department and a few archi- the perspective of the 1970s’ post-graduate stu- val documents. The history of the Department Faculty of Social Sciences – Stockholm University 147

until 1997, written by Helmfrid and Sporrong, the chairs in geography into physical and also serves as a base for my account (Helmfrid human geography had already started in the late & Sporrong n.d.). For the broader context of 1940s at other Swedish universities. At the time Swedish geography in the 20th century, the of the split in Stockholm, the professor of geog- works by Helmfrid (1999) and Buttimer and raphy in Stockholm, Gunnar Hoppe, chose to Mels (2006) form a background. Staffan Helm- specialise in physical geography. The Institute frid and Ulf Sporrong have read this manu- of Geography (Geografiska Institutet) from script at a preliminary stage and added import- then on had one professor in the Faculty of ant information and perspectives. A list of 78 Mathematics and Science (Hoppe) and one in dissertations published on the web provides an the Faculty of Humanities (Hannerberg). The insight into the themes researched during this two professors shared the directorship of the period. Much of the ongoing intellectual activ- Institute. The formal split into two separate de- ity has not yet made a clear imprint in the form partments seems to have been made in 1965, of an identifiable group of dissertations from a one year after the establishment of the Faculty. specific research group or school in this list.1 The reason I use Swedish above is because There is usually a long delay between the estab- the term ‘kulturgeografi’ has been somewhat lishment of a research group and the finalisa- controversial in different periods of the intel- tion of an identifiable group of dissertations. lectual development of human geography in Sweden. It is also not intuitively well under- Positioning geography as social stood but often mixed up with cultural history, science cultural anthropology and, not least, with the Kulturgeografi was part of Samhällsveten English term cultural geography, which is the skapliga fakulteten (the Faculty of Social subfield of human geography that deals explic- Sciences) at Stockholm University from the itly with culture (see Cosgrove 2000). Going birth of the Faculty. In 1956 David Hanner- through some documents and articles from the berg, then professor in Lund, had been sum- 1950s and 1960s, I have also realised that the moned to Stockholm to take up a new position term was seen as problematic already in the as professor of ‘Geografi, särskilt kulturgeografi 1960s. In a debate with Hannerberg, William med ekonomisk geografi’ and became a mem- William-Olsson wrote that the term was unfor- ber of the Faculty of Humanities. This split of tunate, and could give rise to any kind of interpretation. William-Olsson claimed that when 1 http://www.humangeo.su.se/publikationer/avhandlingar/ avhandlingar-för-doktorsexamen. the professorships in Sweden were divided into 148 Department of Human Geography

physical and human geography in the 1940s, that term has also shifted meanings in the his- most of those that had qualifications in human tory of Swedish human geography. geography were specialised in the historical A reason why I also use Swedish for the name geography of the 16th century and hence spe- of the Faculty – Samhällsvetenskapliga fakul- cialised in what was then called kulturgeografi teten – is that I want to point out the difference (William-Olsson 1962:152). In 1968, Sven between ‘vetenskap’ and ‘science’. The differ- Dahl (as always meticulous with terms) in his ence between the German/Swedish Wissen- assessment of candidates for the successors of schaft/vetenskap and the English science has Hannerberg also considered the term unclear namely played a central role in the debates with- and discussed why the then current terms An- in geography. “Wissenschaft for a German is tropogeographie (German) and human geogra- any organized body of knowledge, not only phy (English) were not more directly translated what we call a science” wrote Fred K. Schaefer to Swedish (Dahl 1968, see also Dahl 1972).2 in 1953. Is geography a science? Yes, said Schae- But as Dahl also points out, the newer and wider fer, geography should be a law-seeking science, sense of kulturgeografi has since then become where the speciality of the geographers were synonymous with human geography. The issue “the laws concerning spatial arrangements” concerning the naming of our discipline has (Schaefer 1953:228). His article was an early come back now and then. Many human geo clarion call for positivism in geography and for graphers today find the term ‘samhällsgeografi’ the spatial paradigm that would then come to (lit. societal geography) more appropriate, as it rule in geography for two decades or more, es- clearly conveys the idea of geography as social pecially in Sweden and in the English-speaking science. Nevertheless, as will be shown below, countries. Schaefer’s article was formulated as a direct critique against previous conceptions of 2 “Formuleringen ‘kulturgeografi med ekonomisk geografi’ synes icke ha varit helt lyckad. Den klassiska tyska termen geography as mainly a descriptive discipline, var ‘Antropogeographie’; på engelska har man ofta sagt ‘human where the ultimate goal was a synthesis in the geography’. Troligen av språkliga skäl har man i Sverige icke velat använda uttryck som antropogeografi eller män- form of a regional monograph. In present niskogeografi, än mindre human eller humanistisk geografi. Begreppet kulturgeografi vore å andra sidan utomordentligt Euro-English, the distinction between ‘Wissen- svårt att definiera, om därmed skulle mena något annat än schaft’ and ‘science’ is becoming more and more vad tyskarna avsett med uttrycket antropogeografi. Flertalet geografer torde numera uppfatta termen kulturgeografi som blurred. At our university, the confusion is man- liktydig med antropogeografi. Formuleringen ‘med ekonomisk geografi’ gör emellertid att man måste bli tveksam om ifested in the fact that we (in English) have a vad som egentligen i Sverige skall avses med termen kultur- Faculty of Science (naturvetenskap) and another geografi”. (Sven Dahl, sakkunnigutlåtande 26 sept. 1968, Stockholms universitets arkiv) one in Social Sciences (samhällsvetenskap). Faculty of Social Sciences – Stockholm University 149

The artist Calle Drakenmark (1931-2009) studied geography under David Hannerberg. This painting was made for the latter’s 60th birthday in 1960. It shows a typical field scene, where Hannerberg (in goggles and beret) delivers his interpretation of a cadastral map. Some of the students have been busy measuring fossil agricultural fields – the reason for the rod to the left and the field map to the right. (Photo: Mats Widgren)

Hannerberg was only active as a professor when hypothetico-deductive approaches and in Stockholm for twelve years. During these quantitative methods were coming more and years he influenced the future development of more into focus in social science generally, and the Department in a very profound way. He especially in geography, his background as an was a quantitative geographer with a deep undergraduate in mathematics and physics knowledge of agrarian history, and had con- was an obvious strength. He also wrote the nections to ethnology, history, etc. At a time first textbooks on quantitative geography in 150 Department of Human Geography

the Scandinavian languages (Hannerberg and the building of the welfare state, many of 1969, 1970). At the same time, his own re- them focussed on basic research concerning search focussed on the historical geography of past agrarian landscapes. Within that field, the agrarian landscapes. Himself the son of a Stockholm school of historical geography deve farmer, he brought a different perspective to loped into a strong and internationally visible agrarian and economic history, a perspective centre. This would hardly have been possible if that challenged the then sometimes patroniz- Hannerberg was not at the same time respected ing view of farming and peasants in history as a modern geographer. As mentioned by Gerd (Helmfrid 1982). He also succinctly developed Enequist in her assessment of Hannerberg for arguments for geography as socialvetenskap the post in Stockholm in 1956, he was the su- and for the need to understand labour rela- pervisor of both Sven Godlund and Torsten tions (Hannerberg 1944). Buttimer and Mels Hägerstrand. For Enequist this served to show (2006) summarise (with reference to Helm- that he was well acquainted with the latest frid) the role of Hannerberg: developments in modern geography (Enequist n.d). His quantitative inclination, unorthodox enthusi- How did this, for his time, very modern ge- asm for novel methods, and his tendency towards ographer explain to his students what kultur- spatial generalisations on a northern European geografi was? I read his book Att studera kul- scale, represented an explicit rapprochement be- turgeografi as an undergraduate in the early tween traditional landscape research and what 1970s but do not remember much of it, per- would become the positivist turn in geography (But- haps just because it took such a pragmatic (and timer & Mels 2006:66–67). therefore not very interesting) position towards something that at this time was a much debat- It can be confidently stated that Hannerberg’s ed topic: What is (human) geography? In his unique combination of skills and interests had book, Hannerberg defined kulturgeografi from a decisive role for human geography at Stock- the research projects that had been funded by holm University. When all other geographical the Swedish Council for Social Science Re- departments in Sweden during the 1970s and search, which he grouped under economic ge- 1980s focussed on the geography of contempo- ography, social geography and geographical rary Swedish society and on quantitative cultural landscape research. These three fields methods, the Stockholm geographers went he considered to be separate branches (veten against the grain. In a period of modernism skapsgrenar). Faculty of Social Sciences – Stockholm University 151

A common view, still alive in the 1950s, was chorological (spatial) and chronological app that regional geography was at the core of geo roaches, respectively. What the emerging spa- graphy and that the systematic branches of geo tial paradigm claimed, which was in fact in line graphy (e.g. social geography, historical geo with Kant, was that it was the spatial struc- graphy, economic geography, biogeography, tures, not the objects as such, that defined geo climatology, geomorphology, etc.) were there graphy. to serve that core. Hannerberg, somewhat sur- At about the time of his retirement, Hanner prisingly to me now, just lumped together the berg reflected in an essay on the relations be- systematic geographies that had anything to do tween objects, data and models very much in with humans under the heading of kultur- line with emerging quantitative and spatial geografi. He denied that there was any core or geography . However, he again left the question that these systematic branches were integrated of geography’s definition open: “A beautiful parts of a synthetic subject, geography. “It is a summer day, when waves are rolling in over conception, which, according to my view, is shallow beaches, I feel comfortably far away unnecessary and leads to logical problems”3 from the rather sterile discussion about what (Hannerberg 1968b:24). His critique against human geography is”4 (Hannerberg 1968a:12). the idea of a synthetic subject of geography Hannerberg was evidently defending one of the was a position that was fully in line with the textbook explanations of what geography is: spatial and quantitative school that was domi- Geography is what geographers do. This prag- nant in the 1970s. matic view can be said to characterise much of On the other hand, his pragmatic view, that the later developments at the Department. each of these sub-branches of human geo There have been contradictions and intellectual graphy had their own objects of research, was debates, but very few serious contests over in sharp contrast to the then ruling paradigm what human geography is, neither have Stock- of geography as spatial science. This paradigm holm human geographers been especially visi- presumed that geography, unlike e.g. zoology, ble on the national and international arenas of astronomy, etc., did not have its own objects. discussion regarding the theoretical aspects of Following the ideas of Immanuel Kant, geogra- our discipline. phy and history were disciplines not defined by their objects but by their organising principles: 4 ”En vacker sommardag när vågorna rullar in över långgrunda stränder känner jag mig behagligt fjärran från den ganska 3 ”det är en uppfattning, som enligt min mening är onödig och sterila diskussionen om vad kulturgeografien är.” (Hanner- som leder till logiska svårigheter” berg 1968a:12) 152 Department of Human Geography

William-Olsson, then professor of economic of Stockholm are often referred to when dis- geography at the Stockholm School of Eco- cussing Swedish early contributions to the nomics (SSE), wrote a critical review of the first development of international geography. The (1961) edition of Hannerberg’s book ‘Att stu reader who wants a deeper understanding of dera kulturgeografi’. He questioned Hanner- this colourful and innovative geographer berg’s division of human geography into sever- should read Helmfrid’s analysis of William- al sub-branches and instead defended the old Olsson’s last uncompleted project on the geog- view of geography (human + physical) as a syn- raphy of Europe (Helmfrid 2008). thesis. William-Olsson’s review and Hanner- berg’s answer are a useful read to understand 1956–1971: Around the Old how geography was discussed at this time (Wil- Observatory liam-Olsson 1962, Hannerberg 1962). As a The home of geography in Stockholm since the young postgraduate in the 1970s, I often had 1930s was the Old Observatory, and still so to listen to William-Olsson’ s lamentations of when the chair was divided between physical where geography was heading. When he as an and human geography in the mid-1950s. As emeritus from SSE visited the Department, he student numbers increased and research ex- could ask: “To where are you planning your panded, additional localities had to be sought next expedition? “ Or he said “Somebody must elsewhere. In 1964, Hannerberg had his office study the relief of Africa. It is often erroneously in the Old Observatory. Societal geography conceived as just a large tableland”. With his (samhällsgeografi) was taught by Gunnar Törn- Stockholm studies, William-Olsson was the qvist at Observatoriegatan 1. Population geog- real pioneer of a true social scientific geogra- raphy was taught by Nils Friberg at Obser phy. It was always a conundrum to me why he vatoriegatan 2A. Teaching in general chorolo- spent so much of his later life and especially his gy took place at Observatoriegatan 11. Many emeritus years defending an old-fashioned of these addresses were in old residential apart- view of what geography should be. His Stock- ments, in buildings earmarked for demolition. holm studies were characterised by detailed re- In his reply to William-Olsson’s book review search on the social inner differentiation of the in 1962, and in a special report about the city, and was focussed on causes and effects, Department in the journal Ymer in 1965, Han- explanation, and searching for the laws behind nerberg gives a vivid picture of teaching and the inner differentiation (William-Olsson research activities at the new department. The 1937). His doctoral thesis and his other studies largest group was in modern samhällsgeografi Faculty of Social Sciences – Stockholm University 153

(modern societal geography) with economic A third field, that clearly interacted with the geography and samhällsplanering (urban and two mentioned above, was the research and regional planning). In this field, docent God- development of quantitative spatial methods lund was in charge until he took up a position (metodutveckling och korologisk teori). None in Gothenburg in 1962. In 1963, Törnqvist de- of the researchers mentioned under this head- fended his doctoral thesis on industrial loca- ing came to play a role in the further develop- tion. He was after that in charge of teaching ment of research at the Department, but the samhällsgeografi, until appointed professor in legacy of this group survives in Hannerberg’s Lund in 1967 (where he is still active as emeri- own textbooks (Hannerberg 1969, 1970). More tus). Other researchers that later came to play importantly, they do so in the development of a role in the history of the Department men- computer cartography and geographic infor- tioned by Hannerberg under samhällsgeografi mation systems, which since the visit of Duane were Bruno Johnsson (docent 1965), Torvald Marble in Stockholm in 1969–70 has remained Gerger (docent 1970) and Gunilla Beckman a core speciality of the Stockholm department. (later Gunilla Andrae, PhD 1981, docent 1998). As emphasised by Helmfrid and Sporrong The other main field he described was all- (n.d.), Hannerberg was heavily engaged in rais- män och historisk kulturgeografi (general and ing the funds to acquire the most recent techni- historical human geography). The division be- cal equipment for enlarging and reducing tween this field and that of modern samhälls- maps, measuring areas on maps and making geografi seems somewhat arbitrary since Claes- advanced statistical calculations. At the time of Fredrik Claesson’s spatial studies of cinema his report from the Department in 1965, this audiences are mentioned under allmän och his- concerned machinery that often combined me- torisk kulturgeografi. Hannerberg also admits chanical and optical parts with transistorised that the boundaries are blurred (“mycket electromechanical calculators (for illustrations oskarpa”). It is interesting to note that Hanner- see photos in Hannerberg 1965). The Olivetti berg already then emphasised that “in fact Programma 101 that I remember well from the everything within kulturgeografi can be count- early 1970s seems to have been a hybrid be- ed as samhällsgeografi”. Seen in retrospect, the tween an electromechanical calculator and a historical geography of agrarian landscapes desktop computer. was the field under this heading that came to An interesting question relating to this influence future research at the Department in period is why historical geography came to the most profound way. dominate the research. I have mentioned Han- 154 Department of Human Geography

nerberg’s personal qualities as one explanation, dynamic development of this field in post-war but the question can also be asked from the Germany. With its problem formulation, it other perspective. Why did Hannerberg’s inter- marked a sharp contrast to the regional mono- est in quantitative methods, and the presence at graphs that had dominated historical geogra- Stockholm University of influential figures in phy until then. Hannerberg had also launched quantitative and modern human geography a programme for using field evidence to reach such as Godlund and Törnqvist, not lead to the further back in time in the search for the origin development of a spatial school of research fo- of field patterns (Hannerberg 1963). It was in cussing on contemporary planning? It is clear this context that Sven-Olof Lindquist was re- that this was a concern for Hannerberg. He searching the remnants of Iron Age field was personally involved in planning issues and boundaries and stone walls in Östergötland in also worked towards the establishment of a cooperation with archaeologists from Stock- separate chair for Modern samhällsgeografi at holm University, which became the basis for his the Department (Hannerberg 1962:157). The dissertation in 1968. The geographical ap- anecdotic explanation for why modern societal proach to ancient fields, using a morphological geography never took off and recruited many approach inspired by geomorphology and with successful doctoral students, which can be meticulous surveys in the field, was combined heard from older colleagues, is that a large with the new possibilities for archaeological number of participants in Godlund’s and Törn- dating that the radiocarbon method offered. qvist’s seminars were soon recruited to the then This led to a rapid development of new results growing government planning administration and new questions on the prehistoric and early in the capital and at county boards, where medieval agrarian landscapes. It laid the foun- regional planning was growing fast (see also dation for a close interdisciplinary cooperation Lundén 1970:35). with medieval history and archaeology in the The flip side of the coin was that the research years to come. on the history of agrarian landscapes was of Towards the end of this period, the chair after high quality and innovative for its time. Staffan Hannerberg was advertised, this time as ‘Human Helmfrid had already started his studies in Geography with Economic Geography’ (Kul- Östergötland, when Hannerberg was recruited. turgeografi med ekonomisk geografi). After a In 1962, Helmfrid published a thesis that intro- drawn-out process, Helmfrid was appointed in duced the morphogenetic approach on Swedish 1969. He has himself described the turbulent landscapes. It was highly influenced by the situation in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Faculty of Social Sciences – Stockholm University 155

extra lecturers to take care of all the students became acute problems. Already in 1965, a move to Frescati was discussed by Hannerberg but the plans were never realised. In the presentation of Human Geogra- phy in 1970, Thomas Lundén mentions that the activities of the Department still took place at four different addresses. One of them was even more distant from the central office than before, at Tulegatan, where the desktop computer and an optical pantograph were located. “The staff is forced to use a large part of their time to carry papers. Exchange of information is made more difficult and has to be formalised. Students are forced to make time-consuming searches for their supervisors” writes Lundén The Old Observatory on the hill Observatorie (1970, my translation). kullen. (Photo: Mats Danielson) 1971–1987 Norrtullsgatan 2 – period 1 when he took charge of the Department’s When most other social science departments leadership. More liberal university entrance moved to the new campus, there were still no requirements and a removal of the restrictions concrete plans for the geography depart- concerning the number of students admitted ments to be relocated. Instead, a new provi- had caused an increase in student numbers sory solution was made possible, when the from about eighty in the mid-1960s to over Faculty of Law moved to Frescati in the sum- eight hundred four years later (Helmfrid & mer of 1971. For 26 years, the neo-classical Sporrong n.d.). Many students did like I did in ‘temple’ at Norrtullsgatan 2, originally built 1971, lining up on the street outside a popular in 1925–27 to house the faculties of Humani department to register for courses a few days ties and Law, became the home of human ge- before they started. Regardless of all other ography (Program 1927, Strömdahl & Wåh- planning problems, the question of premises lin 2001). This was a huge building with for teaching and an increasing demand for enormous halls and stairways, built to house 156 Department of Human Geography

Norrtullsgatan 2, presently referred to as Studentpalatset (the Student Palace) and offering study places in the city centre for students. (Photo: Mats Danielson) Faculty of Social Sciences – Stockholm University 157

eight professors, administrative staff, librar- on postgraduate courses. Nobody asked why ies and several large lecture theatres. Internal the English title was ‘Philosophy of Natural communication within the Department be- Science’ and what the implications were for us came easier. Having to climb three flights of human geographers studying humans in the stairs or to wait for the slow two-person ele- past. Some of the answers to that question vator, combined with competition between were to be found in David Harvey’s inspiring different research groups, however led to hat and reflexive book ‘Explanation in Geogra- coffee was brewed on three different floors. phy’ (1969). Only a few years later, critique Interaction with other social sciences at the against positivism started to flow in geogra- new Frescati campus was severed by physical phy. Gunnar Olsson returned to Sweden from distance. For those of us who spent our first the US. In early 1978 he gave lectures at the years as university employees at Norrtullsga- Stockholm School of Economics, which many tan, the distance to Frescati made us talk of the human geography postgraduates from about the University (at Frescati) as some- the University attended. In 1974, Olsson had thing external to us. attacked the basic premises of geography as Student numbers continued to increase. This science and especially the spatial paradigm also affected the PhD programme. A large (Olsson 1974). According to him, the impossi- number of postgraduates were admitted to the bility of drawing inference from form to pro- new type of PhD programme introduced in the cess was like a hit under the waterline of the early 1970s. My list of fellow students active whole ship of geography. Harvey developed during my first year as a PhD candidate (1973) his Marxist approaches to urban geography contains 39 students admitted according to the and showed, on the other hand, how space new rules. Of these, only twelve graduated. mattered for social justice. Perhaps more inter- Internationally, the late 1960s and early esting for those of us who were studying farm- 1970s was a period when the positivist para- ing, landscapes and resources, Harvey sharply digm came to influence geography heavily. The stated that ‘resources’ is not a scientific but an textbook answer taught to us advanced under- ideological concept (Harvey 1974). The theo- graduates was that the “distinctively geo- retical approaches to human geography graphical question is ‘why are spatial distribu- changed rapidly at this time. For those who tions structured the way they are?’” (Abler et eagerly searched for the core of the discipline, al. 1972:56, Lundén 1970). Hempel’s book the whole foundation of the spatial paradigm ‘Vetenskapsteori’ was recommended reading was shaking. Perhaps typical for Stockholm, 158 Department of Human Geography

this did not shake the fundamentals of what Hägerstrand in his assessment of Helmfrid for we were doing. the professorship in 1968. Helmfrid’s inspiring During much of this period Helmfrid, the lectures on the broader picture of the history of new professor, was increasingly drawn into ser- the European agrarian landscape since the vices for the University at the faculty level. Be- medieval period made it possible for us to put tween 1978 and 1988 he served as vice- our field work in different parts of Sweden into chancellor of the University. As expressed by an international context. This was unique both himself, the “scientific and administrative lead- in a Swedish and the rest of Scandinavia for ership of the Department was taken up by Tor- this time, and was further developed during vald Gerger and Ulf Sporrong, thus reflecting this period. A field symposium in Sweden with the natural division of the Department into a group of UK historical geographers in Sep- two fields, the socio-scientific and the human- tember 1978 became instrumental in this re- ist“ (Helmfrid & Sporrong n.d.). spect for many of us. The international orienta- These two docents intermittently held posts tion and the connection to current debates in as head of department and at the same time social science turned out to be an important developed their own research groups. This strength, especially in relation to the emerging interregnum was in many ways productive for hunger in archaeology and history for models the development of new research, but was not from social science and for international app without tensions. roaches. During this period, Hannerberg Within the group of historical geographers, worked as an emeritus to finalise his grand syn- docent Sven-Olof Lindquist continued his re- thesis on the connection between regularities in search on both historical and recent changes in the physical layout of medieval fields and set- agrarian landscapes and continued the explora- tlements, on the measurements used, and their tion of ancient fields, especially on Gotland relation to the administrative levels of early and in Västergötland. In 1977, he was appoint- societies (Hannerberg 1976, 1977). Hanner- ed to one of the new posts as county antiquar- berg’s research programme was special and is ian on Gotland. From then on, Sporrong took difficult to assess even today. The results, which academic leadership of the research on histori- came out of his ambitious programme to in- cal landscapes. One of the strengths that Helm- clude the field evidence in the form of fossil frid had brought to landscape research was his field patterns, did not really fit into his model, international network and his international but, as shown by dissertations in the 1970s and overview, something pointed out already by 1980s, opened up new lines of enquiry. In Faculty of Social Sciences – Stockholm University 159

1985, Sporrong synthesised his work in the history. A major monograph by Göran Hoppe Mälardalen area in a regional overview that, in and John Langton on the development of capi- a way, combined the strength of the old region- talism in the countryside of Östergötland al monograph – understanding the broader during the 19th century combined the general geographical context – with the detailed analy- questions of a social historical geography with ses of changes in field patterns and settlements the rich Swedish sources from that period (Hoppe as reflecting wider societal change from the late & Langton 1994). As a result, a second partly Iron Age to the 17th century (Sporrong 1985). overlapping research group reinforced the The results from this active group of research- dominance of historical geography at the ers were recognised nationally by historians Stockholm department. However, the two and archaeologists and among the internation- groups emphasised different time periods al community of historical geographers. One (1700s and earlier vs. 19th. to early 20th century) UK observer compared the achievements of and different objects of research (agrarian land- this research programme with “the success of scape change vs. broader societal change on the the recent Japanese industrial effort” (Whit- countryside). tington 1987:74). Parallel to this, there has always been re- At the same time, Gerger developed a research on contemporary societal issues. Six of search programme that drew on the excellent the fifteen dissertations from this period con- Swedish population sources on the 18th and cerned modern social geography, but during 19th centuries, in combination with historical this period these research interests hardly maps. The combination of these two types of formed schools. As pointed out by many sources, and others, made possible an early his- observers, the lack of research on urban issues torical GIS database for a parish in Sweden. is indeed a notable feature. “The situation is Gerger developed, together with Stefan Fogel- paradoxical: the city, a geographical play box vik, Göran Hoppe and Roger Miller, a number surrounds the Department” wrote Lundén of investigations into the local social and spa- (Jonsson & Lundén 1984). As mentioned above, tial processes of change in the Swedish coun- William-Olsson’s Stockholm studies from the tryside. A series of doctoral dissertations and 1930s provided early inspiration for urban ge- other monographs were published from this ography internationally . In 1965, Hannerberg group between 1979 and 1992. The group had wrote about the emerging studies on the urban a clearly international orientation and were in- geography of Stockholm, and the university spired by recent European social and economic catalogue for 1967 even provided a telephone 160 Department of Human Geography

number for “Stadsbygdsprojektet / storstad- with a major renovation and reorganisation of sprojektet”. For unknown reasons this never the house at Norrtullsgatan 2. The law library developed much more than that. During the finally moved out and two of the large lecture 1970s and 1980s urban geography was never- theatres were converted into a library and map theless one of the core themes in the under- library, respectively. The Geo Library, which graduate curriculum. Anyone who has fol- had until then been located in the Old Observa- lowed lectures and excursions by Bertil Sannel, tory, was moved in. Kerstin Bodström and Lennart Tonell know For research on historical landscapes, this about their capacity to connect local urban ge- was a period when the concept of cultural ography to wider research issues. In this peri- landscape had entered the general debate. Al- od, however, the time for research for lecturers ready in 1979, Staffan Helmfrid on behalf of was minimal, so a research group never really the Royal Academy of Letters and Antiquities developed. Their experience from urban devel had organised a large conference in Folkets opment was nevertheless an important base for Hus called ‘Människan, kulturlandskapet och the undergraduate programme in ‘Urban and framtiden’. Three regionally focussed interdis- Regional Planning’ (Samhällsplanering) launched ciplinary projects based at the universities of in 1977 in cooperation with other departments Lund, Stockholm and Umeå were the outcome at the Faculties of Social Science and the of this effort. By the late 1980s they had started Humanities (Bodström et al. 1978). In some- to deliver results. Parallel to this, the general what altered form, this programme remains appreciation of the long term role of humans in today and draws a large group of students. A shaping the landscape had increased among de- full review of academic staff and research inter- cision makers and in state agencies for cultural ests for a representative year in this period can heritage, as well as in environmental conserva- be found in Sporrong (ed. 1978). tion. The achievements of this research group, until then mainly curiosity-driven, therefore 1987–1997 Norrtullsgatan 2 – period 2 entered into a period of applied research with In 1986, Helmfrid was given a personal chair many contacts in planning, cultural heritage after his service as vice-chancellor. Sporrong and environmental conservation. was appointed to the thus open professorship During this time, Sporrong made a huge in 1987, which was once again named ‘Geo contribution towards popularising the histori- graphy, especially human geography’. He also cal understanding of Swedish agricultural land- became head of department. This coincided scapes. He personally flew over large parts of Faculty of Social Sciences – Stockholm University 161

Entrance to Norrtullsgatan 2. (Photo: Mats Danielson) 162In 1971, the Department of Human Geography moved in at Norrtulls- gatan 2, built in 1925-27 to house the faculties of Humanities and Law, with large halls and stairways. (Photo: Eva Wernlid) Faculty of Social Sciences – Stockholm University 163

Sweden in a helicopter in order to gather first- With few exceptions, most research up until hand knowledge of the status of the historical this period had been focussed on the human aspects of settlements and field patterns (Spor- geography of Sweden. In the early 1970s, Prime rong 1995). Parallel to this, Helmfrid led the Minister Olof Palme had initiated a commis- large project concerning a new National Atlas sion for the internationalisation of Swedish of Sweden, which also synthesised the knowl- universities, led by the former leader of the edge of the landscape history of Sweden (Helm- main academic trade union, Bertil Östergren. frid 1994). Staffan Helmfrid and the physical geographer Methods of recording historical features in Anders Rapp worked for the commission. They the landscape, based on cadastral maps and on developed a new curriculum in university geog- field surveys, were standardised and introduced raphy, where resources should be guaranteed in special courses for rescue archaeologists and for undergraduate field courses in developing planners, and the Department became a centre countries (Rapp 1974). Stockholm University for applied work with the cadastral maps. A was the only university to respond to this pos- method for producing map overlays to com- sibility, but this was sufficient to guarantee the pare the 17th and 18th century agrarian land- provision of the necessary funds needed to start scape was introduced. The new map library regular field courses in Kenya, and it was also became a laboratory at the interface between the start of the building of a research capacity basic and applied research. At this time, map in development geography. Since then a non- overlays and rectification of maps were still European field course has been part of the geo made with pens, photocopiers and ink-pens. graphy curriculum common to physical and The laboratory also became a breeding ground human geography. for advanced students aspiring towards doctor- In the early 1990s, a Sarec-sponsored pro al degrees. Many of the doctors in this field ject to strengthen links and research coopera- that would graduate in the next period were tion with the Institute of Resource Assessment engaged in this applied work. in Tanzania and the University of Botswana Parallel to this, a new programme for histor- opened up possibilities for PhD students from ical landscape research was formulated by Tanzania and Botswana to study at Stockholm Sporrong and Widgren. It emphasised the use University, and also for a limited number of of landscape evidence in the deciphering of his- Swedish PhD students to be financed by the torical property rights and social structures programme. This project was, on the Swedish (Sporrong & Widgren 1988). side, run through a cooperation between Carl 164 Department of Human Geography

Christianson at the Department of Physical Ge- the radical human geographers favoured an in- ography and Ulf Sporrong at the Department tegrated geography. Some of the radical geo of Human Geography . The Environment and graphers at that time were especially sharp in Development Studies Unit (EDSU) was set up, their opposition to the idea of geography as a based at the Department of Physical Geogra- synthesising discipline. phy. It focused on land use and land degrada- Starting in 1979, a series of meetings tion. In the wake of the Sahel crisis in the between Nordic critical geographers had been 1970s, new frameworks had been developed. held, and in 1984 the journal ‘Nordisk Sam Political ecology provided a radical answer to hällsgeografisk Tidskrift’ was launched by Malthusian arguments, in which population partly the same group. Stockholm was to large increase and poor farmers’ mismanagement of extent outside of this network, while post their lands were to blame for desertification graduate students and young lecturers from and land degradation. Three doctoral disserta- Uppsala, Roskilde, Oslo, etc. were more in- tions were written in 1995–1996 on this theme, volved. I can only find three Stockholm geogra- followed by several similar dissertations in the phers among the contributors to ‘Nordisk following period. Samhällsgeografisk Tidskrift’ during its entire This project indicated the strength of an lifetime (1984 to 2007): one undergraduate interdisciplinary cooperation between physical student, one doctoral student and one research- and human geography. A line of thought er, the latter two only contributing with book strongly developed by Sporrong at this time reviews. On the other hand, three later mem- was that the undivided subject of geography bers of staff in Stockholm, who were then still would be able to give significant contributions in Uppsala, made one or several contributions to the understanding of environment-society to this journal (Gunnel Forsberg, Bo Malmberg relations. With growing research on environ- and Brita Hermelin). The fact that Stockholm ment-society relations, geographers found their geographers were outsiders to this network is old capacity of dealing with such issues over- also reflected in the meagre representation of run by human ecology, systems ecology and references to Stockholm-based research in the new centres for interdisciplinary environmen- overviews of Nordic geography produced by tal studies. Again the Stockholm department, this group (I can find no references to contem- at least initially, went against the grain of de- poraneous Stockholm researchers in Öhman & velopment in human geography. At this time Asheim ed. 1994 and only a few in Öhman & neither the modernist societal geographers nor Simonsen ed. 2003). Faculty of Social Sciences – Stockholm University 165

Among those critical geographers, the con- associated with the idea of a natural sci- cept of ‘samhällsgeografi’ had a meaning dif- ence-dominated regional geography, and later ferent from the one used by Hannerberg. While with a systems oriented type of resource geog- Hannerberg (1962, 1965) considered to a large raphy that did not take social science fully into degree ‘samhällsgeografi’ as a geography in ser- account. This was seen as an obstacle for devel- vice of the state, the concept of ‘samhälls- oping radical human geography as social sci- geografi’ among the critical geographers was ence. A prolific voice for the radical Norwegian often much more clearly associated with the view was Björn Terje Asheim (Asheim 1987). A critical strand: “Samhällsgeografi […] refers similar scepticism towards a rapprochement to here to Nordic critical human geography physical geography and the idea of geography launched during the 1970s in connection to the as an undivided discipline was often voiced by radical leftist orientation among the students Uppsala geographers. and younger university teachers” writes Lehti- In 1997, an international evaluation of nen (2003). Swedish human geography was carried out by As mentioned above, the tendency among HSFR (Swedish Council for Research in the many radical geographers in the 1980s was to Humanities and Social Sciences). It noted the oppose the idea that geography was a disci- strong position in Sweden generally for the pline able to transcend the nature-culture study of historical rural landscapes and com- dichotomy . To understand why, we have to go mented upon its “well deserved international rep- back to the original split between human and utation” (Christiansen et al. 1999:65). Among physical geography. While this split had started the recommendations of the evaluators there are in the 1940s in Sweden and was more or less two themes I want to highlight. One was their completed with the establishment of a chair in recommendation of increased research on envi- Stockholm in 1955, the situation was different ronmental issues and cooperation with physi- in other Nordic countries. In Norway, such a cal geography. This lead to the announcement split was not yet fully achieved in the late of a six year research post, sponsored by the 1980s. Only later did Norwegian geographers research council, which after competition was organise a separate organisation for human awarded to a candidate from Stockholm Uni- geographers. In Oslo human geography be- versity. The other is their recommendations for come a sub-section of sociology under the increased mobility and for better postgraduate Faculty of Social Sciences. The idea of geogra- courses. Since then an organisation of national phy as a synthetic discipline was in Norway research courses has been established to secure 166 Department of Human Geography

The Geo Building at Frescati, originally shared by human and natural geographers and geologists. (Photo: Mats Danielson)

cross fertilisation at the postgraduate level be- At the level of geosciences, contacts were tween departments. also made easier. The building was shared with the then three departments of Physical Geogra- 1997 – The Geo Building, Frescati phy, Quaternary Geology and Geology, respec- In the summer of 1997, the Department finally tively. Moving in close to Physical Geography moved to the Frescati campus. Face-to-face was a deliberate plan, where the Heads of De- contact and cooperation were made easier at partment Ulf Sporrong (human geography) three spatial levels. Instead of sharing a volumi- and Leif Wastensson (physical geography) were nous building, the Department was gathered in instrumental. The Geo Library was preserved two floors in one of the wings of the new geo- as a separate unit within the broader Stock- science building. Common coffee and lunch holm University library and formed the core of rooms for the whole Department guaranteed the building. The move contrasted with the de- that none of three old coffee factions survived. velopments in Uppsala and Gothenburg, where Faculty of Social Sciences – Stockholm University 167

human and physical geography were now lo- ground, during lunches at Lantis or at the Facul- cated at large distances from each other and ty Club, does indeed facilitate formal and infor- where physical geography has become anony- mal contact. Many of us who were part of the mous within the new large constellations of move from Norrtullsgatan 2 to Campus Frescati geosciences. It is only in Stockholm that the in the autumn of 1997 felt that we had finally departments of geography share a building like become part of the Faculty of Social Sciences. this. The aim to establish a close cooperation When it comes to the academic staff in between physical and human geography can human geography, the late 1990s marked a still be read in the details of this building. The definite end to the one-professor system. Al- Stockholm Geoscience Building was planned ready in 1994 at Norrtullsgatan a second chair according to the comb principle (cf. Beckman in ‘Geography, especially Human Geography’ 2004), which presupposes a common front, had been established with Bo Lenntorp as its but a sharp labour division between different first holder. Lenntorp had until then been do- disciplines behind this common front. In order cent in Lund, a student of Hägerstrand, and to counteract this, a special bridge was built in had specialised in time geography. He brought the far end of one of the wings so that direct a different intellectual sphere closer to Stock- physical contact was established between land- holm. Being in charge of doctoral studies, he scape researchers in physical and human geog- influenced theory and method in many disser- raphy. This bridge remains today the physical tations. Moreover, in the late 1990s, a profes- manifestation of the idea of close cooperation sorship in ‘Human Geography, especially between physical and human geography. This Urban and Regional Planning’ was secured to proximity has facilitated collaboration in GIS Stockholm University as part of a governmen- and remote sensing, in research on Swedish tal programme to increase the share of female landscapes, and on past and present African professors. Gunnel Forsberg from Uppsala was environments, and not the least, made work appointed. She brought not only research com- for all those engaged in teaching the common petence on urban and regional planning to the courses in geography easier. Department, but was already then a central The final arrival of human geography at the scholar in gender geography, with her applica- Frescati campus also made contact with the oth- tion of the ‘gender contract’ concept to spatial er social sciences, the humanities and the univer- issues. When the Department gathered for a sity administration, much easier. The occasional kick-off on an archipelago island in August contact on the long escalator from the under- 1998, this new setup was clearly manifested 168 Department of Human Geography

with Bo Lenntorp as head of department and and Lenntorp by Bo Malmberg (population the new professor Gunnel Forsberg giving the geographer from Uppsala, 2005). In 2012 Brita introductory talk on planning research. The Hermelin (economic geography) was promoted teaching programme in ‘Urban and Regional to professor, but unfortunately left for Linköping Planning’ (samhällsplanering) did finally get a University in 2013. permanent research superstructure with an ac- During the early period at Frescati, the tive research group. Hannerberg’s old wishes breadth of the research was further developed for a second professorship in ‘Modern Societal by Docent Gunilla Andrae, who in the late Geography’ had come through by a wide mar- 1990s set up a research programme on People, gin, with Forsberg, Lenntorp and Sporrong Provisioning and Place in African Cities (PPP) representing different and complementary with funding from the Swedish International research interests: planning, gender, time-geo Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). The graphy and landscapes. Since then, Sporrong programme focussed on the consequences of has been succeeded by Mats Widgren (2002) liberalisation and globalisation for access to

The central stairway of the Geo Building. (Photo: Mats Danielson) Faculty of Social Sciences – Stockholm University 169

the basic means of livelihood in African cities. the outcomes of the 1986 research programme No less than seven doctoral dissertations were on property and landscapes. Historical geogra- published within this framework between 2002 phy of rural landscapes remains a strong and 2007. Besides the dominant historical ge- research group, especially among the senior ography group and the Gerger-Hoppe group researchers. In 2001, with support from Sida, a (see above), this is the quantitatively clearest research environment for African landscape mark in the list of dissertations of a distinctive history was launched under the acronym PLA- school of research at the Department. An ex- TINA (People Land and Time in Africa). This ternal reviewer reviewed one the theses from reflected the continued close collaboration be- this research group but also commented on the tween physical and human geography estab- other: “The PPP research group has developed lished in the late 1990s and was led by Karin quite a knack for combining what one expects Holmgren and Mats Widgren (Holmgren et al. of a quality dissertation–thorough, rich and 2008). Research on the past and present of original empirical research–with probing inter- African farming environments is a growing rogations of cutting edge theory” (Myers 2007). field of research. In the list of dissertations from this period a As mentioned above, the move to Frescati notable feature is the increased representation facilitated contact not only with physical geo of research at the interface of urban geography graphy, but also with the other social sciences. and planning in Sweden and elsewhere in In 2007, an interdisciplinary master’s pro- Europe. These dissertations represent approach- gramme on ‘Globalisation, Environment and es from ethnology, time-geography, environ- Social Change’ was launched in collaboration mental psychology, economic geography and with the Department of Economic History and gender studies. The previously often mentioned the Department of Physical Geography and lack of urban geography and studies on Stock- Quaternary Geology. It has a close connection holm at the Department is no longer true, to research interests at the involved depart- although no coherent school of urban studies ments, with climate studies (physical geogra- can yet be identified in the list of theses. phy), globalisation (economic history/interna- During the period 1997–2014 dissertations tional relations) and global urban environments on agrarian landscape history still represented (human geography) forming the core curricu- a large share of the output but were no longer as lum. At the BA level, the Department collabo- dominating as in previous periods. Several of rates with the Departments of Social Anthro- those theses published in the early 2000s are pology, Economic History and Political Science 170 Department of Human Geography

in a programme on ‘Global Development’. The man geography (Människan och landskapet, Department also participates in a graduate 1995). Attempts were also made to establish an school of international studies that gathers interdisciplinary centre for urban planning at doctoral students also from economic history, about this period. Only with the establishment political science, media studies and law. Bo of a second and third professorship in 1994 Malmberg’s very active and visible research and 1998 was the basis established for the group in population geography and migration breadth that is now represented both in teach- has a close collaboration with the Demography ing and research. We now have research groups Unit at the Department of Sociology and forms that in different constellations focus on urban part of one of the Faculty´s appointed leading and regional planning, including global urban- research areas. ism and gender geography, population geography with geographical information systems Reflections and remote sensing, as well as past and present Hannerberg gave a picture of a great width of farming landscapes in Sweden and Africa. A research interests in his overview from 1965. university department today must nonetheless Yet, most of the research initiatives he men- balance on one hand the full width that teach- tioned then never developed very strongly ing programmes motivate, and the need for op- during the following decades. Instead, the timally sized research groups that can establish focus during this half century has very clearly international networks and be nationally and been on the history of agrarian landscapes, internationally visible on the other. It is unlike- which has formed a very strong school of re- ly that the research interests at the Department search with documented international impact. in the future will be much broader, but the Nevertheless, slightly more than half of the themes and constellations will definitely change doctoral theses during this period were not in and reconfigure. Our present size with three historical geography. These theses only seldom professors, twelve lecturers (of which five have represented identifiable andcoherent schools docent competence), and a few researchers on of research to the same extent as those in his- soft money makes possible a close interaction torical landscape research. Initiatives to strength- and creative innovations in the borderland been other fields of human geography have been tween research groups. Thus, several research made over the years. A presentation of the De- projects involve themes and researchers from partment from 1995 reflects the ambition to more than one of the three main strands of represent a truly broad span of branches in hu- research mentioned above. Faculty of Social Sciences – Stockholm University 171

Looking back at the roughly 40 years from cil for Research in the Humanities and which I have first-hand knowledge, this in- Social Sciences (Humanistisk-samhälls- crease in the scope of teaching and research vetenskapliga forskningsrådet) (HSFR). represents probably the most fundamental Cosgrove, Denis 2000. Cultural Geography. In change at the Department, besides the in- R. J. Johnston et al. (eds.) The Dictionary of crease in numbers of staff. It also goes hand in Human Geography. Oxford, Blackwell. hand with – and has been supported by – the 134–138. increased emphasis on research done by lec- Dahl, Sven 1968. Sakkunnigutlåtande. profes- turers. During the coming academic year, half suren i ‘Kulturgeografi med ekonomisk of the lecturers will spend substantial time on geografi’, 26 sept 1968. Stockholm Univer- externally funded research projects. This sity, Archive. comes in addition to the 30 percent research Dahl, Sven 1972. Kulturgeografi (Human Geo that is now funded from the University for graphy). In A. Attman ed. Social Science Re- each lecturer. This is a clear contrast to the search in Sweden. Stockholm, Statens råd situation in the 1970s to 1990s, when the för samhällsforskning. 56–70. heavy teaching loads led to a marked labour Enequist, Gerd n.d. Sakkunnigutlåtande över division between researchers and teachers. David Hannerberg kallelse till professuren. Ö A 1 Professor David Hannerbergs hand-  •  lingar. Archive of the Department of Human Abler, Ronald, John. S. Adams and Peter. Geography, Stockholm University. Gould 1971. Spatial Organization: the Geo Hannerberg, David 1944. Geografi ochso - grapher’s View of the World. Englewood cialvetenskap. Geografiska Notiser 11(4) 1–6. Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Hannerberg, David 1962. Ett genmäle Ymer. Beckman, Jenny. 2004. Nature’s Palace: Con- 82, 154–159 structing the Swedish Museum of Natural Hannerberg, David 1963. Fossila landskap och History. History of Science 42:135, 85–111. lantmäterikartorna. Svensk Lantmäteritid Buttimer, Ann and Tom Mels 2006. By North- skrift 55(5–6) 347–364. ern Lights: on the Making of Geography in Hannerberg, David 1965. Från fält och forsk- Sweden. Aldershot: Ashgate. ning. Kulturgeografi vid Stockholms Univer- Christiansen, Sofus, Peter Hagget and Perttu sitet. Ymer 85(3–4) 97–108. Vartiainen 1999. Swedish Research in Hu- Hannerberg, David 1968a. Objekt – data – man Geography. Stockholm: Swedish Coun- modeller. Ymer Årsbok 1968 18–29. 172 Department of Human Geography

Hannerberg, David 1968b. Att studera kultur- liga forskningsrådet) (HSFR), 19–54. geografi: en introduktion. Stockholm: Sv. Helmfrid, Staffan 2001. Ett universitets his- bokförl. toriska geografi. In M. Elg and M. Widgren Hannerberg, David 1969. Beskrivande korolo- eds. Plats, landskap, karta: en vänatlas till gi: grundkurs. Lund: Studentlitt. Ulf Sporrong. Stockholm, Stockholms uni- Hannerberg, David 1970. Korologiska popu versitet, Kulturgeografiska inst. 20–21. lationsmodeller. Lund: Studentlitt. Helmfrid, Staffan 2008. Professor William- Hannerberg, David 1976. Models of Medieval Olssons ”Geography of Europe”. Ymer and Premedieval Territorial Organization, 128, 37–50. with a Select Bibliography. Journal of His- Helmfrid, Staffan and Ulf Sporrong 1997. torical Geography 2(1) 21–34. History [online]. Available at: Hannerberg, David 1977. Kumlabygden: forn- http://www.humangeo.su.se/polopoly_fs/ tid, nutid, framtid. 4, By, gård och samhälle. 1.20651.1309157376!/menu/standard/file/ Kumla. department_history_1997.pdf Harvey, David 1969. Explanation in Geo [Accessed 2014-05-09]. graphy. London. Holmgren, Karin et al. (PLATINA) 2008. The Harvey, David 1974. Population, Resources, Vulnerable Continent: Historical perspec- and Ideology of Science. Economic Geo tives on Africa’s Climate, Environment and graphy 50(3) 256–277. Societies. Meeting global challenges in re- Helmfrid, Staffan 1982. David Hannerberg. search cooperation. Proceedings of a confer- Vetenskapssocieteten i Lund Årsbok 146– ence and workshop in Uppsala, May 27–29, 154. 2008. Uppsala, Collegium for Development Helmfrid, Staffan 1994. National atlas of Swe- Studies, Uppsala University. 585–596. den. Landscape and settlements [kartogra Hoppe, Göran and J. Langton 1994. Peasantry fiskt material]. Stockholm, SNA Publ. to capitalism: Western Östergötland in the [Sveriges nationalatlas]. nineteenth century. Cambridge: Cambridge Helmfrid, Staffan 1999. A Hundred Years Univ. Press. Geography in Sweden in Christiansen, S., Jonsson, Stig and Thomas Lundén 1984. et al. Swedish research in human geogra- Geografisk forskning vid Stockholms uni- phy. Stockholm: Swedish Council for versitet. Geografiska notiser 42(3) 3–5. Research in the Humanities and Social Lehtinen, Ari Aukusti 2003. Samhällsgeografi Sciences (Humanistisk samhällsvetenskap and the politics of nature. In Öhman, J. and Faculty of Social Sciences – Stockholm University 173

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