51 Juan L. Minetti: Continentality Indices
BERICHTE UND MITTEILUNGEN
CONTINENTALITY INDICES METHODOLOGICAL REVISION AND PROPOSITION
With 9 figures and 1 table
Juan L. Minetti
Zusammenfassung: Kontinentalitatsindizes: Methodologische into the atmosphere for a given latitude and the Revisionen und Vorschlage annual amplitude of themonthly average of temper ature. Latitude is included in Brunt's index in the Kontinentalitatsindizes wurden schon in der Vergangen radiation coming into the atmosphere. The mathe heit behandelt, aber die mathematische Behand eingehend matical has a now. lung der jahreszeitlich bedingten thermischen Wellen hat algorithm physical meaning neue Berg used a new of the in der Gegenwart eine Bewertung der Indizes erlaubt. concept continentality: pre continental air masses in a in relation Die jahrliche thermische Welle irgendeiner im aufier vailing region to mass a tropischen Gebiet liegenden Station weist einen Amplitu the total present during year. deneffekt auf, der dem Kontinentalitatsgrad zuzuschreiben Because of the difficulty to identify the types of air aber sie auch eine und masses as come sources ist, zeigt Verschiebung Asymmetrie they out from their and the in zur an der Beziehung Sonneneinstrahlung Obergrenze lack of information concerning the altitude for a der Atmosphare. three-dimensional in these Berg's In dieser Arbeit wird dafi der Phasen winkel study regions, dargestellt, is not to der ersten Harmonischen einer Fourierschen Reihe der methodology easily apply. The indices, which are based on thermal Temperatur-Monatsmittel nicht nur in Verbindung mit previous von and are difficult to in low der Verzogerung Maxima und Minima einer Welle amplitude latitude, apply er to steht, sondern dafi auch einen Index der Asymmetrie latitudes (Conrad and Pollak 1950) due the low wird Phasen darstellt. Abschliefiend gezeigt, dafi dieser temperature amplitudes of tropical humid continen winkel als Indikator des Kontinentalitats- oder Maritimi tal climates. Ratisbona (1976) says that with these zu tatsgrades eines Ortes interpretieren ist, und es wird indices the basin of Amazonas River seems to be a eine Qualifikationsskala vorgeschlagen. large ocean. This disturbing effectcaused by themen tioned variable spreads from the humid Tucumano to 1. Introduction Oranense forest, in the northwest of Argentine, the Sierras de Cordoba and the Sierras de San Luis. oceans masses not The effects of continents and upon the Oceanic only regulate the annual tem a are a wave climate of region well known in climatologi perature of region but also the phase and cal literature. Gorczynski (1920), Brunt (1924), asymmetry with regard to the external radiative Berry et wave which force the land-ocean Johansson (1926), Berg (mentioned by al. atmosphere system. 1945), Conrad (1946) and Barry and Chorley Johansson (1926) introduced an index which some account (1972) suggested indices to quantify those takes into the asymmetry of the seasonal ther effects. mal wave, the thermal amplitude and the latitude of a Due to the dependence between temperature and place. Afterwards, Prohaska (1976) discussing the Gorczynski to estimate the conti seasonal of latitude, suggested change the temperature in extratropical of a account South a or ocean nentality region by taking into the ampli America, introduced continentality tude of the annual temperature oscillation and the ity classification based upon the difference between latitude of the Later the of autumn place. on, Johansson proposed average temperatures and spring tomodify these variables and Conrad mapped them (asymmetry synonym). (Conrad and Pollak 1950). This paper will show that some of the indices which Conrad and Pollak carried on the are methodologi used to identify continental ormaritime effects in an are not cal study of the proposed indices. They regard extratropical place effective, and therefore Brunt's as a index promising one, because itworked suggests an improved classification based upon the to according the average radiation amplitude coming phase and asymmetry of the seasonal thermal wave. 43/1989 52_Erdkunde_Band
2. Materials andMethods 3. Results and Discussion
means ocean as a Monthly of 30-year temperature records in In this paper the is regarded reservoir of 356 places of the Southern Hemisphere (176 belong energy, large enough to regulate the amplitude of were to sea to Argentine) computed in this analysis. The annual temperature, delay and change the sources were wave the Climatological Statistics published sonal thermal in large regions. by the ServicioMeteoroldgico Nacional (1944, 1958, It is useful to remember that the local variation of 1969, 1974, 1981), theUSA Department ofCommerce temperature T? may be represented by themodel: (1959, 1966) and Prohaska (1976). _ dT? = dT? _> The following indicators of continentality were (4) used in the -r-_?H.VHT? analysis: with: a) Index of Johansson (1926), used by Conrad Sometimes it is mentioned as Conrad's ar (1946). ?-= local variation of a fixed index. . * temperature (in geographical station)
???dT? with: = individual variation of * temperature (mov K: index of able to the continentality (%) * according parcel) T? = horizontal advection A: range of annual temperature vH Vh temperature = = a and b: constants, (a 1.7; b 14) Moreover, Continental climates: w = vertical of air - velocity = May average temperature September average g gravity acceleration <0 = temperature q air density Maritime climates: - or term - wg q air compression expansion (it repre May average temperature September average sents the adiabatic variations of parcel temperature) temperature >0 In this case the limit between continental and mari The variation of energy with time is a function of time climates is given by the same temperature the energy balance. The balance of energy may be autumn reached in and spring. represented by: c) This work is based upon the following hypothesis. = W (Q+q)(l-a) + Ii-It (6) It is supposed that the phase angle as well as the wave = asymmetry of the seasonal thermal could be W H + LE +AF (7) the of the first har properly represented by phase where the three terms of show the balance of short from a Fourier's for discrete series (6) monic, analysis and wave radiation or net radiation and to N = so that the wave for the most long (Rn), according 12, shows the flow of sensible and latent heat and the of the be as: (7) part variability may represented one acts balance surface net energy. The last only over ocean Afterwards: T,= T + (2) the (Sellers 1972). A,si?(ifl,)+B,cos(Jfl?) dw aw _ = = (8) with Tt monthy average temperature, T annual ir=ir+VH,vw average temperature and It is supposed by the aforesaid that the variation of = = temperature of a place is a function of energy balance A1 2/N I N P=12 Ttsin(^-t)V 7 fluctuation, adiabatic processes and energy advec (3) tion. This situationmay be represented by themodel: = = = Bj 2/N E Tt cos (?? N P 12 - xj ar /aw - \ =f vh VHw, (9) = "37" \~^~' wge) 0 arc tgBj/Aj, called phase angle. some Land and sea features different answers to the Later on, adjustments between variables give because of their different (containing simple or logarithmically transformed balance of local energy spe 1 an of for two values) are made, using the least square method cific heats. Fig. shows example "Q" America. So it is seen that the (Brooks and Carruthers 1953). places of South easily Juan L. Minetti: Continentality Indices 53 2 calcm dia0 I Riode Janeiro (Brazil) I ?Cr30 11001 asymmetry of the wave, changing the sine-shaped iooo- '28 y^y\ ^^^V I type. On thewhole, the thermal wave shiftsfrom 15 days Insolation900- / (Argentine) -26 | f j to one '^-^Rivadavia month in the continental regions and from "800- 15 to twomonths in the oceanic ones with y/S\s | jj -24. days respect to the incoming radiation wave. In order to delimit how effective the advection of the "inland" sea -S600- -20 to accurate a / / ?l vL I energy is thermal control, quantifica tion of the 0" is necessary. This hori 500- / I \ -18 "phase angle j movement sea zontal zonal takes place from the to I 400-I -16 continent and vice versa. I I tem -I-.-.-,-1-r-J-1-.-1-,-,-r-J-V14300 Fig. 2 shows the seasonal variation of average JASONOJ FMAMJ J some M o n t h s perature for places in Australia and South a America and oceanic zones and western Fig. 1: Annual distributions of temperature for maritime (continental - a and eastern city (Rio de Janeiro Brazil) and continental city (Riva coasts). - davia of In order to waves to Argentine). Quantities (by cal/cm2 day) compare thermal with regard are received energy indicated by uninterrupted line. phase and distortion and to eliminate amplitude, of with to the insolation Delays temperatures respect Fig. 3 shows the same graphics in terms of the relative curve are represented by arrows temperature with respect to the annual thermal Jahrliche Temperaturverteilung fiir eine maritime Stadt - amplitude. de und Stadt (Rio Janeiro Brasilien) eine kontinentale to - According Prohaska's criteria, temperatures (Rivadavia Argentinien). Die Energiemengen der Inso are higher in autumn than in spring in places located lation (in cal/cm2 und Tag) sind mit einer durchgezoge in the oceans and on the coasts; the seasonal wave nen Linie dargestellt. Verzogerungen der Temperatur in on zur delay the Southeastern Pacific Ocean is lower Bezug Insolationskurve sind durch Pfeile gekenn zeichnet than on the Southwestern one; there is a three month mild winter maximum in South America compared with a short minimum in Australia. It was intended to improve the criterion of not oceanic effect only controls the amplitude of the asymmetry and shift of the seasonal wave consider average temperature but causes a shift of the thermal ing the phase angle of the firstharmonic. The phase wave to according the radiation coming into the angle is equal to 1.5708 for a sine-shaped simple of wave upper boundary the atmosphere (Q) and the (maximum inJanuary and minimum inJuly). CONTINENTS WESTERNCOASTS EASTERNCOASTS ISLANDS " 30 ?C ALICESPRINGS (1) F J CARNARVON(3) NV^> EAGLEFARM (5) M^^J25" m^^mjjfU / LORDHOWE ISLAND (7) / &f ^ jjr A ik //m A=16,7?C a=11.0?C M A=9.9?CA=7,1?C rad rad J^-^SA 3v 0=1,650=1,32 0=1,48 rad0=1,17 rad _ RIVADAVIA 30 oC (2) 25 9//M PUNTADEL ESTE ANTOFAGASTA (6) // (4) FM-.-*^J JUANFERNANDEZ (8) a=ii,8?c is- A=6?9?c __vui>r? U'yff A=9'9?cA=7-10C 0=1,79 rad J""/T 0=1.38 rad 0=1,28rad 0=1.08 rad = J SOUTH AMERICA ,n^ AUSTRALIA .v between continental and maritime climates 0 is equal to 1.5403, and for a perfectly symmetrical sine wave to a maximum of shaped (according average temperature inJanuary and a minimum inJuly) 0 is to equal 1.5708. Fig. 5 shows the correlation between the phase '? JMMJSNJ angle 0 and the thermal amplitude in 191 places of ?JMMJSNJ = - the Southern with X A, A (W)Carnarvon - 0-1.32rad (W) Antofagasta0-1,38 rad Hemisphere, log being Alice 0-1.65 (Q Rivadavia 0-1.79- the annual thermal oscillation. The correlation is stat (0 Springs- . (E)Eagle Farm . 0-1.48 (E) Puntadel Este 0-1.28 (0)Lord - Howe0-1,17 (0) JuanFernandez- 0-1,08 istically significant (at the 99.9% level). The dots = a tend to form an asymptote for 0 1.6 including wide range of annual thermal amplitudes (A). In this paper it is intended to show that if0 is representative of the continentality degree, it is not necessary to add the thermal amplitude because it is included, although not linearly. The stated limit between conti nental and maritime climates set by the difference autumn seems to between and spring temperature be 'jMMJSNJ JMMJSNJ exchangeable. So the rate of the observed 0 (from 0= 1.81 to 0= had been divided into three ^^^^ -Australia -South America 1.03) equal parts: 1.55 climates 1.0- 0 higher than continental 0 between 1.29 and 1.55 coastal and transitional .^^^^^ f*^0^^ climates 0 lesser than 1.29 maritime climates As thermal amplitude (A) forhigh values is not dis = tinguished by function 0 f (A), it can be used to feature continentality including continental humid 'jMMJSNJ JMMJSNJ and arid climates in the identification. Fig. 3: Comparison between seasonal changes of average Fig. 6 shows the regional distribution of 0, Fig. 7 temperatures in different regions. Values indicate rela same the distribution of the limit used by Conrad (1946). tive temperatures reduced to the annual amplitude Table 1 shows the rainfall values and indices used by zwischen den saisonalen Veranderungen der Vergleich Conrad and the 0 in an east-west direc in verschiedenen phase angle Durchschnittstemperaturen Regionen. tion in the Northwest from Dargestellt sind relative Temperaturwerte, die auf die Argentinean (NOA), del Estero toVilla the former in gleiche Jahresamplitude reduziert sind Santiago Nougues; latter in the Tucumano xerophytic Chaco, the Oranense forest. In this table Conrad continentality varies in versely according to precipitation. Fig. 7 shows the similarity between the spatial field of Conrad and Luis the Argentinean Northwestern and San Sierras or Any shifting of themaximum towards February and Cordoba Sierras rainfall fields (Hoffmann are December and of the minimum towards June or 1975). Cloudiness and rainfall in this region pro as August should be detected by itself.Fig. 4a shows the duced by the advection of energy carried latent the thermal linear relationship between the average temperature heat from the ocean, diminishing ampli Conrad for difference during April and October and angle 0. It tude. It is thought that the index given by within the continent is possible to deduce that angle 0 (which takes the Villa Nougues (13,5%), located to ones for the Southeas 12monthly values) is representative not only for the (value similar the obtained a dif wave phase but also for the asymmetry caused by the tern coast of Buenos Aires), and showing great difference between the temperature of autumn and ference with the values calculated for San Miguel de is not relevant. Ratisbona shows spring. Fig. 4b represents the same linear association Tucuman (1976) resembles a ocean as in Fig. 4a, but applied to the places present in Fig. that the Amazonean basin large 2. To get these lines, data were taken from 80 Argen with little thermal amplitude. 0 could be used for the identification of the tine places and Western and Eastern Pacific islands Index and (7 and 8). Argentinean continental region, including Cuyo see a the existence of humid and In Fig. 4a, it is possible to slight difference of Northwest, and proves the lim temperature (-0,3?C) between April and October dry continental climates. On the other hand, to climatic show regarding that for the limit suggested by Prohaska its used separate the three regions 55 Juan L. Minetti: Continentality Indices AT=Tap-Toct?C _ _ _ _ x8 AT?=Tap-Toct ?C AT (a-o)=17,39-11.290 3t X r=-0.9266*** 3- % 7 X N=78 6x\x3 **# significantat 99,9% \ 4 1 >w 1 \5 -3- Continental-oceaniclimit (Prohaska) . -3- I X ^\ \ -4_|-,-,-,-,-,?i-,-,-,-, .4-j-,-,-,-,-,?,-,-,-,-, 1,4 1,21,0 1.6 1,8 0rad 10 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,80rad Fig. 4: (a) Relationship and fitted line between phase angle 0 and difference of average temperature of April and October in the Argentine Republic, (b) Idem for South Hemispheric places indicated in figure 2 von (a) Streuungsdiagramm und Regressionslinie zwischen dem Phasenwinkel 0 und der Differenz April- und Oktobertemperatur in der Republik Argentinien. (b) Gleiche Darstellung fiir die Standorte der siidlichen Hemisphere aus Abb. 2 rad0 (Max)15-XII;(Min) 15-VI - 2 x Places not incorporatedinto the x x adjustment(20?^cp<23.4?) x 1.8- -p-_ ?>| / * t : J , ./ I CONTINENTAL x S CLIMATES ] 6 . (Max)15-1; (Min) 15-VII . ^^J^^^J * " /\? I TRANSITIONALOR 1-4" ^^^^ x* l**0* [ COASTAL CLIMATES >Tx . ^'9 _) OCEANIC CLIMATES - 0=a+blnAr 15-VIIX u"!mm)iV5"!]..(Mm) xx y***^9 0 =fJ719+fJ 332 ^ |nAJo y * ?J !- / r =0,6122*** N-191 / * *** significantat 99,9% 0,8 06 -|-,-,-,-1-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-j 2 6 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 AT? ?C Fig. 5: Relationship and logarithmic fitted curve between annual thermic amplitude and phase angle 0. Proposed climatic limits Streuungsdiagramm und logarithmisch angepafite Kurve zwischen der thermischen Jahresamplitude und dem Phasen winkel 0. Vorschlag fiir Klimagrenzen the different South American Redentor is now as a extra-tropical regions. considered transitional region, Fernandez Guafo Island and was Juan Island, Evange whereas it included among maritime regions by lista Island, Punta del Este and Rio de Janeiro are Prohaska. The most humid region of themountain considered as oceanic or maritime regions. Cristo range (western slope and ridges) is regarded as a 56 Erdkunde Band 43/1989 Tab. 1: Annual precipitation, index ofConrad and phase angle 0 for places in theArgentinean North-west von Jahresniederschlag, Index Conrad und Phasenwinkel 0 fiir Stationen im argentinischen Nordwesten Places Annual Rainfall Conrad's Index Angle 0 (mm) (%) (rad) Santiago del Estero 518.4 25.8 1.72 LaCocha 740.3 23.2 1.73 San Miguel de Tucuman 976.2 22.3 1.68 Villa Nougues 1474.0 13.5 1.68 transitional one, too. The limit between the transi The greatest anomalies in the regional distribution tional region and the continental one is set between of index O are present in the central and northern Puente del Inca and Uspallata (latitude ofMendoza). Chilean region (mostly continental region identify Zonal gradients are well defined on the western ing the longitudinal valleys isolated from the sea by as to Andes Range compared the oriental one, show the coastal range) and inLa Plata basin inArgentina ing that the sea-effect spreads inland through theBra (transitional or coastal climate over River Plate and zilian coast, Uruguay and the Argentinean Pampa Mesopotamia). The first anomaly is identified easier than through the rest of South America. This is according to the thermal amplitude and Conrad's due to the fact that the geographical factor supports Index. The Rio de la Plata influence on the tem the advection of energy. This effect is not present perature shows the isopleths 0=1.5 which run coast coast along the Patagonian where the continental along the Buenos Aires northeastern and then limit reaches the coast. In this case, this phenomenon through Entre Rios and Uruguay (Fig. 6). is due to the presence of the Patagonian plateau and The degree of continentality according to 0 is thewestern flow (Prohaska 1976). placed in theArgentinean Northwest with an axis of \ 5 1^^^^^^ ^ o ^.1.55 // Fig. 6: Spatial field of phase angle 0 in meridional South Fig. 7: Spatial field of Conrad's Index inmeridional South America America Raumliche Verteilung des Phasenwinkels 0 im meri Raumliche Verteilung des Index von Conrad im meri dionalen Siidamerika dionalen Sudamerika Juan L. Minetti: Continentality Indices 57 o C ea n / nu^^ ocean/ 12U (\Jf w i^. 8: Spatial field of phase angle 0 in Australia and the South Pacific Ocean Raumliche Verteilung des Phasenwinkels 0 in Australien und im Sudpazifik Equator indian " a t l a n t i c .- Yfh:: i high values from La Rioja to San Juan, and an iso of the phase and the asymmetry of the seasonal wave lated region inRio Negro. Joaquin V. Gonzalez and of temperature, both probably produced by the effect El Cadillal (Jujuy) show themaximum values, and of the horizontal transport of energy from the ocean Mar del Plata (Buenos Aires) and Punta Delgada to the continent. (Chubut) show theminimum ones. The proposed index is related to the annual ther Figures 8 and 9 show the index 0 in Australia, mal amplitude and allows the elimination of undesir New Zealand, the Pacific Ocean and South Africa. able effects from the classification of humid continen The extreme values are located in Pretoria (25.8? S) tal climates. Because of this, a large region in in South Africa (0=1.81) and Pitcairn Island the Argentinean Northwest should be identified as = (25.1?S) in the middle of the Pacific Ocean (0 a continental one. The index-anomalies show the 1.03). Based on the observation of the regional dis disturbing regional effects, i.e. the many rivers tribution of0, it is possible to infer the validity of the belonging to the La Plata System in theArgentinean proposed criterion. Mesopotamia. 4. Conclusions Acknowledgements It has been shown that the phase angle of the first The author would like to express his gratitude to harmonic of the seasonal wave of temperature is a Dr. Arturo E. Corte for his generous encourage good climatic indicator of continental and oceanic ment in the preparation of this paper, to Professors effects. It shows the different types of climates Alberto Flores and Susana Bishoff for their com and maritime and sets the ments to (transitional-coastal ones) and Miss Janina Arturo for the typing limit of the influence of the sea on the regulation work. 58 Erdkunde Band 43/1989 References Barry, G. R. and Chorley R. J.: Atmosfera, Tiempo y Johansson, O. V.: Uber die Asymmetrie der meteorolo Clima. Barcelona 1972. gischen Schwankungen. In: Soc. Sci. Fennica, Com Berry, E., Bollay, E. and Beers, N. R.: Handbook of mentationes Phys. Math. 3, 1926, Iff. and Meteorology. New York 1945. Prohaska, F.: The climate of Argentina, Paraguay Brooks, C. E. P. and C arruthers, N.: Handbook of Statis Uruguay. In: Schwerdtfeger, W. (Ed.): Climates of tical Methods inMeteorology. London 1953. Central and South America. World Survey of Climatology, Brunt, D.: Climatic continentality and oceanity. In: Vol. 12. Amsterdam, Oxford, New York 1976, 13-112. Geogr. J. 44, 1924, 43ff. Ratisbona, L. R.: The climate of Brazil. In: Schwerdt Conrad, V.: Usual formulas of continentality and their feger, W. (Ed.): Climates of Central and South Amer limits of validity. In: Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 27, ica. World Survey of Climatology, Vol. 12. Amster 1946, 663 ff. dam, Oxford, New York 1976, 219-293. Conrad, V. and Pollak, L.W.: Methods in Climatology. Sellers, W. D.: Physical Climatology. Chicago 1972. Cambridge, Massachussets 1950. Servicio Meteorologico Nacional: Estadisticas Climatologicas B. Aires 1944. Department of Commerce. Weather Bureau: World Weather 1928-37. Publicacion N?l, Serie Buenos Records 1941-50. Washington 1959. Servicio Meteorologico Nacional: Estadisticas Climatologicas Department of Commerce. Weather Bureau: World Weather 1941-50. Publicacion N?3, Serie Bl. Buenos Aires 1958. Records 1951-60. Washington 1966. Servicio Meteorologico Nacional: Estadisticas Climatologicas Goczynski, L.: Sur le calcul du degre du continenta 1951-60. Publicacion N?6, Serie Bl. Buenos Aires 1969. lisme et son application dans la climatologie. In: Geogra Servicio Meteorologico Nacional: Normales Climatologicas fiska Annaler 2, 1920, 324-331. 1931-60. Publicacion N?7, Serie B. Buenos Aires 1974. Nacional: Estadisticas Hoffmann, J. A. J.: Atlas Climatico de America del Sur. Servicio Meteorologico Climatologicas OMM-UNESCO. Budapest 1975. 1961-70. Publicacion N?35, Serie B. Buenos Aires 1981. BEZIEHUNGEN ZWISCHEN ABFLUSS UND IONENGEHALT IN KLEINEN EINZUGSGEBIETEN DES SUDNIEDERSACHSISCHEN BERGLANDES Mit 5 Abbildungen und 4 Tabellen Karl-Heinz Portge und Ingolf Rienacker Summary: Ion content/run-off relations in small catch 1. Einleitung ments in the southern Lower Saxony mountain region and run The relations between material concentration Zahlreiche Untersuchungen in kleinen hydrologi off were in 12 catchments in the southern investigated schen Einzugsgebieten befassen sichmit der Ermitt Leine-Weser-mountain The 12 catchments were region. von Stoffkonzentrations-/Abflufibeziehungen, free of settlements and used. The data obtained lung differently dem von Konzentrations were Ursache-Wirkungsgefuge compared. imVerlauf von Abflufiwellen und der The dissolved material of the run-off consists of alkaline schwankungen von and of damit verbundenen Frachtraten earth, mostly hydrogenic-carbonatic, sometimes Berechnung rate runs from Portge Rausch Rienacker sulphatic constituents. The ofmineralization (z.B. 1979, 1982, 1985, on Agster des vermehrten 1.7 up to 20.5 mmol/1 (eq), depending the lithogenous 1986). Wegen atmosphari situation of the catchment. The mostly geogenic substances, schen Protoneneintrages gilt das besondere Augen such as and in have minimum Der Ca, Mg, HC03, part S04, merk Losungsprozessen und Losungsaustragen. and are to the so-called dilution effect at und anthro variability subject Losungsaustrag hat lithogene, pedogene as increasing run-off rates. Species such K, P04, NH4, und auf den in pogene Quellen ist, bezogen lithogenen N03, and the atmogenic S04 show bigger fluctuations Teil, auch als ,,Innerer bezeichnet worden the flow and their content correlates Abtrag" regime usually posi Meyer between ion content und 1963). tively with the run-off. The relation (Rohdenburg area Eine des in die and run-off is to be evaluated specifically in each Differenzierung Losungsaustrags ist weil because the dilution effect of the element concentration genannten Komponenten problematisch, was not all cases. der einzelnen Wasser during increasing run-off observed in Migration und Mobilitat