DOCSLIB.ORG

Backgrounds of the Buddhist Coloring in the Youming Lu 61

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Backgrounds of the Buddhist Coloring in the Youming Lu 61 Backgrounds of the Buddhist Coloring in the Youming Lu 61 Chapter 2 Backgrounds of the Buddhist Coloring in the Youming Lu This chapter describes the social and religious backgrounds of the Youming lu, traces literary works prior to the Youming lu that bear Buddhist colorings, and thus tries to situate the Youming lu within the context of early Buddhist litera- ture in China. Social and Religious Backgrounds The introduction of Buddhism into China began in the later period of the East- ern Han (25–220).1 In the initial period of transmission, Buddhism was at- tached to daoshu 道術 (Daoist techniques) and its teachings spread within limited areas.2 With the fall of the Han, China embarked upon a long period of disunion. Except for the brief reunification during the Western Jin period (265–317), the fragmentation lasted for more than three centuries. During this time, people suffered from the continuous chaos caused by endless wars. Meanwhile, Confucianism had lost its dominant position and Daoism satisfied the doubts of only some of the literati. Traditional norms came into question.3 All these factors gave Buddhism a strong opportunity to spread throughout China. From the Three Kingdoms period (220–280) to the time of the Eastern Jin dynasty, Buddhism spread and developed rapidly. By the time of the South- ern Dynasties (420–589), Buddhism had already become widespread in China. It seems that the [Liu] Song was the first dynasty in which Buddhism re- ceived much attention and respect from the royal clan. During the Wei and Jin 1 For the early history of Buddhism in China, see Tang Yongtong 湯用彤, Han Wei liang Jin nanbeichao fojiao shi 漢魏兩晉南北朝佛教史 [History of Buddhism in Han, Wei, Western and Eastern Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1955); Erik Zürcher, The Buddhist Conquest of China; Kenneth K. S. Ch’en, Buddhism in China: a Historical Survey (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964) and The Chinese Transformation of Buddhism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973); and Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization (London: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 210–18. 2 Tang Yongtong, Han Wei liang Jin nanbeichao fojiao shi, pp. 59, 81. 3 See Li Zehou 李澤厚, Mei de licheng 美的歷程 [The Path of Beauty] (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 1981), pp. 85–95. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2014 | doi 10.1163/9789004277847_004 62 Chapter 2 periods, the Han people rarely dedicated themselves to Buddhism and seldom became monks. According to the “Biography of Fotudeng 佛圖澄 (232–348),” Wang Du 王度, the editorial director of the secretaries, submitted a letter to the royal court, which read: In the past, Emperor Ming 明帝 of the Han (r. 58–76) was stirred by a dream [in which he had a vision of Buddha], and Buddhism was, for the first time, able to spread its Dharma.4 [The emperor] only allowed people from the West to build monasteries in the capital thereby to worship their deities; [as for] the people of the Han, none were allowed to become monks. The Wei inherited this policy of the Han and followed the prior regulations as well. 往漢明感夢, 初傳其道。唯聽西域人得立寺都邑, 以奉其神; 其漢 人, 皆不得出家。魏承漢制, 亦循前軌。5 The Jin dynasty continued this practice. Wang Mi 王謐 (360–407) of the West- ern Jin says in his “Da Huan Xuan nan 答桓玄難 [Response to Huan Xuan’s Questioning],” “Monks and the numerous devotees are all various foreigners. Moreover, rulers do not associate with them” 沙門徒眾, 皆是諸胡, 且王者 與之不接。6 By the Song dynasty, however, the situation had changed. Buddhism and the Royal Court of the Song Liu Yu was supported by Buddhists in the creation of the Song kingdom. According to the “Biography of Huiyi” 慧義 (372–444) in the Gaoseng zhuan, during the reign of Emperor An 安 of Jin (397–418), a Buddhist monk told his disciples that the spirit of the Songgao 嵩高 Mountain had said that Gen- eral Liu Yu of Jiangdong 江東 would receive the Mandate of Heaven.7 Huiyi 4 It is said that Emperor Ming had a dream in the third year of his reign (61), in which he saw a golden figure flying from heaven and hovering over his palace. While deciphering the dream, one of his ministers told him that it was the divine man who was born in the West and whose name was Buddha. Thus Emperor Ming sent a mission to India to search for Buddhist scriptures, and he also ordered people to build a Buddhist monastery, Baima si 白馬寺 (White Horse Monastery), in Luoyang 洛陽. This is considered the earliest event that represents Buddhism starting to spread in China. See Fan Ye 范曄 (398–445) and Sima Biao 司馬彪 (d. 306), Hou Han shu 後漢書 [Eastern Han History] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1962), 88. 2922. 5 Huijiao, Gaoseng zhuan, 9. 65a. 6 Yan Kejun, Quan shanggu sandai Qin Han Sanguo Liuchao wen, 2. 1569. 7 Songgao Mountain refers to Mount Song 嵩, the noted Central Mountain in Henan. Jiang- dong refers to the area south of the Yongzi River at its lower reaches..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cultural Anthropology Through the Lens of Wikipedia: Historical Leader Networks, Gender Bias, and News-Based Sentiment
    Cultural Anthropology through the Lens of Wikipedia: Historical Leader Networks, Gender Bias, and News-based Sentiment Peter A. Gloor, Joao Marcos, Patrick M. de Boer, Hauke Fuehres, Wei Lo, Keiichi Nemoto [email protected] MIT Center for Collective Intelligence Abstract In this paper we study the differences in historical World View between Western and Eastern cultures, represented through the English, the Chinese, Japanese, and German Wikipedia. In particular, we analyze the historical networks of the World’s leaders since the beginning of written history, comparing them in the different Wikipedias and assessing cultural chauvinism. We also identify the most influential female leaders of all times in the English, German, Spanish, and Portuguese Wikipedia. As an additional lens into the soul of a culture we compare top terms, sentiment, emotionality, and complexity of the English, Portuguese, Spanish, and German Wikinews. 1 Introduction Over the last ten years the Web has become a mirror of the real world (Gloor et al. 2009). More recently, the Web has also begun to influence the real world: Societal events such as the Arab spring and the Chilean student unrest have drawn a large part of their impetus from the Internet and online social networks. In the meantime, Wikipedia has become one of the top ten Web sites1, occasionally beating daily newspapers in the actuality of most recent news. Be it the resignation of German national soccer team captain Philipp Lahm, or the downing of Malaysian Airlines flight 17 in the Ukraine by a guided missile, the corresponding Wikipedia page is updated as soon as the actual event happened (Becker 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Contemporary Art and the Value of Dissidence by Marie
    Transition and Transformation: Chinese Contemporary Art and the Value of Dissidence by Marie Dorothée Leduc A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Visual Art and Globalization Department of Sociology and Art and Design University of Alberta © Marie Leduc, 2016 Abstract Transition and Transformation: Chinese Contemporary Art and the Value of Dissidence Marie Leduc Taking an interdisciplinary approach combining sociology and art history, this dissertation considers the phenomenal rise of Chinese contemporary art in the global art market since 1989. The dissertation explores how Western perceptions of difference and dissidence have contributed to the recognition and validation of Chinese contemporary art. Guided by Nathalie Heinich’s sociology of values and Pierre Bourdieu’s work on the field of cultural production, the dissertation proposes that dissidence may be understood as an artistic value, one that distinguishes artists and artwork as singular and original. Following the careers of nine Chinese artists who moved to France in and around 1989, the dissertation demonstrates how perceptions of dissidence – artistic, cultural, and political – have distinguished Chinese artists as they have transitioned into an artistic field dominated by Western liberal-democratic values and artistic taste. The transition and transformation of Chinese contemporary art and artists then highlights how the valorization of dissidence in the West is both artistic and political, and significant to the production of contemporary art. ii Preface This thesis is an original work by Marie Leduc. The research project, of which this thesis is a part, received research ethics approval from the University of Alberta Research Ethics Board, Project Name “Transition and Transformation: Contemporary Chinese Art in the Global Marketplace,” No.
    [Show full text]
  • "Ancient Mirror": an Interpretation of Gujing Ji in the Context of Medieval Chinese Cultural History Ju E Chen
    East Asian History NUMBER 27 . JUNE 2004 Institute of Advanced Studies Australian National University Editor Geremie R. Barme Associate Editor Helen Lo Business Manager Marion Weeks Editorial Advisors B0rge Bakken John Clark Lo uise Edwards Mark Elvin (Convenor) John Fitzgerald Colin Jeffcott Li Tana Kam Lo uie Le wis Mayo Gavan McCormack David Marr Tessa Morris-Suzuki Benjamin Penny Kenneth Wells Design and Production Design ONE Solutions, Victoria Street, Hall ACT 2618 Printed by Goanna Print, Fyshwick, ACT This is the twenty-seventh issue of Ea st Asian History, printed August 2005, in the series previously entitled Papers on Far Ea sternHist ory. This externally refereed journal is published twice a year. Contributions to The Editor, Ea st Asian Hist ory Division of Pacific and Asian History Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Phone +61 2 6125 314 0 Fax +61 26125 5525 Email [email protected] Subscription Enquiries to Marion Weeks, East Asian History, at the above address, or to [email protected]. au Annual Subscription Australia A$50 (including GST) Overseas US$45 (GST free) (for two issues) ISSN 1036-6008 iii CONTENTS 1 Friendship in Ancient China Aat Vervoom 33 The Mystery of an "Ancient Mirror": An Interpretation of Gujing ji in the Context of Medieval Chinese Cultural History Ju e Chen 51 The Missing First Page of the Preclassical Mongolian Version of the Hs iao-ching: A Tentative Reconstruction Igor de Rachewiltz 57 Historian and Courtesan: Chen Yinke !l*Ji[Nj. and the Writing of Liu Rushi Biezhuan t9P�Qjll:J,jiJf� We n-hsin Yeh 71 Demons, Gangsters, and Secret Societies in Early Modern China Robert].
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Buddhist Apology the Political Use of Buddhism by Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Ghent University Academic Bibliography Beyond Buddhist Apology The Political Use of Buddhism by Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty (r.502-549) Tom De Rauw ii To my daughter Pauline, the most wonderful distraction one could ever wish for and to my grandfather, a cakravartin who ruled his own private universe iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Although the writing of a doctoral dissertation is an individual endeavour in nature, it certainly does not come about from the efforts of one individual alone. The present dissertation owes much of its existence to the help of the many people who have guided my research over the years. My heartfelt thanks, first of all, go to Dr. Ann Heirman, who supervised this thesis. Her patient guidance has been of invaluable help. Thanks also to Dr. Bart Dessein and Dr. Christophe Vielle for their help in steering this thesis in the right direction. I also thank Dr. Chen Jinhua, Dr. Andreas Janousch and Dr. Thomas Jansen for providing me with some of their research and for sharing their insights with me. My fellow students Dr. Mathieu Torck, Leslie De Vries, Mieke Matthyssen, Silke Geffcken, Evelien Vandenhaute, Esther Guggenmos, Gudrun Pinte and all my good friends who have lent me their listening ears, and have given steady support and encouragement. To my wife, who has had to endure an often absent-minded husband during these first years of marriage, I acknowledge a huge debt of gratitude. She was my mentor in all but the academic aspects of this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Te Tomb Inscription ( Muzhiming) and Offi Cial Biographies of Wang Chuzhi
    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 52 (2009) 14-56 www.brill.nl/jesho A Buried Past: ! e Tomb Inscription (Muzhiming) and Offi cial Biographies of Wang Chuzhi (863-923) Angela Schottenhammer* Abstract ! e present article investigates the tomb inscription of Wang Chuzhi (863-923), a military governor whose career spanned the end of the Tang and the beginning of the Five Dynas- ties. By comparing the inscription with representations of the deceased in offi cial sources, the article reveals that the tomb inscription presents a critical attitude toward the moral standards of conventional historiography, and demonstrates a shifting moral geography in the works of Song historians. ! is new standard increasingly excluded nomadic peoples from the newly imagined political body, and excluded with them the pragmatic diplomacy that had characterized the politics of the Five Dynasties. Cet article analyse l’inscription funéraire de Wang Chuzhi (863-923). Ce gouverneur mili- taire vécut à la fi n des Tang et au début de la période des Cinq Dynasties. La comparaison de l’inscription à diverses représentations du défunt contenues dans les sources offi cielles montre la manière dont l’auteur de l’inscription critique les standards moraux de l’historiographie offi cielle. Elle montre aussi le cadre géographique mouvant dans lequel s’appliquait la morale Song : les populations nomades étaient de plus en plus exclues du corps politique tel qu’il était alors imaginé ; la diplomatie pragmatique qui avait dominé la période des Cinq Dynasties était abandonnée. Keywords tomb inscriptions, historiography, dynastic histories, Five Dynasties, Wang Chuzhi Introduction Wang Chuzhi !"# (863-923) was a high-ranking Military Commis- sioner who lived during the closing decades of the Tang (618-907) and the early years of the Five Dynasties (907-960), a time characterized by unceas- *! Angela Schottenhammer, Sinology, Japanese Studies, Munich University and Mar- burg University, Germany, [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Analysis of Market for Wild Alaska Salmon Protein in China
    DRAFT AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET FOR WILD ALASKA SALMON PROTEIN CONCENTRATES IN CHINA Final Report Prepared for the Alaska Sea Grant College Program Mark Herrmann, Pei Xu, Lily C. Dong, Quentin S. Fong, and Charles Crapo Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... i List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures.................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................iii 1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 1 Alaska Salmon Protein Concentrate Products ................................................................ 2 2. The Chinese Market ................................................................................................. 4 Chinese Domestic Aquaculture Carp Protein ................................................................. 5 3. The Survey................................................................................................................. 7 Selection of the Five Survey Regions............................................................................. 7 Protein Supplements Expenditures in the Five Regions................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Another Look at Early Chan: Daoxuan, Bodhidharma, and the Three Levels Movement
    T’OUNGT’OUNG PAO PAO T’oung Pao 94 (2008) 49-114 www.brill.nl/tpao Another Look at Early Chan: Daoxuan, Bodhidharma, and the Three Levels Movement Eric Greene University of California, Berkeley Abstract As one of the earliest records pertaining to Bodhidharma, Daoxuan’s Xu gaoseng zhuan is a crucial text in the study of so-called Early Chan. Though it is often thought that Daoxuan was attempting to promote the Bodhidharma lineage, recent studies have sug­­­­gested that he was actually attacking Bodhidharma and his later followers. The present article suggests that such readings are incor ­­rect and that Daoxuan was in fact attacking the followers of the Three Levels (Sanjie) movement founded by Xinxing, whose role in defining the meaning of chan during the seventh century has not been sufficiently appreciated. Résumé Étant un des premiers documents à parler de Bodhidharma, le Xu Gaoseng zhuan de Daoxuan constitue une source cruciale pour l’étude du “Chan primitif”. Même si l’on considère le plus souvent que Daoxuan s’efforçait de promouvoir la lignée de Bodhidharma, plusieurs études récentes suggèrent qu’en fait il attaquait Bodhidharma et ses héritiers. L’auteur suggère que cette interprétation n’est pas correcte: en réalité Daoxuan s’attaquait aux adhérents du mouvement des “Trois niveaux” (Sanjie) fondé par Xinxing, dont la contribution à la définition du sens duchan pendant le viie siècle n’a pas encore été suffisamment appréciée. Keywords Buddhism, Chan, Daoxuan, Xinxing, Sanjie movement © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2008 DOI: 10.1163/008254308X367022 50 E. Greene / T’oung Pao 94 (2008) 49-114 In the words of Bernard Faure, “Although Bodhidharma’s biography is obscure, his life is relatively well known.”1 Indeed, early records of this monk are so vague, and later hagiography embellishes him so extra­­vagantly, that the best approach seems to be, as Faure ultimately suggests, that we treat Bodhidharma not as an individual but as a textual paradigm.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Contemporary Art-7 Things You Should Know
    Chinese Contemporary Art things you should know By Melissa Chiu Contents Introduction / 4 1 . Contemporary art in China began decades ago. / 14 2 . Chinese contemporary art is more diverse than you might think. / 34 3 . Museums and galleries have promoted Chinese contemporary art since the 1990s. / 44 4 . Government censorship has been an influence on Chinese artists, and sometimes still is. / 52 5 . The Chinese artists’ diaspora is returning to China. / 64 6 . Contemporary art museums in China are on the rise. / 74 7 . The world is collecting Chinese contemporary art. / 82 Conclusion / 90 Artist Biographies / 98 Further Reading / 110 Introduction 4 Sometimes it seems that scarcely a week goes by without a newspaper or magazine article on the Chinese contemporary art scene. Record-breaking auction prices make good headlines, but they also confer a value on the artworks that few of their makers would have dreamed possible when those works were originally created— sometimes only a few years ago, in other cases a few decades. It is easy to understand the artists’ surprise at their flourishing market and media success: the secondary auction market for Chinese contemporary art emerged only recently, in 2005, when for the first time Christie’s held a designated Asian Contemporary Art sale in its annual Asian art auctions in Hong Kong. The auctions were a success, including the modern and contemporary sales, which brought in $18 million of the $90 million total; auction benchmarks were set for contemporary artists Zhang Huan, Yan Pei-Ming, Yue Minjun, and many others. The following year, Sotheby’s held its first dedicated Asian Contemporary sale in New York.
    [Show full text]
  • A Buried Past: the Tomb Inscription
    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 52 (2009) 14-56 www.brill.nl/jesho A Buried Past: Th e Tomb Inscription (Muzhiming) and Offi cial Biographies of Wang Chuzhi (863-923) Angela Schottenhammer* Abstract Th e present article investigates the tomb inscription of Wang Chuzhi (863-923), a military governor whose career spanned the end of the Tang and the beginning of the Five Dynas- ties. By comparing the inscription with representations of the deceased in offi cial sources, the article reveals that the tomb inscription presents a critical attitude toward the moral standards of conventional historiography, and demonstrates a shifting moral geography in the works of Song historians. Th is new standard increasingly excluded nomadic peoples from the newly imagined political body, and excluded with them the pragmatic diplomacy that had characterized the politics of the Five Dynasties. Cet article analyse l’inscription funéraire de Wang Chuzhi (863-923). Ce gouverneur mili- taire vécut à la fi n des Tang et au début de la période des Cinq Dynasties. La comparaison de l’inscription à diverses représentations du défunt contenues dans les sources offi cielles montre la manière dont l’auteur de l’inscription critique les standards moraux de l’historiographie offi cielle. Elle montre aussi le cadre géographique mouvant dans lequel s’appliquait la morale Song : les populations nomades étaient de plus en plus exclues du corps politique tel qu’il était alors imaginé ; la diplomatie pragmatique qui avait dominé la période des Cinq Dynasties était abandonnée. Keywords tomb inscriptions, historiography, dynastic histories, Five Dynasties, Wang Chuzhi Introduction Wang Chuzhi 王處直 (863-923) was a high-ranking Military Commis- sioner who lived during the closing decades of the Tang (618-907) and the early years of the Five Dynasties (907-960), a time characterized by unceas- *) Angela Schottenhammer, Sinology, Japanese Studies, Munich University and Mar- burg University, Germany, [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 36Th Chinese Control Conference (CCC 2017)
    2017 36th Chinese Control Conference (CCC 2017) Dalian, China 26-28 July 2017 Pages 1-776 IEEE Catalog Number: CFP1740A-POD ISBN: 978-1-5386-2918-5 1/15 Copyright © 2017, Technical Committee on Control Theory, Chinese Association of Automation All Rights Reserved *** This is a print representation of what appears in the IEEE Digital Library. Some format issues inherent in the e-media version may also appear in this print version. IEEE Catalog Number: CFP1740A-POD ISBN (Print-On-Demand): 978-1-5386-2918-5 ISBN (Online): 978-9-8815-6393-4 ISSN: 1934-1768 Additional Copies of This Publication Are Available From: Curran Associates, Inc 57 Morehouse Lane Red Hook, NY 12571 USA Phone: (845) 758-0400 Fax: (845) 758-2633 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.proceedings.com Proceedings of the 36th Chinese Control Conference, July 26-28, 2017, Dalian, China Contents Systems Theory and Control Theory Robust H∞filter design for continuous-time nonhomogeneous markov jump systems . BIAN Cunkang, HUA Mingang, ZHENG Dandan 28 Continuity of the Polytope Generated by a Set of Matrices . MENG Lingxin, LIN Cong, CAI Xiushan 34 The Unmanned Surface Vehicle Course Tracking Control with Input Saturation . BAI Yiming, ZHAO Yongsheng, FAN Yunsheng 40 Necessary and Sufficient D-stability Condition of Fractional-order Linear Systems . SHAO Ke-yong, ZHOU Lipeng, QIAN Kun, YU Yeqiang, CHEN Feng, ZHENG Shuang 44 A NNDP-TBD Algorithm for Passive Coherent Location . ZHANG Peinan, ZHENG Jian, PAN Jinxing, FENG Songtao, GUO Yunfei 49 A Superimposed Intensity Multi-sensor GM-PHD Filter for Passive Multi-target Tracking .
    [Show full text]
  • Encyclopedia of Buddhism
    Encyclopedia of Buddhism J: AF Encyclopedia of Buddhism Encyclopedia of Catholicism Encyclopedia of Hinduism Encyclopedia of Islam Encyclopedia of Judaism Encyclopedia of Protestantism Encyclopedia of World Religions nnnnnnnnnnn Encyclopedia of Buddhism J: AF Edward A. Irons J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor Encyclopedia of Buddhism Copyright © 2008 by Edward A. Irons All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the pub- lisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Irons, Edward A. Encyclopedia of Buddhism / Edward A. Irons. p. cm. — (Encyclopedia of world religions) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8160-5459-6 (alk. paper) 1. Buddhism—Encyclopedias. I. Title. BQ128.I76 2007 294.303—dc22 2007004503 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quanti- ties for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Spe- cial Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Erika Arroyo Cover design by Cathy Rincon Maps by Dale Williams Printed in the United States of America VB FOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper and contains 30% post-consumer recycled content.
    [Show full text]
  • Mating-Induced Male Death and Pheromone Toxin-Regulated Androstasis
    bioRxiv preprint first posted online Dec. 15, 2015; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/034181. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Shi, Runnels & Murphy – preprint version –www.biorxiv.org Mating-induced Male Death and Pheromone Toxin-regulated Androstasis Cheng Shi, Alexi M. Runnels, and Coleen T. Murphy* Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Dept. of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA *Correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract How mating affects male lifespan is poorly understood. Using single worm lifespan assays, we discovered that males live significantly shorter after mating in both androdioecious (male and hermaphroditic) and gonochoristic (male and female) Caenorhabditis. Germline-dependent shrinking, glycogen loss, and ectopic expression of vitellogenins contribute to male post-mating lifespan reduction, which is conserved between the sexes. In addition to mating-induced lifespan decrease, worms are subject to killing by male pheromone-dependent toxicity. C. elegans males are the most sensitive, whereas C. remanei are immune, suggesting that males in androdioecious and gonochoristic species utilize male pheromone differently as a toxin or a chemical messenger. Our study reveals two mechanisms involved in male lifespan regulation: germline-dependent shrinking and death is the result of an unavoidable cost of reproduction and is evolutionarily conserved, whereas male pheromone-mediated killing provides a novel mechanism to cull the male population and ensure a return to the self-reproduction mode in androdioecious species. Our work highlights the importance of understanding the shared vs. sex- and species- specific mechanisms that regulate lifespan.
    [Show full text]