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Buddhist State Monasteries in Early Medieval China and Their Impact on East Asia Liqun He

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Buddhist State Monasteries in Early Medieval China and Their Impact on East Asia Liqun He Buddhist State Monasteries in Early Medieval China and their Impact on East Asia A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Philosophy of Heidelberg University in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute of East Asian Art History by Liqun He December, 2013 Dissertation Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Lothar Ledderose; Prof. Dr. Sarah E. Fraser Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1. Research topic ........................................................................................................... 1 2. Previous research on the layout of Buddhist monasteries in Early Medieval China ....................................................................................................................................... 5 3. The significance of the topic and research methods.................................................. 9 Chapter I - Monastery Layout in Early Medieval China: Textual Evidence ...... 15 1. The introduction of Buddhism and the establishment of early monasteries in China ..................................................................................................................................... 15 2. Buddhist monasteries in the Northern and Southern Dynasties .............................. 21 3. Buddhist monastery system during the Sui and Tang Dynasties............................. 25 Chapter II - Monastery Layout in Early Medieval China: Archaeological Evidence ..................................................................................................................... 29 1. Monastery layout in the mid 5th century: the Yungang Monastery in Pingcheng.... 29 2. Monastery layout in the late 5th century: the Siyuan Monastery in Pingcheng and the Siyan Monastery in Longcheng ............................................................................. 31 3. Monastery layout in the early 6th century: the Yongningsi Monastery in Luoyang . ..................................................................................................................................... 35 4. Monastery layout in the late 6th century: the Zhaopengcheng Monastery in Yecheng ..................................................................................................................................... 42 5. Monastery layout in the first half of the 7th century: the Linggansi Monastery and the Qinglongsi Monastery in Chang’an ...................................................................... 49 6. Monastery layout in the mid 7th century: the Ximingsi Monastery in Chang’an .... 56 Chapter III - Monastery Layout in Early Medieval China: Development and Evolution .................................................................................................................... 61 1. Buddhist Monastery: Main buildings and auxiliary buildings ................................ 61 2. Monastery layout: types, periodization and distinctive features ............................. 64 3. The evolution of monastery layout from the Northern Wei to the Tang Dynasty ... 67 Chapter IV - Monastery Layout in Early Medieval East Asia: Archaeological Evidence and Research ............................................................................................. 73 1. The Korean Peninsula: Monastery Layout during the Three Kingdoms and Unified i Silla Periods................................................................................................................. 73 2. The Japanese Archipelago: monastery layout during the Asuka and Nara Periods ................................................................................................................................... 100 Chapter V - Monasteries Layout in East Asia between the 5th and 8th Century: a Comparative Analysis of their Layout ............................................................... 141 1. The 'Central Pagoda and One Hall in the rear' monastery layout: its diffusion .... 141 2. The 'Central Pagoda and three Halls' monastery layout: its origin and the contacts between North China and the Korean Peninsula ....................................................... 145 3. 'One Pagoda and one Hall side by side' and several other monastery layouts in Japan: their origin and meaning ................................................................................ 160 4. The 'Central Hall and Twin Pagodas' monastery layout: its origin and significance in unified Silla and Japan .......................................................................................... 164 5. The main monastery layout types and their evolution .......................................... 169 Chapter VI - Monastery Layout in Early Medieval China and East Asia: Form and Function.................................................................................................. 173 1. The Chinese pavilion-style pagoda: origin and meaning ...................................... 173 2. The development of Buddha Hall: from India to Japan ........................................ 187 3. The relationship between Multi-Compounds monastery layout and urban layout in East Asia .................................................................................................................... 195 4. The interaction between space and function in the layout of Buddhist monastery ................................................................................................................................... 204 ii Illustrations 30 Fig. 1: Sketch plan of the Yungang Monastery 32 Fig. 2: Sketch plan of the Siyuan Monastery 35 Fig. 3: Plan (left) and section (right) of the Siyan Monastery pagoda foundation 36 Fig. 4: The map showing the distribution of Buddhist monasteries in Luoyang 38 Fig. 5: Sketch plan Yongningsi Monastery in Luoyang 39 Fig. 6: Section of the wall in Yongningsi Monastery 39 Fig. 7: South Gate of the Yongningsi Monastery 40 Fig. 8: West Gate of the Yongningsi Monastery 40 Fig. 9: Plan and sections of Pagoda foundation of the Yongningsi Monastery 42 Fig. 10: Sketch plan of Yecheng Site 43 Fig. 11: Sketch plan of the Zhaopengcheng Monastery 44 Fig. 12: Plan and section of the outer ditch of the Zhaopengcheng Monastery 45 Fig. 13: Sketch plan of the Pagoda foundation 46 Fig. 14: Plan and section of the plinth of central pillar and brick closet 47 Fig. 15: Southwestern Compound of the Zhaopengcheng Monastery 48 Fig. 16: Southeastern Compound of the Zhaopengcheng Monastery 48 Fig. 17: The Buddha Hall of Southeastern Compound of the Zhaopengcheng Monastery 50 Fig. 18: Sketch plan of the Qinglong Monastery in Chang’an 51 Fig. 19: Plan and section of the Pagoda foundation (A), Western Compound of the Qinglong Monastery 52 Fig. 20: Plan and section of the early Buddha Hall (B1-1), Western Compound of the Qinglongsi Monastery 53 Fig. 21: Plan and sections of the late Buddha Hall (B1-2), Western Compound of the Qinglongsi Monastery 54 Fig. 22: Restored plan of the early Buddha Hall (B2-1), Eastern Compound of the Qinglongsi Monastery 55 Fig. 23: Plan and section of the late Buddha Hall (B2-2), Eastern Compound of the Qinglongsi Monastery 57 Fig. 24: Location of the Ximingsi Monastery 58 Fig. 25: Sketch plan of partial Ximingsi Monastery 66 Fig. 26 Buddhist Monasteries in Dunhaung wall painting iii 74 Fig. 27: Sketch plan of the T’osong-ri Monastery 75 Fig. 28: Sketch plan of the Songwol-ri Monastery 76 Fig. 29: Sketch plan of the Chongrungsa Monastery 77 Fig. 30: Sketch plan of the Ch’ongam-ri p’yesa Monastery 79 Fig. 31: Sketch plan of the Daetongsa Monastery 80 Fig. 32: Sketch plan of the Gunsu-ri Monastery 81 Fig. 33: Sketch plan of the Jeunglim Monastery 82 Fig. 34: Sketch plan of the Neungsan-ri Monastery 83 Fig. 35: Sketch plan of the Wangheungsa Monastery 84 Fig. 36: Sketch plan of the Vajra Monastery 85 Fig. 37: Sketch plan of the Busosan Monastery 86 Fig. 38: Sketch plan of the Yongjeong-ri Monastery 87 Fig. 39: Sketch plan of the Jeseok Monastery 88 Fig. 40: Sketch plan of the Mireuksa Monastery 90 Fig. 41: Sketch plan of the Original Hwangnyongsa Monastery 91 Fig. 42: Sketch plan of the First Reconstructed Hwangnyongsa Monastery 92 Fig. 43: Sketch plan of the Second Reconstructed Hwangnyongsa Monastery 92 Fig. 44: Sketch plan of the Third Reconstructed Hwangnyongsa Monastery 93 Fig. 45: Sketch plan of the Bunhwangsa Monastery 95 Fig. 46: Sketch plan of the Sacheonwangsa Monastery 96 Fig. 47: Sketch plan of the Kamunsa Monastery 97 Fig. 48: Sketch plan of the Mangdeoksa Monastery. 98 Fig. 49: Sketch plan of the Cheongundong Monastery 99 Fig. 50: Sketch plan of the Bulguksa Monastery. 102 Fig. 51: Classification of Japanese monasteries 1 (Tanaka Shigehisa) 103 Fig. 52: Classification of Japanese monasteries 2 (Mosaku Ishida) 104 Fig. 53: Classification of Japanese monasteries 3 105 Fig. 54: Sketch plan of the Asukadera Monastery 107 Fig. 55: Sketch plan of the Shitennōji Monastery 108 Fig. 56: Sketch plan of the Original Hōryūji Monastery 109 Fig. 57: Sketch plan of the Tachibanadera Monastery 110 Fig. 58: Sketch plan of the Yamadadera Monastery 112 Fig. 59: Sketch plan of the Kudara Ōdera Monastery 114 Fig. 60: Sketch plan of the Hōryūji Monastery iv 115 Fig. 61: Sketch plan of the Ākāśagarbha Monastery 116 Fig. 62: Sketch plan of the Kose Monastery 117 Fig. 63: Sketch plan of the Hōkiji Monastery 118 Fig. 64: Sketch plan of the Kanzeonji Monastery 119 Fig. 65: Sketch plan of the Komadera Monastery 121 Fig. 66: Sketch plan of the Kawaradera Monastery 123 Fig. 67: Sketch
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