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Parliamentary War Powers Around the World, 1989–2004

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Parliamentary War Powers Around the World, 1989–2004 Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Occasional Paper – № 22 Parliamentary War Powers Around the World, 1989–2004. A New Dataset Wolfgang Wagner, Dirk Peters and Cosima Glahn GENEVA CENTRE FOR THE DEMOCRATIC CONTROL OF ARMED FORCES (DCAF) OCCASIONAL PAPER – № 22 Parliamentary War Powers Around the World, 1989–2004. A New Dataset Wolfgang Wagner, Dirk Peters and Cosima Glahn About the Authors Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wagner holds the chair in International Security at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. He received an M.A. from the University of Tübingen and a PhD from the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt/Main. He has been working on German foreign policy, European Union politics and peace and conflict research. Major publications include Die Konstruktion einer europäischen Außenpolitik (Frankfurt am Main: Campus 2002), Towards an Internal Security Community (Journal of Peace Research 40: 6 (2003), 695-712) and The Democratic Control of Military Power Europe (Journal of European Public Policy 13: 2 (2006) 200-216). Dr. Dirk Peters is research fellow at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF). He received an M.A. from the University of Tübingen and a PhD from the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt/Main. His research focuses on the EU's security and defence policy, the role of parliaments in security policy and on foreign policy analysis. Major publications include Constrained Balancing: The EU's Security Policy (Basingstoke: Palgrave 2010) and The Parliamentary Control of European Security Policy (Oslo: ARENA 2008, edited with Wolfgang Wagner and Nicole Deitelhoff). Ms. Cosima Glahn is a research assistant at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF) and studies ‘International Studies/Peace and Conflict Studies’ at the TU Darmstadt and the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt/Main. She studied at the University of Aberystwyth and holds a B.A. from the University of Mannheim. Copyright © 2010, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces ISBN 92-9222-121-3 DCAF Occasional Papers are detailed, theoretical studies on core issues of security sector governance. DCAF Occasional Papers can be downloaded free of charge from the DCAF website at www.dcaf.ch/publications. Table of Contents Acknowledgments .............................................................................. 7 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................ 9 1. Introduction .............................................................................. 11 2. The ParlCon dataset: an outline ..................................................... 12 2.1 Research on parliamentary control of military deployments and ParlCon's approach ..................................................................................... 12 2.2 ParlCon's scope: Democracies world-wide, 1989-2004 ................................ 14 2.3 ParlCon's subject matter: parliaments' ex-ante veto power over military deployments ................................................................................. 18 3. Results: Patterns and varieties of parliamentary control ...................... 22 4. Country Studies .......................................................................... 30 4.1 Australia, 1989-2004 ....................................................................... 30 4.2 Austria, 1989-2004 .......................................................................... 31 4.3 Belgium, 1989-2004 ........................................................................ 33 4.4 Bolivia, 1989-2002 .......................................................................... 35 4.5 Botswana, 1997-2004 ...................................................................... 36 4.6 Bulgaria, 2001-2004 ........................................................................ 37 4.7 Canada, 1989-2004 ......................................................................... 39 4.8 Chile, 2000-2004 ............................................................................ 41 4.9 Colombia, 1991-1994 ....................................................................... 43 4.10 Cyprus, 1989-2004 .......................................................................... 44 4.11 Czech Republic, 1993-2004 ............................................................... 45 4.12 Denmark, 1989-2004 ....................................................................... 47 4.13 Ecuador, 1989-1996 and 1998-1999 ...................................................... 48 4.14 Finland, 1989-2004 ......................................................................... 49 4.15 France, 1989-2004 .......................................................................... 52 4.16 Germany, 1989-2004 ....................................................................... 53 4.17 Greece, 1989-2004 ......................................................................... 55 4.18 Hungary, 1990-2004 ........................................................................ 57 4.19 India, 1995-2004 ............................................................................ 59 4.20 Ireland, 1989-2004 .......................................................................... 60 4.21 Israel, 1989-2004 ........................................................................... 62 4.22 Italy, 1989-2004 ............................................................................. 63 4.23 Jamaica, 1989-2004 ........................................................................ 65 4.24 Japan, 1989-2004 ........................................................................... 66 4.25 Lithuania, 1991-2004 ....................................................................... 68 4.26 Macedonia, 2002-2004 ..................................................................... 69 4.27 Madagascar, 1992-1996 .................................................................... 71 4.28 Mongolia, 1992-2004 ....................................................................... 72 4.29 Netherlands, 1989-2004 ................................................................... 74 4.30 New Zealand, 1989-2004 .................................................................. 75 4.31 Norway, 1989-2004 ......................................................................... 76 4.32 Papua New Guinea, 1989-2004 ........................................................... 77 4.33 Peru, 2001-2004 ............................................................................. 79 4.34 Poland, 1995-2004 .......................................................................... 80 4.35 Portugal, 1989-2004 ........................................................................ 81 4.36 Romania, 2004 .............................................................................. 83 5 4.37 Slovakia, 1998-2004 ........................................................................ 84 4.38 Slovenia, 1991-2004 ........................................................................ 86 4.39 South Africa, 1994-2004 ................................................................... 87 4.40 Spain, 1989-2004 ............................................................................ 89 4.41 Sweden, 1989-2004 ......................................................................... 90 4.42 Switzerland, 1989-2004 .................................................................... 92 4.43 Thailand, 1992-2004 ........................................................................ 94 4.44 Trinidad and Tobago, 1989-2004 ......................................................... 96 4.45 Turkey, 1989-1992 .......................................................................... 97 4.46 United Kingdom, 1989-2004 ............................................................. 100 4.47 United States, 1989-2004 ................................................................ 101 4.48 Uruguay, 1989-2004 ...................................................................... 103 4.49 Venezuela, 1989-1991.................................................................... 104 5. Annex ..................................................................................... 106 6. Legal Sources ........................................................................... 109 7. References ............................................................................... 114 6 Acknowledgements This occasional paper emanates from the Parliamentary Control of Military Missions in Democracies project. We would like to express our gratitude to the German Foundation for Peace Research (DSF) for generously funding this project. Moreover, we are grateful to Anne-Sophie Espana, Agnes Krol, Stephan de la Pena- Kick, Sonja Schirmbeck and Christian Weber for valuable research assistance. Analysing almost 50 countries would have hardly been possible without the generous help of many colleagues who were willing to share their knowledge on individual countries and to comment on this paper. In particular, we would like to thank Claudia Baumgart-Ochse, Una Becker, Hans Born, Caterina Carta, Inês de Carvalho Narciso, Katja Freistein, Filip Gelev, Stephanos Gikas, Yaprak Gürsoy, Heiner Hänggi, Gunther Hauser, Menachem Hofnung, Magnus Holm, Peter Hug, Captain S. R. Innis, Ljubica Jelusic, Maria Kallia, Monika Kolkova, Jonne Kuusisto, Saso Kuzmanovski, Colonel Jargalsaikhan Mendee, Bernhard Moltmann, the embassy of New Zealand in Berlin, Stepan Pechacek, Vladimir Prebilic, Bishnu Ragoonath, Andras
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