République Centrafricaine : Anatomie D'un État Fantôme

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République Centrafricaine : Anatomie D'un État Fantôme RÉPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE : ANATOMIE D’UN ÉTAT FANTÔME Rapport Afrique N°136 – 13 décembre 2007 TABLE DES MATIÈRES SYNTHÈSE ............................................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. DE L’EMPIRE FRANÇAIS À L’EMPIRE CENTRAFRICAIN............................. 2 A. UN CUL-DE-SAC COLONIAL ...................................................................................................2 1. Exploitation et sous-administration ...........................................................................2 2. Crimes coloniaux et dépopulation .............................................................................3 B. DE L’INDÉPENDANCE À BOKASSA 1ER ..................................................................................4 1. Mise en place de l’État prédateur ..............................................................................4 2. Bokassa au pouvoir (1965-1979), apparition de l’État criminel................................5 III. LE « SYNDROME BARRACUDA »............................................................................ 7 A. TRIBALISATION SOUS TUTELLE FRANÇAISE ...............................................................................7 B. DÉMOCRATIE ET CHAOS ........................................................................................................9 1. Mutineries à répétition.............................................................................................10 2. Anomie généralisée..................................................................................................11 IV. MISE SOUS TUTELLE RÉGIONALE ..................................................................... 13 A. LA CHUTE D’ANGE-FÉLIX PATASSÉ ....................................................................................13 1. Suspicions putschistes et effondrement de l’institution militaire ............................14 2. Déploiement régional...............................................................................................16 B. LE RÉGIME DU GÉNÉRAL BOZIZÉ .........................................................................................17 1. Pouvoir familial .......................................................................................................17 2. Soutien international................................................................................................20 V. LA RÉBELLION PERMANENTE............................................................................. 22 A. LES FOYERS INSURRECTIONNELS DU NORD OUEST ...............................................................22 B. LA « DARFOURISATION » DU NORD EST ...............................................................................25 1. Militarisation du mécontentement ...........................................................................26 2. Les paras sautent sur Birao ......................................................................................27 3. Fragile cessez-le-feu ................................................................................................28 C. LES CONDITIONS NÉCESSAIRES D’UNE AIDE À LA STABILISATION.........................................30 VI. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 34 ANNEXES A. CARTE DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE .....................................................................36 B. GLOSSAIRE .........................................................................................................................37 C. LE GRAND BOND EN ARRIÈRE DE L’ÉCONOMIE CENTRAFRICAINE ........................................39 D. À PROPOS DE L’INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP ..................................................................41 E. RAPPORTS ET BRIEFINGS DE L’INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP SUR L’AFRIQUE...................42 F. LE CONSEIL D’ADMINISTRATION DE L’INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP ...............................44 Rapport Afrique N°136 13 décembre 2007 RÉPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE : ANATOMIE D’UN ÉTAT FANTÔME SYNTHÈSE La République centrafricaine est pire qu’un État failli : elle La force de maintien de la paix de l’UE, mandatée par le est quasiment devenue un État fantôme, ayant perdu toute Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU pour aider à sécuriser le capacité institutionnelle significative, du moins depuis la Darfour, devrait être déployée début 2008 dans le nord est chute de l’Empereur Bokassa en 1979. Le déploiement des de la RCA et à l’est du Tchad. L’initiative de cette forces de l’Union Européenne (EU) et des Nations unies opération est venue de la France, qui a persuadé ses (EUFOR et MINURCAT) récemment approuvé, et qui partenaires d’empêcher que le conflit qui ravage l’est vient appuyer les efforts de l’Union africaine (UA) et de du Soudan ne s’étende au-delà de ses frontières, en l’ONU au Darfour, peut contribuer de manière importante venant compléter au Tchad et en RCA les efforts de la à aider la RCA à entamer son long et lent processus de mission hybride UA/NU au Darfour. rétablissement. Mais pour ce faire, elles devront trouver les moyens d’utiliser au mieux les capacités et l’influence À l’instar du Darfour, la province centrafricaine de de l’ancienne puissance coloniale, la France, sans la Vakaga est une région géographiquement reculée, servir tout simplement de couverture internationale à la historiquement marginalisée et, par dessus tout, négligée perpétuation de sa domination. par une administration centrale dont la seule réponse à l’agitation politique a été une réponse sécuritaire. La RCA est officiellement indépendante depuis presqu’un Dans un effort d’endiguement de la crise au Darfour, la demi siècle, mais son gouvernement n’a connu un premier communauté internationale risque d’exonérer le régime semblant de légitimité populaire qu’à la suite des élections de Bozizé de ses responsabilités et d’entretenir le cycle de libres de 1993. Très vite, le processus de démocratisation l’instabilité actuel en RCA. périclita alors en raison de divisions communautaires instrumentalisées entre les populations du fleuve et celles Le déploiement de l’UE devra assumer un lourd fardeau de la savane, menant finalement à la guerre civile. Suite post-colonial. Tout comme au Tchad, la France, en tant à une succession de mutineries et de rebellions qui ont qu’ancienne puissance coloniale, est à la fois la mieux et engendré une crise permanente, le gouvernement a perdu la moins bien placée pour intervenir en RCA : la moins bien son monopole de l’usage légitime de la violence. Les placée en raison de son ingérence quasi permanente dans troupes étrangères ont contribué à contenir la violence dans le pays depuis l’indépendance et la mieux placée parce la capitale, Bangui, mais le nord du pays reste dans un qu’elle possède aussi bien la volonté que les moyens d’agir. état d’insécurité permanent, de dénuement et de misère. Comme Paris fournira l’essentiel des troupes de l’EUFOR, cette nouvelle intervention est largement perçue comme En privatisant l’État pour leur seul bénéfice, les leaders un simple changement d’écusson et de casque qui centafricains réussissent à prospérer, tout en usant de la confèrera au rôle militaire de la France en Centrafrique répression pour garantir leur impunité. Francois Bozizé a une plus grande légitimité internationale. L’EUFOR été mis au pouvoir en 2003 par la France et le Tchad et a pourrait néanmoins contribuer de manière significative, été démocratiquement élu deux ans plus tard, mais comme si elle mène à bien la réforme indispensable de l’armée son prédécesseur, Ange-Félix Patassé, il a nourri un état centrafricaine et si elle s’accompagne d’une véritable de rebellion permanent aux conséquences humanitaires stratégie européenne à sortir la Centrafrique de sa misère désastreuses. Depuis l’été 2005, l’armée et plus politique, économique et sécuritaire. particulièrement la Garde présidentielle – essentiellement une milice tribale – ont usé systématiquement d’une Pour résoudre les nombreux problèmes structurels de la violence indiscriminée dans les bastions nord ouest de RCA, il est cependant essentiel que tous les acteurs s’y Patassé. Des centaines d’individus ont été éxécutés engagent : le gouvernement de Bangui, les mouvements sommairement et des miliers de maisons ont été rebelles, les organes régionaux africains et le Conseil de incendiées. Au moins 100 000 personnes ont fui dans la sécurité, ainsi que l’UE et la France. Il s’agit peut-être de forêt où elles sont exposées aux intempéries. la dernière chance dont dispose la RCA pour briser son statut d’État fantôme avant que le simulacre d’indépendance République Centrafricaine : anatomie d’un État fantôme Rapport Afrique de Crisis Group N°136, 13 décembre 2007 Page ii et de souveraineté actuel ne disparaisse définitivement dans le cercle vicieux des violences et de la paupérisation dont le pays est prisonier. Ce rapport de fond est le premier sur la RCA publié par Crisis Group et pose les fondations des analyses futures qui seront centrées sur des questions spécifiques. Nairobi/Brussels, le 13 décembre 2007 Rapport Afrique N°136 13 décembre 2007 RÉPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE : ANATOMIE D’UN ÉTAT FANTÔME I. INTRODUCTION politiques dans la légalité, rien ne justifie le recours aux armes en Centrafrique. Sans être parfaite, la liberté d’expression y est réelle. Mais tant sur le plan de
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