NatureEye on SPRING 2010 A publication of the Wildlife Division — Getting Texans Involved Hidden Treasures of the Texas Hill Country By Kathleen O’Connor

he Texas Hill Country usually brings to mind gently rolling hills, oak-juniper woodlands and a multitude of water- and land-based recreational activities for even the most finicky out- door enthusiast. But there’s far more to the Hill Country than meets the eye. Beneath our The Importance of Springs, feetT is a subterranean universe where the ever-present struggle for life plays out among enigmatic Page 3 and mysterious species that characterize this alien world. First, a little background information on how this all came to be. During the Cretaceous Period (about 145–65 million years ago), Central Texas was covered by a shallow sea filled with a multitude of life forms, many of which were com- Blind Monster, prised of calciferous skeletons or shells. These formed deposits on the sea floor after the animals Page 4 died. As layers and layers of these accumulated through vast stretches of time and compression, limestone was formed. Then about 25 million years ago, after the sea had already receded for On Land Management the last time, the Edwards Plateau underwent a series of uplifts as a result of tectonic motion. The permeable Edwards limestone was then carved out like Swiss cheese, thanks to the intake of rain- and Texas Springs, water through surface fissures and fractures. This type of landscape, created by the dissolution of Page 6 limestone and characterized by fissures, sinkholes and caves, is called karst. [Continued on page 2] Introducing Our New Wildlife Division Director, Hidden beauty Page 10

of Texas Habitips, As you travel across Texas, you cannot Page 11 help but wonder at the beauty of this great state, and especially at the diversity of the land. From the swamps at the coast to the The Back Porch, mountains of Culberson County, marvels Page 12 surround us. Some of these gems, though, are hidden from view beneath a ground fractured and sculpted by centuries of geological phenomena.

In this newsletter we focus on the springs and caves of Texas and the biological treasures they hold. From the caves in the Hill Country to Comanche Springs of West Texas, our authors have put together a collection of articles to introduce you to the wonders of caves and springs. Executive Director [Hidden treasures of the Texas Hill Country, continued from page 1] Carter P. Smith

Editor, Eye on Nature The unique conditions found in caves, along with years of isolation, have produced Mark Klym a fascinating and rich biota. Here we find species with adaptations that perfectly reflect their rich, subterranean history-long appendages for greater sensory reach, absence of Commission eyes and pigmentation, and reduced metabolic and reproductive rates. It is theorized Peter M. Holt, Chairman San Antonio that these cave-adapted species originated from surface populations that may have T. Dan Friedkin, Vice-Chairman Houston retreated into caves to escape inhospitable conditions above ground. Geologic and Mark E. Bivins Amarillo hydrologic barriers may have contributed to increased isolation which, in turn, led to Ralph H. Duggins Fort Worth greater adaptation to life underground. In Central Texas, this has produced a rich and Antonio Falcon, M.D. Rio Grande City diverse faunal assemblage found nowhere else in the world. These cave-adapted species Karen J. Hixon San Antonio that cannot survive outside the cave environment are known as troglobites. Texas mem- Dan Allen Hughes, Jr. Beeville bers of this group include some spiders, beetles, millipedes, harvestman, salamanders, Margaret Martin Boerne isopods and catfish, among others. But they aren’t alone. Other animals play a part in S. Reed Morian Houston this underground community as well. Troglophiles are animals that are found in caves Lee M. Bass, Chairman-Emeritus Fort Worth but are not necessarily tied to it for survival. They may be found in similar habitats out- side of the cave environment, such as in the leaf litter or under logs and rocks. Some TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT MISSION STATEMENT salamanders and scorpions are included in this group. Trogloxenes, such as bats and “To manage and conserve the natural and crickets, will utilize caves as a temporary shelter but still spend a substantial amount of cultural resources of Texas and to provide hunting, fishing and outdoor recreation their time on the surface. It is upon these trogloxenes and other surface community opportunities for the use and enjoyment of components, such as leaf litter and organic debris, that the cave ecosystem is most present and future generations.” dependent on for nutrient and energy input. In addition to providing nutrients, the

You may view this publication through the TPWD surface plant community also acts as a buffer, protecting the karst ecosystem against Web site. Please notify us by completing a request perturbations to temperature and moisture regimes required by these troglobites. Sur- form at www.tpwd.state.tx.us/enews/. Once verified, face communities are significant for the cave crickets, too. They are known to venture we will notify you by e-mail when a new version of your selected newsletter is posted at www.tpwd. from the cave at night in order to forage for food, sometimes over 100 meters from the state.tx.us/newsletters/. Your name cave entrance. When they return, they bring an energy source with them in the form and address will be removed from the printed of eggs, guano and also their carcasses when they die. This, in turn, serves as a food version mail distribution list. source for resident troglophiles and troglobites in the cave. Consequently, cave crickets can be considered a keystone species within this unique ecosystem. For all of these rea- FOR MORE INFORMATION sons, protection of the vegetative surface communities surrounding the cave entrance is All inquiries: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 4200 Smith School Rd., Austin, TX 78744, of vital importance. telephone (800) 792-1112 toll free, The conservation of karst terrain is important, or (512) 389-4800 or visit our Web site for particularly in light of another example found detailed information about TPWD programs: here in Central Texas: the Edwards Aquifer. www.tpwd.state.tx.us This underground water source is located on the eastern edge of the Edwards Plateau and provides water and rec- reation to close to 2 million people. [Continued on page 10]

© 2010 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department PWD BR W7000-255 (4/10) In accordance with Texas State Depository Law, this publication is available at the Texas State Publications Clearinghouse and/or Texas Depository Libraries.

TPWD receives federal assistance from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and other federal agencies. TPWD is therefore subject to Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, in addition to state anti-discrimination laws. TPWD will comply with state and federal laws prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, national origin, age, sex or disability. If you believe that you have been discriminated against in any TPWD program, activity or event, you may contact the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Federal Assistance, 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, Mail Stop: MBSP- 4020, Arlington, VA 22203, Attention: Civil Rights Coordinator for Public Access.

ADDRESS CHANGES: For address changes, or to be added or removed from our mailing list, please contact [email protected]. We look forward to provid- ing the information you need to understand, appreciate, manage and conserve the natural resources of Texas for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. Rhadine persephone

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Cert no. XXX-XXX-000 Cave Cricket 2 The Importance of Springs By Ryan McGillicuddy and Gary Garrett

s you travel west across Texas are often further restricted by physical and habitat alteration. By far the larg- (especially once you enter barriers within waterways, such as dams. est threats to these fish in Texas are the Edwards Plateau and For aquatic species adapted to spring habitat loss due to the over-pumping of Trans-PecosA ecoregions) surface water environments these constraints can be groundwater and the associated reduc- becomes much less abundant, making even more extreme. For example, some tions in spring flows, and hybridization springs a vital component of the land- fish that live in spring-fed waterways with other fish species. Unfortunately, scape for plants, animals and humans require clean, clear water with tempera- many unique species and their sur- alike. Standing out like oases, these tures that remain relatively constant. rounding habitats have been severely springs have influenced human settle- These conditions might only be found in impacted in the past century. ment patterns, land uses and routes specific areas within a given watershed, The San Marcos Springs are the of transportation since the first people preventing these fish from migrating to second-largest spring system in Texas and arrived in Texas several thousand years other areas of like habitat and mingling form the headwaters of the San Marcos ago. They are inextricably tied to the with other populations. Such habitat [Continued on page 5] culture and history of our state. Likewise, barriers can keep populations isolated, springs have had profound effects on leading to specialized adaptations and the development of biological communi- genetic variations, even in areas not ties, and are host to a diverse array of geographically distant from one another. Texas has been unique fish species. When a species is found exclusively in called a land of springs. By Fish in general are limited in their one area or a very specific range, it is options of where they can live. Unlike referred to as an endemic species. working together we can humans and many terrestrial species that Because the ranges of many spring- make sure that future gen- can move across the landscape in search dependent fish species are often very of suitable habitats, fish are constrained small and the available habitat limited, erations will know to where the water can take them, and they are very vulnerable to pollution it this way too. 3 Blind Monster By Andy Gluesenkamp

blind monster lives under the Blanco River in 1951. The Austin blind including legislation, public education City of San Marcos. It spends salamander (Eurycea waterlooensis) was and conservation incentives. Protect- its entire life wandering the described in 2000 and is known only ing groundwater is an enormous chal- water-filledA voids that comprise the San from Barton Springs in Austin. More lenge both in terms of the scale of the Marcos pool of the Edwards Aquifer. It recently, a fourth species was discovered endeavor and in terms of political appeal detects the presence of a hapless victim in wells and springs in New Braunfels. and public sentiment. However, these by chemical cues and minute vibrations All of these species are thought to organisms are perhaps the most striking and then stalks it with terrifying patience. inhabit aquifer habitat, and only rarely examples of the incredible biodiversity Once within range, the blind monster do hapless individuals emerge from found in Texas and are a treasure that, inhales its prey in one violent gulp. Like large springs emanating from aquifer hopefully, will be shared with future Moby Dick, this creature has no natural sources. All members of the subgenus generations. predators. Man is its only threat. Typhlomolge are blind and have shovel- The Texas blind salamander (Eury- shaped heads and long spindly legs. Andy Gluesenkamp is the herpetologist cea rathbuni) was formerly described They have greatly reduced pigmentation working with the Wildlife Diversity Pro- as Typhlomolge rathbuni (Typhlomolge which gives them a pearlescent appear- gram out of the Austin headquarters for means “blind monster”) in 1896. Over ance. Compared to related surface spe- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. a century later, it is one of the most cies found in some of the same springs, famous amphibians on earth. It was one they are giants. Members of this group of the first species placed on the Federal may be three times the size of surface Endangered Species list and, despite the congeners. This large size likely reflects DID YOU KNOW? fact that it has long fascinated scientists a release from strong selective pressures and the public alike, few people have associated with surface living. Threats to listed Karst ever seen one and little is known about All blind salamanders are totally Invertebrates: dependent on groundwater. Therefore its life history or population status. ◆ Urban development Other closely related species have reduction in the quality and quantity ◆ Filling in and the collapse been discovered living elsewhere along of water in the Edwards Aquifer poses the Balcones Fault Zone. The Blanco the greatest threat to their existence. of karst features blind salamander (Eurycea robusta) is Some of the greatest threats: heedless ◆ Alteration of surface known from a single specimen collected development and water mining are community in a hand-dug crevice in the bed of the best addressed though a suite of efforts ◆ Alteration of surface and subsurface drainage patterns ◆ Red-imported fire ants ◆ Contamination/dumping into karst features ◆ Vandalism

4 [The importance of springs, including fish found in the spring-fed a result, the native flora and fauna have continued from page 3] streams of Texas. flourished. This location now provides Many small species, such as the a natural habitat and contains the larg- River. Here the San Marcos gambusia gambusia and pupfish mentioned above, est known concentration of Comanche (Gambusia georgei), a small fish found serve to inform us about the overall Springs pupfish. TPWD is now construct- only in these headwaters, is threatened health and well-being of a specific ing a second ciénega at Balmorhea State by reduced spring flows and the intro- habitat or ecosystem. These are often Park to be completed in Spring 2010. duction of non-native species that may referred to as indicator species. If a species Another example of this collabora- prey on them, replace or destroy aquatic that is specifically adapted to a particular tive type of approach is the Edwards vegetation used as habitat, or compete location does not seem to be faring well, Aquifer Recovery Implementation with them for food. The last San Marcos it can offer us insight into the biological Program. The waters of the Edwards gambusia was collected in 1983 and condition of the watershed at large. Aquifer support numerous unique plant may already be extinct. Maintaining diversity is another and animal species threatened by the Two more species, the Comanche reason for protecting such species. All reduction of flows due to over-pumping Springs pupfish (Cyprinodon elegans) and organisms in an ecosystem are part of and drought. This voluntary, multi- the Pecos gambusia (Gambusia nobilis) a complex web of relationships, with stakeholder initiative has drawn together were extirpated (completely removed) species depending on one another for a diverse group of participants who are from Comanche Springs in 1955 when their survival. Small fishes may feed on currently developing a program that will the springs first went dry, a result of decomposing organic matter, algae and balance water use and the needs of fed- severe drought coupled with increased small invertebrates. They are themselves erally listed species. demand for groundwater to irrigate eaten by larger fish and reptiles, which in Involving individuals and local gov- agricultural fields in the area. Comanche turn are eaten by birds, small mammals ernments in conservation of species and Springs was one of the largest springs and game animals that likewise play their their habitats increases the likelihood of in Texas (more than 22 million gallons own integral role in the ecosystem. Main- achieving long-term benefits for natural per day), but now only flows occasion- taining a diverse array of species helps to resources as well as protection of these ally when there is no irrigation demand. ensure the health of the entire system, resources for the public. Texas has been People also suffer when their water while removing even small parts of the called a land of springs. By working sources vanish. Farmers who depended web may have a detrimental effect. together we can make sure that future on surface irrigation water from Coman- Ensuring that there is adequate generations will know it this way too. che Springs lost their livelihood when water for these species to survive also the springs went dry. Both fish species ensures that there will be water for Ryan is a conservation ecologist working still survive in the Balmorhea area in human uses. If water is over-pumped with the Inland Fisheries Division of Texas waters that emerge from San Solomon or poorly managed, spring flows may Parks and Wildlife Department in Austin. and other smaller springs, as well as in cease, effectively turning off the faucet Gary is Program Director of Watershed irrigation canals in the area; however, that supports the aquatic systems we Policy and Management working out of their existence remains tenuous due to rely on for irrigation, water supply and Mountain Home, Texas. diminishing spring flows. recreation. While in extreme circum- The Amistad gambusia (Gambusia stances federal regulators may mandate amistadensis), a species that was found that minimum spring flows be main- only in Goodenough Springs, was extir- tained for the survival of a threatened Comanche pated after the construction of Amistad or endangered species, this is always Springs Reservoir in 1968 submerged the area an undesirable outcome. Instead, it is pupfish under 70 feet of water. Goodenough better for all water users if a proactive Springs were the third-largest in Texas approach can be taken to ensure there prior to their inundation. Refuge popula- is enough water to support human uses tions of the Amistad gambusia suffered and our natural heritage alike. from hybridization and the species was Texas Parks and Wildlife Depart- declared extinct in 1987. ment has worked to restore many of The loss or imperilment of such these habitats and resolve non-game species forces us to ask a number of species problems through coopera- questions. For many people the first one tive programs with local governments that comes to mind is, “Why should I and especially private landowners. care?” This is a very natural question This has been exemplified by the to ask, especially when the value of a creation of a “natural” ciénega species may not be immediately appar- (desert wetland) for Comanche ent, perhaps because it is small or not Springs pupfish and the Pecos exploited for commerce or recreation. gambusia at Balmorhea State However, there are numerous reasons Park within the boundaries of to preserve and protect such species, the original, natural ciénega. As Pecos gambusia 5 On Land Management and Texas Springs

By Chad Norris

prings are recognized as valuable habitat cannot be overstated. Because Guadalupe, Blanco, Medina, Frio, Sabi- ecological, natural and cultural springs are often the only perennial nal and Nueces are formed by springs resources. They are an important source of surface water, especially in that drain the Edwards Plateau of South naturalS feature that played a major role arid regions, maintaining springflows is Central Texas. The karst terrain of this in the lives of early inhabitants and set- an important component of conserving region promotes groundwater-surface tlers, determining the location of trails, these vital habitats. water interactions and is ideal for spring providing power for mills and supplying While recognizing that springflows development. Nowhere in the state are water for domestic, municipal, agricul- had declined considerably, Gunnar springs more important for sustaining tural and recreational uses. The unique Brune (1981) estimated the total flow aquatic habitats than in the Edwards Pla- aquatic and wetland habitats formed by of Texas’ springs to be in excess of teau Ecoregion. This ecoregion has the springs represent the interface between 4,132 cubic feet per second, or almost highest degree of endemism for animal hypogean (subterranean) and epigean three million acre-feet per year (AFY). and plant species in the state and also (surface water) habitats. These habitats This volume of water equals about has the highest concentration of springs. are recognized for their unique biota 33 percent of the estimated nine million Of the springs identified in the state, the that often includes rare, endemic and AFY of total surface water available for majority (about 40 percent), including relict species. The presence of such spe- use in 2010 and constitutes a significant the 15 largest springs, issue from the cies is often owed to the hydrologic sta- contribution to the surface water sup- Edwards and associated limestones that bility displayed by many springs in terms plies of the state. Because surface water underlie the Edwards Plateau Ecoregion. of the quantity and quality of water availability analysis in Texas is gener- While large (10–100 cfs average dis- discharged over time. Because of their ally based on historical streamflows, charge) to very large springs (>100 cfs relative stability (as compared to streams reductions in springflows may reduce average discharge), such as Comal, San and reservoirs), springs are also impor- actual streamflows to levels below that Marcos, Barton and San Felipe springs, tant in keeping some of Texas’ aquatic predicted. During extended drought likely account for a large proportion and aquatic-dependent species common conditions, this could have a significant of the total flow of Texas’ springs, the by providing baseflows to rivers and impact on the availability of surface importance of individual smaller springs streams and serving as isolated refuges water for municipal, industrial, agricul- cannot be overstated. Based on analysis during environmental extremes. Springs tural and other uses. of available discharge measurements, a also often maintain downstream aquatic majority (>80 percent) of Texas’ springs and riparian habitats, enhance and/or are very small (0.001 to 0.01 cfs) to sustain surface water supplies, among Texas Springs moderately large (1 to 10 cfs) in size. other benefits. Texas springs are distributed in clusters While the extent of habitat they support Many aquatic species are adapted from the eastern portion of the Pan- at the spring orifice may appear small, to and have specific requirements handle, the southwestern portion of the the cumulative flow from these small related to natural flow regimes. Springs Big Bend region, in a band that follows to moderately large springs often com- are an important component of the the Carrizo-Wilcox Aquifer from South poses a significant portion of stream- natural flow regime in many river basins Central Texas northeasterly towards flows, especially during drought. because they provide important base- Texarkana, with the highest concentra- Similarly, the biological importance flows and in some cases contribute to tion of springs occurring throughout the of a particular spring is not determined freshwater inflows to bays and estuaries. Edwards Plateau. In general, the density by the volume of flow produced but Baseflows sustain aquatic and aquatic- of springs appears greatest in headwater appears to be more affected by the per- dependent ecosystems during periods regions and is remarkably low in the sistence of flow. Many rare and endemic of drought, including instream, riparian lower reaches of large river basins. This Texas species are found in spring and wetland habitats. The role of wet- may be due to physiographic differences habitats that display relatively low flows land and riparian habitats in maintaining between headwaters and lower reaches (0.01 to 1.0 cfs) and support limited healthy aquatic ecosystems by filtering of river systems, but may also be the habitat. In many cases, such as envi- sediments and pollutants from water, result of an incomplete dataset. ronmental assessments associated with attenuating floodwaters, controlling ero- The headwaters of many Texas water planning and development, sion, and providing high quality wildlife rivers, including the Colorado, Llano, [Continued on page 8] 6 7 [On land management and Texas springs, The utilization of groundwater inputs (i.e., leaves, woody debris, etc.) continued from page 6] resources results in increased capture to spring habitats. Livestock grazing at of local recharge and/or withdrawal of springs and on streambanks often results these springs are thought of as insignifi- groundwater from storage. Groundwater in trampling of riparian habitats, which cant. Smaller springs may be relatively withdrawals associated with agricultural destabilizes banks and increases erosion. insignificant in terms of water volume and municipal uses have impacted many Sedimentation from erosion can impact produced, but the habitats they sustain of our states’ largest springs (i.e., San spring habitats by burying the spring ori- harbor a disproportionately high number Antonio, Comanche and Phantom Lake fice and reducing both the quantity and of rare and endemic species, and the springs among others). Such large springs quality of springflows. cumulative effect of their flow is key to are generally recharged by water that One land management practice that perennial streams in the Texas Hill has infiltrated at various locations, some- has gained much attention over the years Country, making them a high conserva- times originating great distances from is the removal of woody plants (primarily tion priority. the spring source. Such extensive under- Ashe juniper, which is commonly referred ground flow systems typically produce to as cedar in Texas) or shrubs that have high volume, persistent springs, which encroached on historical rangelands. is why many have been tapped into as a As mentioned previously, the loss and municipal or agricultural water source. decline of Texas springs over the last In most cases, smaller springs century has been well-documented. Dur- found throughout the Edwards ing this period, groundwater pumping Plateau have localized recharge greatly increased and woody plant cover and flow zones, often limited has increased significantly. While intense to the area immediately groundwater pumping has been proven upslope of the spring. For to be the cause of reduced springflows these springs, land man- at particular springs (e.g., Comanche agement practices in and San Antonio springs), the effects of recharge zones play an woody plant encroachment on spring- important role in main- flows is less clear. taining the quantity and There are numerous accounts of quality of water pro- rejuvenation of Texas springs after duced by the springs. woody plant cover was reduced. Per- Development and/ haps the most publicized example of or degradation within this is the Bamberger Ranch in Blanco recharge zones and County where springs were seemingly zones that contribute to rejuvenated after reducing grazing, recharge, in many cases, clearing Ashe juniper and establishing effectively reduces recharge native grasses. While similar stories have to the aquifer by increas- been reported throughout the Texas Hill ing impervious cover and/or Country, evidence to support claims that promoting surface runoff. As a springflow increases resulted from Ashe result, the quantity and quality of juniper removal are mainly anecdotal. water that infiltrates into the aquifer as Studies investigating the connection recharge is decreased. As Texas contin- between woody plant cover removal and ues to grow, proper land management springflows in Texas have had somewhat practices in recharge and contributing differing results. Perhaps the first study Threats to Texas zones will become increasingly impor- that reported an increase in springflow tant for maintaining the quantity and following Ashe juniper removal was Springs quality of springflows. performed on an eight-acre watershed As Texas’ population grows, demands Land management practices such as catchment in the Seco Creek watershed. on land and groundwater resources also grazing, farming and brush clearing can The author reported that springflow increase. Because the loss and decline affect springs. For example, overgrazed increased from 11.8 liters/minute (l/min) of Texas springs has been well docu- rangelands promote soil compaction to 14.3 l/min following Ashe juniper mented, many are concerned about that can effectively reduce recharge to removal. This study is commonly cited potential impacts to springs. Primary aquifers by impeding the downward as proof that Ashe juniper removal leads threats to spring habitats and their asso- movement of water and increasing sur- to increased water yield. However, the ciated biota include groundwater pump- face runoff. Plowing and clear-cutting report does not describe the methodolo- ing, development within recharge zones, on steep hillsides can cause severe ero- gies, calculations and assumptions used and poor land management practices, sion that results in sedimentation and in the study. Because there are many among others. reduces stream shading and organic [Continued on page 9] 8 [On land management and Texas springs, removing approximately 60 percent of fer as the grasses’ extensive root systems continued from page 8] the Ashe juniper in the catchment aid in filtering the infiltrated water. resulted in increased streamflow of One thing is clear, for the state of factors that affect springflows, including approximately 46 mm/year, or 5 percent Texas to be successful in conserving the antecedent rainfall and groundwater lev- of annual precipitation, but only for non- vital spring resources associated with the els as well as vegetation that establishes summer precipitation events. It is unclear Edwards Plateau, we will need the assis- in place of Ashe juniper, the results of the if such increases in streamflow persist tance of private landowners whose prop- study should be viewed as inconclusive. following treatment, how variable results erties provide much of the recharge that Subsequent studies on the effect are with climate and location, or if these sustains our state’s springs. Many private of Ashe juniper removal on springflows results are applicable on a larger scale. landowners have implemented land have had varied, but insightful results. A While the ultimate success of management strategies, such as woody study in the western Edwards Plateau of removing Ashe juniper and other plant removal, the reestablishment of Central Texas, where springs were not woody plants as a means of increasing native prairies and maintenance of those originally present, found that streamflows streamflow is unclear, there are other prairies through prescribed burns and/ did not increase following the removal of benefits to removing Ashe juniper in or rotational grazing, and riparian res- Ashe juniper. The authors hypothesized the proper proportion (approximately toration, that ultimately provide water that woody plant removal would aug- 60 percent removal). Many of the areas quality and quantity benefits to us all. ment streamflow only if springs are or now dominated by Ashe juniper were Additionally, many landowners are plac- have been present naturally. In other historic grasslands maintained by buf- ing conservation easements on their words, removing woody plant cover falo migrations and fire. As buffalo were properties to ensure their properties are does not “create” springs. The neces- eradicated and fire has been suppressed, conserved for future generations, which sary plumbing (i.e., aquifer and associ- cedar has encroached on much of our again ultimately benefits us all in terms ated flow system) needs to be in place native prairies in the Edwards Plateau. of the quality and quantity of water in order for precipitation to be received, Removing Ashe juniper provides the per- recharging aquifers and running off into stored and transmitted to springs. fect opportunity for reestablishing native creeks, streams and rivers. More recent research by Texas A&M prairie grasses to their historic range. studied runoff generation for a site on This restores the native habitat, but also Chad Norris is a Natural Resource the Edwards Plateau following the works to improve the quality of water Specialist with Coastal Fisheries working removal of woody plant cover for a first- that recharges into the underlying aqui- out of Austin. order rangeland catchment supplied with intermittent streamflow from a References spring at its base. After monitoring streamflow for four years (two before Brune, Gunnar. 1975. Major and Historical Springs of Texas. Texas Water woody plant removal and two following Development Board Report No, 189. Austin, Texas. Available online: removal), the authors reported, among http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/publications/reports/GroundWaterReports/ other results related to runoff/precipita- GWReports/GWReports/Individual%20Report%20htm%20files/ tion ratios, that streamflow increased fol- Report%20189.htm lowing the removal of Ashe juniper, Brune, Gunnar. 1981. Springs of Texas. Texas A&M Press. College Station, except during summer months. More Texas. precisely, the authors reported that

Introducing our new Wildlife Division Director

Clayton Wolf is not a “new face” around the Wildlife Division—he cut his teeth as a wildlife biologist working with private landowners in East Texas, a region of the state that is highly fragmented and at a time when wildlife management was in its infancy. He has served in a variety of roles including Pineywoods district leader, white-tailed deer program leader and big game program leader. Wolf brings with him a strong understanding of the important role the private landowner plays in wildlife management today. Interviewed for the TPWD internal newsletter, Wolf said, “I don’t see changes in those things we do best, working with landowners to manage their land best for wildlife.” 9 [The Back Porch, continued from back page] 177 gal/day?) Minimizing the use of pesticides and yard chemi- cals helps keep them out of caves, aquifers and your drinking and rarely-seen places that tantalize one’s sense of adventure water. Seemingly insignificant actions can have significant and aesthetics. There are thousands of caves in Texas including effects when many people are involved. monsters with miles and miles of passage (the longest, Honey Creek Cave, is over 20 miles in length), caves that are hundreds Andy Gluesenkamp is the herpetologist working with the Wildlife of feet deep (the deepest, Sorcerer’s Cave, is over 500 feet Diversity Program out of the Austin headquarters for Texas Parks deep), and some that are resplendent with baroque decora- and Wildlife Department. tions of calcite that rival the most ornate cathedrals in Europe (check out Caverns of Sonora sometime). Where else in Texas but underground can you explore places that no human has Readers interested in learning more about karst, caves, ever seen? Most caves in Texas are not long, deep or grand, yet and aquifer issues in Texas may benefit from visiting dedicated individuals discover, explore and document them. the following Web sites: Cavers discover thousands of feet of new passage in Texas caves each year. As a result, the Texas Speleological Survey maintains a Texas Speleological Survey: database containing nearly 10,000 caves, sinkholes and springs. http://www.txspeleologicalsurvey.org There are many ways that we can protect karst, caves and aquifers. Reducing the scale of development on contribut- Edwards Aquifer Authority: ing zones and recharge zones helps ensure that pollution and http://www.edwardsaquifer.org direct impacts are minimized. Water conservation is an obvious way to reduce urban demands on finite aquifer sources. (Did National Speleological Society: you know that per capita water use in San Antonio is over http://www.caves.org 140 gallons per day and that it is even higher in Austin,

[Hidden treasures of the Texas Hill Country, as well. Efforts are ongoing to monitor Cave Management Association (TCMA) continued from page 2] and protect these fragile habitats and are also doing their part to conserve and the rare species that occur within them. educate the public on everything karst The interrelationship between karst ter- For example, biologists from the City of here in Texas. TSS serves as a storehouse rain and groundwater is not difficult to Austin’s Wildland Conservation Division of data on Texas karst for educational, grasp. As surface water travels through and from Travis County’s Transportation scientific and conservation purposes, karst features such as cave openings, and Natural Resources Division conduct while TCMA works with members and fractures and sinkholes, it carries with it seasonal biomonitoring inside caves partners to acquire and manage caves any contaminants it may have picked up known to contain endangered karst and karst for protection. along the way, such as herbicides, pes- invertebrates. Through their efforts, a ticides and urban runoff. These features better understanding of the population Kathleen O’Connor is a consultant with have little or no filtration system for dynamics and habitat requirements of Zara Environmental LLC out of Austin. traveling water, and over the aquifer’s these species may be gained. recharge zone, they serve as direct con- Organizations like the Texas Spe- duits to this underground water supply. leological Survey (TSS) and the Texas This makes for tremendous pollution potential. The Edwards Aquifer and its artesian springs are also home to at least For more information on karst biology 50 unique aquatic species, including and conservation in Texas, visit the cave-adapted crustaceans, salamanders following Web sites: and two species of catfish. Like their ter- Texas Cave Critters: restrial counterparts, these are species http://www.texasento.net/cave.htm found nowhere else in the world. Pro- tecting these species and the karst habi- City of Austin: tats upon which they depend ultimately http://www.ci.austin.tx.us/water/wildland/karstinvertebrates.htm benefits us as well as them. Currently, there are 16 karst inver- The Edwards Aquifer Website: http://www.edwardsaquifer.net/index.html tebrates from both the San Antonio and Austin regions that have been listed as Texas Speleological Survey: endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife http://www.utexas.edu/tmm/sponsored_sites/tss/ Service. Fourteen more species associ- ated with the Edwards Aquifer have Texas Cave Management Association: been listed as endangered or threatened http://www.tcmacaves.org/index.html

10 Simple things you can do on your Do you enjoy watching Habitips land to enhance wildlife value. hummingbirds in your April Begin fire ant control as daytime temperatures reach back yard? Monitor grazing program to 85 degrees Would you like to learn more about these provide nesting cover and wonderful birds while helping our biologists plant diversity June Continue controlling feral learn more about their activities in Texas? hogs through hunting or Monitor grazing program to Why not join the Hummingbird Roundup? trapping provide nesting cover and Clean and store prescribed plant diversity To join the Hummingbird Roundup, please burn equipment Continue to control feral hogs send a $6 donation with your name, address, city, county, zip, and e-mail address to: Develop a checklist of birds through hunting or trapping Hummingbird Roundup Leave some unharvested you see in various habitats Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Clean your hummingbird winter crops next to edges 4200 Smith School Road feeders every three to four of field Austin, TX 78744 days Before mowing, walk through Continue to trap brown- hay meadows in order to headed cowbirds reduce wildlife mortality, and Hummingbird Wheel consider leaving unmowed Protection of roost sites is This 10” full-color identification wheel essential in areas with limited strips is a helpful reference to keep nearby numbers of large roost trees Do not mow wildflowers until when you watch the hummingbirds. March, April and May are prime the seedpods have matured. Sixteen hummingbird species are wildflower blooming time Mowing at the proper time featured, all of which have been will ensure reseeding for a documented in Texas! For each May good crop for following years bird, the wheel tells you its range in Make sure summer wildlife North America, habitat type, and distinguishing features of both males Leave some unharvested water sources are operable and females. winter crops next to edges Clean your hummingbird of field feeders every three to four Send $11.95 (shipping and handling included) Monitor grazing program to days to Texas Hummingbird Roundup, 4200 Smith School provide nesting cover and Road, Austin, Texas 78744. plant diversity July Prepare ground and plant summer food plots Monitor/fluctuate water levels Clean your hummingbird in wetland areas feeders every three to four Monitor grazing program to days provide nesting cover and Monitor wildlife food plots. plant diversity High-protein foods in May Continue to control feral hogs and June are critical to good through hunting or trapping Get Involved antler growth Provide supplemental water Texas plant and animal diversity is in decline and Continue controlling feral for wildlife as necessary Texans want to help. Now, Texas Parks and Wildlife hogs through hunting or Complete wetland dike repairs Department, along with other partners, offers Texans trapping as needed the opportunity to do just that and you don’t have to Defer grazing in some pastures Cowbird trapping season ends be a scientist to participate. Through TNT projects, May 31. Report all trapping to ensure adequate nesting Texans learn how to gather data about various species data to TPWD cover for ground-nesting birds found on public lands or on their own property. This After dispersal of wintering next spring data is sent to biologists who use the information to flocks, juniper and mid-story Start planning for fall youth give us a better understanding about the trends and hardwoods should be thinned hunts to assist in reaching management needs of various species in the state. adjacent to roost sites when wildlife management popula- they become too dense to tion goals The aim of Texas Nature Trackers is to ensure that provide for open space from Clean your hummingbird native Texas species will be here for future generations the ground to tree branches feeders every three to four to know and enjoy. To find out more about Texas where turkeys roost days Nature Trackers, visit: www.tpwd.state.tx.us/tracker/ 11 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department PRSRT STD Wildlife Diversity Program U.S. POSTAGE PAID 4200 Smith School Road AUSTIN, TEXAS Austin, Texas 78744 PERMIT NO. 2270

The Back Porch Deep in the Heart of Texas

By Andy Gluesenkamp

tep outside and pick up a rock. The Edwards Aquifer in Central Texas is biology in Texas and the relentless pres- The rock in your hand is most home to more species than any other sure of urbanization, new species are Slikely composed of limestone that aquifer in North America and is the being discovered all the time. During was formed when a shallow sea covered second-most diverse aquifer on Earth. the past decade alone, several species much of what is now Texas. Limestone is Conservation of this amazing biodiver- of arachnids, insects and salamanders typical of most karst landscapes, which sity becomes a significant issue when have been discovered within the city account for about 20 percent of Texas. A one considers that San Antonio is the limits of some of the region’s largest karstic landscape is defined as having largest city on the planet that is entirely cities. The thought of undiscovered spe- been formed by dissolution of bedrock dependent on aquifer water. cies so close to home certainly played and is generally characterized by sink- Biodiversity in Texas karst is not a role in my evolution as a karst biolo- holes, caves and springs created by the limited just to aquatic organisms. gist. No longer do I have to deal with movement of water underground. Texas has the highest diversity of cave- planning (and paying for) trips to far-off Depending on where you live in Texas, adapted spiders and beetles in North exotic locales to look for new species. I the water you drink and the rivers you America, and many of these species are can (and have) simply visit the sinkhole enjoy may come from a karst aquifer. known from only a handful of caves. down the street from my house to find In addition to humans, many other In fact, over 80 percent of federally- bizarre organisms not previously known organisms depend on karst aquifers for endangered arachnids and the major- to science. their survival. Dozens of species includ- ity of listed beetles in North America In addition to biological treasures, ing crustaceans, fish and salamanders are known only from caves in Central Texas karst contains geologic wonders are only found in Texas karst aquifers. Texas. Despite the long history of cave [Continued on page 10]