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THE NEW PACIFIC REVIEW LA NOUVELLE REVUE DU PACIFIQUE THE NEW PACIFIC REVIEW LA NOUVELLE REVUE DU PACIFIQUE NEW CALEDONIA AND MELANESIAN UNITY Proceedings of the international symposium on the occasion of the inauguration of the House of Melanesia Noumea, 4-5 September 2008 Actes du colloque international a I' occasion de l'inauguration de la Maison de la Melanesie Noumea, 4-5 septembre 2008 The PacificCentre ANU College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Volume 4, No. 2 Canberra-N oumea 2009 Editorial Board Jean-Yves Faberon, University ofNew Caledonia, Noumea Stewart Firth, RSPAS, Australian National University, Canberra Armand Hage, University of New Caledonia, Noumea Louise Peltzer, University of French Polynesia, Papeete Serge Tcherkezoff, EHESS and CREDO, Marseille Darrell Tryon, RSPAS, Australian National University, Canberra Volume Editors Jean-Yves Faberon, Noumea Armand Hage, Noumea Darrell Tryon, Canberra Translations: Armand Hage Copy-editing: Ewan Johnston Production: The Pacific Centre College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University [email protected] Printer: University Printing Service, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Cover: Julie Manley ISSN: 1445-4947 In memory of Paul De Deckker ( 1950-2009) Anthropologist and Historian President of the University of New Caledonia (2000-2005) Founder of the House of Melanesia/Maison de la Melanesie and Gregory Lawrence Urwin (1946-2008) Australian diplomat Pacific Forum Secretary General (2004-2008) Acknowledgements The House of Melanesia wishes to extend its warm thanks to the following people and entities fortheir precious help so the conference could be held in the best conditions: Secretariat d'Etat a l'Outre-Mer Ponds Pacifique Haut-commissariat de la Republique in New Caledonia The Government of New Caledonia Agence Universitaire pour la Francophonie The University of New Caledonia Institut pour la Recherche et le Developpement, Noumea Goro Nickel Societe Le Nickel The French Embassy in Australia The Pacific Community Institut de Droit d'Outre-Mer, Universite Paul Cezanne, Aix-Marseille III The University of the South Pacific Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom Table of Contents Preface Vll Darrell Tryon 1. Opening Address 1 Yves Dassonville 2. New Caledonia is not an uncertain place 3 Jean-Yves Faberon 3. PrefatoryRemarks 5 Paul De Deckker 4. Statement fromthe Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea 9 Rt Hon GrandChie f Sir Michael Somare 5. Melanesia - an important region forAustralia 11 Anita Butler and Stephan Bohnen What is Melanesia? I. Melanesia, the lands and the peoples 6. Lands and seas: the Melanesian world, a geographical approach 21 Christian Huetz de Lemps 7. Political sociology: of men and cultures 31 Ian Campbell 8. Economy and the environment: which sustainable development forMelanesia? 39 Paul Neaoutyine II. Melanesia, law and union 9. Melanesia, law and union: customs 45 Laurent Chassot 10. Democratic intervention, Biketawa and the 2006 Fiji military coup 55 Richard Herr 11. The incorporation of human rights by Melanesian states 69 Daniel Dormoy and Laurent Tesoka 12. Discussion: is Melanesia homogeneous enough to contemplate a unity plan? 77 New Caledonia, a Melanesian land I. The Past 13. The works of Jean-Marie Tj ibaou, a Kanak permanent reformulation 85 Hamid Mo kaddem II. The Present 14. Kanak identity in law 93 Jean-Yves Faberon v The New Pacific Review 15. Kanak identity in fact, or what it means to be a Kanak now 107 Elie Poigoune III. The Future 16. Discussion: what is the future ofNew Caledonia's Melanesian identity? 111 An integrated Melanesia without New Caledonia I. The Past 17. External influences on Melanesia 117 Stewart Firth 18. Asserting internal dynamics: the Melanesian Spearhead Group 127 Nathalie Mrgudovic II. The Present: the emergence and development of regional organizations in Melanesia 19. The Diversity of regional organizations: a general overview 141 Paul De Deckker 20. Statement by the Director-General, Secretariat of the Pacific Community 153 Jimmie Rodgers III. The Future 21. Discussion: the strengths and weaknesses in being part of the Melanesian community 159 New Caledonia and Melanesian unity I. The Past: New Caledonia and non-French Melanesians 22. New Caledonia and non-French Melanesians: the Melanesian standpoint 165 Jean-Pierre Nirua II. The Present: New Caledonia applying to be part of a united Melanesia 23. New Caledonia's regional cooperation: what is at stake and what are the prospects? 171 Laurent Semavoine 24. European Union law resources forMelanesian unity 185 Jacques Ziller III. The Future 25. Discussion: what role can New Caledonia play in Melanesian unity? 199 Vi Preface This volume of the New Pacific Review/Nouvelle Revue du Pacifique (Vol.4 No.2) is an edited English-language version of the proceedings of an international symposium on New Caledonia held at the Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) in Noumea, on 4-5 September 2008. The original text, titled La No uvelle-Caledonie pour /'integration melanesienne , appeared as Volume 4, Number 1 of the New Pacific Review/ No uvelle Revue du Pacifique (Paris: L 'Harmattan, December 2008). The symposium was organized and facilitated by Paul de Deckker, Jean-Yves Faberon and Armand Hage to mark the foundation and launch of The House of Melanesia/La Maison de la Melanesie in Noumea. The mission of the House of Melanesia is to promote research in the social sciences and the humanities across Papua New Guinea and Island Melanesia (Solomons, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and Fiji) and to foster understanding and unity among the peoples and states of the South Pacific. It is indeed fortunate that the launch of the House of Melanesia/Maison de la Melanesie and the symposium on New Caledonia and Melanesian unity took place when it did. For many people did not realize that the chief instigator and co-director of the House of Melanesia, ProfessorPaul de Deckker, was gravely ill. He survived long enough to see the publication of La No uvelle-Caledonie pour /'integration melanesienne, but suffered a tragic and untimely death in Paris on 7 July 2009. This volume: New Caledonia and Me lanesian Un ity, which appears as Vol.4 No.2 of the New PacificReview/La No uvelle Revue du Pacifique is dedicated to his memory. New Caledonia and Me lanesian Un ity is a focused collection of contributions by leading French Pacific, Pacific Islander and Australian scholars, covering a large number of disciplines, all concerned with the position and role of New Caledonia as a Melanesian country, both internallyand as an island state in the Southwest Pacific, along with Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Fiji. The publication of an edited English language version of La No uvelle-Caledonie pour /'integration melanesienne brings current French research within the purview of Anglophone readers, in the spirit of the Assises de la Recherche Frarn;aise dans le Pacifique, which took place in 2004. Darrell Tryon Research School of Pacificand Asian Studies Australian National University vii 1 . Opening Add ress Yves Dassonville 1 Madam Vice President of the Government of New Caledonia, Mr President of the University, Honourable Members of the Government, Honourable Senator, Professors, Mr President of IRD, I can only acclaim this conference on the topic of New Caledonia's incorporation within Melanesia, for the Melanesian issue and the issue ofKanak identity have made up a major part of the French Government's policy for the last 20 years here in New Caledonia, both in domestic matters and external relations. Regarding domestic matters, I would like to remind you that the French Government, one of the signatories and partners in the Noumea Agreement, has given a paramount place to the notion of Kanak identity in the laws stemming from the Noumea Agreement, and this was restated, not long ago, here in New Caledonia, by Mr Christnacht: Kanak legitimacy is fully acknowledged, both in law and in fact. Identity is a complex notion analysed by historians, anthropologists, sociologists and psychologists. Its roots reach back into the past, but it is built in everyday life, and that is where the Government's responsibility lies. In this area, the Government has initiated many things: first, as part of the Matignon-Oudinot Agreements, it set up the Agency for Kanak culture development; later, it built the Tj ibaou Cultural Centre, dedicated on 4-5 May 1998. The Centre turned 10 not long ago. All this made up the early groundwork in the assertion of Kanak culture. The Centre is also a place of contemporary art creation, of encounters and exchange with the other Oceanian cultures. In 2008 the State contributed 2.6 million euros towards this budget. The Noumea Agreement, and the March 1999 Organic Law that implements it, also created the Customary Senate, which determines its own assignments. The Senate is made up of 16 members representing the eight customary areas. It has decision-making and consultative powers regarding issues dealing with emblematic markers and customary matters. I have recently convened this Senate, as the law empowers me to do, and I referred two issues to it - one is about development of customary lands and the other about the integration of Melanesian youths into modem society. The agency forrural development and land planning, ADRAF, is another instrument that has been set up since 1978. You know that the land problem is still a maj or concern in economic and social development. It also raises the sensitive issue resulting from the fact that people who are subj ect to ordinary French law and people who are subj ect to customary law live on the same territory. These are a few examples of how the French Government has been supporting identity-building and the recognition of and respect fora Kanak identity in New Caledonia. 1 Haut-commissaire de la Republique (Representative of the French State) The New Pacific Review Regarding external relations, the State stepped in as well to promote New Caledonia's incorporation into its region, and as part of this policy, the State has been particularly keen on exchanges designed to make Kanak culture better known.
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