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Promoting Partnerships for Crime Prevention Between State and Private Security Providers in Southern Africa

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Promoting Partnerships for Crime Prevention Between State and Private Security Providers in Southern Africa PROMOTING PARTNERSHIPS FOR CRIME PREVENTION BETWEEN STATE AND PRIVATE SECURITY PROVIDERS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA –Edited by Sabelo Gumedze © Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority June 2015 Published by: The Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority Private Bag x817, Pretoria, South Africa, 0001 Reproduction is permitted, provided the source and publisher are appropriately acknowledged. This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority or the International Development Research Centre. All rights reserved. Promoting Partnerships for Crime Prevention between State and Private Security Providers in Southern Africa Edited by Sabelo Gumedze Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority CONTENTS Foreword ........................................................................................2 List of Contributors ..........................................................................4 Acknowledgements ..........................................................................8 Acronyms .......................................................................................9 Executive Summary .........................................................................12 Introduction ....................................................................................14 Sabelo Gumedze Literature Review ..........................................................................28 Margaret Gichanga Botswana .......................................................................................45 Mpho Molomo and Zibani Maundeni Namibia .........................................................................................95 John Nakutta, Nicole Duminy and Brian Simamuna South Africa ....................................................................................147 Margaret Gichanga Swaziland .......................................................................................211 Hamilton Simelane and Wonderboy Maziya Summary .......................................................................................262 Sabelo Gumedze 1 FOREWORD The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) is proud to have provided a grant to the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PSIRA) for the purposes of undertaking a research project titled: Promoting Crime Prevention Partnerships Between State and Private Security Providers in Southern Africa. The overall objective of the research was to explore crime prevention partnerships between the state and the private security sector in selected Southern African countries. This has successfully been achieved. Being the first research undertaken by PSIRA and funded by the IDRC, the work that has gone into this type of research is commendable. The IDRC grant was provided to PSIRA under the auspices of the Governance Security and Justice (GSJ) Programme, which supports the creation of policy-relevant knowledge that is aimed at addressing, inter alia, the challenge of insecurity, which hinders economic, social and political development. It is not disputed that the research findings will influence policy-processes aimed at improving crime prevention initiatives in these countries, namely: Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland and South Africa. This monograph will be helpful in the establishment and strengthening of crime prevention partnerships between the state and the private security sector. This will in turn contribute to the reduction of crime levels in these countries. A comparative study such as this has no doubt led to fresh, exciting insights and a deeper understanding of the approaches adopted by these countries in addressing crime. The study has also led to the identification of gaps in knowledge and pointed to possible directions that could be followed by states in the establishment and stregthening of crime prevention partnerships. Having undertaken the field research, it is plausible that the contributors have succeded in identifying and illuminating similarities and differences. This is important in informing possible policy options to be undertaken by a state, based on its needs and context. Each contribution to the monograph was peer reviewed by an independent content specialist, Prof. Laurence Juma and language editor, Mr Khomotso Bopape prior to publication. Ms Mindy Standford facilitated a writers workshop to enable the contributors to this monograph to minimise the language editorial work. The monograph was ably edited by Dr Sabelo Gumedze, who has become an African expert in the field of private security. Dr Julie Berg reviewed the literature and provided an extensive critique which informed its betterment. With regard to all the country reports, Mr John Kole, Dr Petros Magagula, Dr Edgar Bwalya, and Dr Lesley Blaauw provided extensive comments on the research questions addressed, the theoretical foundations, the methodologies, the analyses and results presented, and the implications thereof. I am very honoured that from the conception phase 2 to the final phase of this project, I have been fully involved and met all the role players who have made this project a success. Despite insurmountable odds, the Director of PSIRA, Mr Sam Chauke, made this project possible. His role was not only for the betterment of PSIRA, but also for the Southern African states, which have been subjects of the research. In paying heed to the recommendations in this monograph, there is no doubt that states, particulaly in the Southern African region, will come closer to solving the ever-escalating crime pandemic. This monograph, which connects theory to practice, is a must read for all: politicians, policymakers, security practitioners, scholars and students. As the first research publication by PSIRA, there is just so much to be gained by reading this well-researched monograph. It is hoped that this publication will prove useful and stimulating to its readers. Ms Njeri Karuru Senior Programme Specialist, International Development Research Centre 30 March 2015 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Dr Sabelo Gumedze is the Head/Senior Researcher of the Research and Development Unit at the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority based in Pretoria, South Africa. Dr Gumedze holds a Doctor of Social Science (International Law) from Åbo Akademi University, Finland. He is a former Senior Researcher of the Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding Division at the Institute for Security Studies in Pretoria, South Africa. Dr Gumedze has over 10 years experience in research with a background in legal scholarship and practice, policy development, international law, human rights, and human security research, analysis, training, teaching, supervising, project management and implementation. He has worked as a consultant/partner/advisor with the United Nations, African Union, think tanks, NGOs, and universities in Africa, Europe and North America. For the past seven years, he was involved in researching on the role of private security in Africa. He was responsible for managing an IDRC-funded project on Promoting Crime Prevention Partnerships Between State and Private Security Sector in Southern Africa. He is the author of over 25 publications. Prof. Hamilton Sipho Simelane is a full Professor of History and Head of Department at the University of Zululand. He holds a PhD from the University of Toronto in Canada. He specialises in African and Latin American economic history with a keen interest in African economic development issues, especially the role of the state and institutions in economic growth/ development. His other academic interest is non-state security issues in Southern Africa, particularly as they relate to economic security and development. He commands wide academic and research experience spanning over several years in Swaziland and South Africa culminating in the publication of several articles in both regional and international journals. He combines academic experience with consultancy experience which he gained when he was the director of a consultancy unit at the University of Swaziland between 2002 and 2006. Presently he is engaged in research on the reconceptualisation of rural development in KwaZulu-Natal where he is the lead researcher for the Ingonyama Rural Development Forum (IRDF). He is also engaged in issues of gender and climate change, and is presently the chairman of the Africa Working Group on Gender and Climate Change. He is passionate about inter-disciplinary research in the social sciences. 4 Mr Wonderboy Sikelela Maziya works at the Central Bank of Swaziland as a Security Manager. Before joining the Bank he had worked in the police service for 10 years. During his tenure as Security Manager he made a proposal to Swaziland Standards Authority (SWASA), a standard setting board to consider establishing some standards for the security industry in the country. He was then appointed to head the technical committee, which made valuable input towards the promulgation of the first of its kind SZNS 024:2012 Swaziland National Standard Private Security Services Requirements. Mr Maziya holds a Master of Business Leadership (MBL) degree from the University of South Africa Graduate School for Business Leadership (UNISASBL), Bachelor of Laws and Bachelor of Arts in Law degrees from the University of Swaziland, and has attended many security related short courses and workshops. He completed
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