Hellige Kilder I Storbritannia

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Hellige Kilder I Storbritannia Hellige kilder i Storbritannia Historie og kult Mariann Hammer Nebdal Masteroppgave i religionshistorie Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk 60 studiepoeng UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Våren 2016 II Hellige kilder i Storbritannia En undersøkelse av de hellige kildenes historie og kult III © Mariann Hammer Nebdal 2016 Hellige kilder i Storbritannia Mariann Hammer Nebdal http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo IV Sammendrag I denne oppgaven viser jeg hvordan vann er et viktig element både i hverdagsliv og i religion. I et religionshistorisk perspektiv er det hellig vann som er relevant. Jeg velger i denne oppgaven å undersøke en spesiell form for hellig vann, nemlig vann som det finnes i hellige kilder. En hellig kilde inneholder ferskvann og kan være alt fra en brønn til et oppkomme i en fjellside. Jeg har fokusert på hellige kilder i det som geografisk, i moderne tid, er Storbritannia. Oppgaven er primært historisk, jeg drøfter de hellige kildenes historie og funksjon og bringer inn relevant teori og forskning der det synes passende. Den første delen av oppgaven handler om teorier om de hellige kildenes natur og opprinnelse. Den andre delen handler om noen av de viktigste funksjoner eller egenskaper kildene blir tillagt av de troende. Et eksempel er helbredelse. I den tredje delen drøfter jeg kulten rundt de hellige kildene generelt, og tar for meg eksempler på ritualer som viser det store mangfoldet av aktiviteter som har vært og er rundt de hellige kildene. I avslutningen viser jeg et eksempel på at kulten fortsatt er til stede i dag. Ut i fra det kildematerialet jeg har undersøkt har jeg funnet at det er en viss kontinuitet i kulten rundt de hellige kildene, og at det er spesielt i folkereligiøsiteten ritualene rundt og fortellingene om de hellige kildene har blitt husket og bevart. V VI Forord Jeg kan nesten ikke fatte at jeg endelig er ferdig med oppgaven min om hellige kilder. Veien fram til målet har vært lang, spesielt fordi jeg kun har skrevet på oppgaven i «fritiden» ved siden av jobben min. Det har vært en fin opplevelse, ikke minst på grunn av den positive atmosfæren på instituttet og hyggelige medstudenter. Takk alle sammen! Takk også til Marion Bowman og Fiona Lang for hyggelige og hjelpsomme svar på eposter. Det har vært en glede å forske på de hellige kildene – jeg har lært mye og har utviklet en intens omsorg for de sårbare kildene som ligger rundt i det britiske landskapet. Det er ingen tvil om hvor noen av ferieturene skal gå i fremtiden. Tusen takk til min veileder Anne Stensvold for gode samtaler, utlån av tekster og en klar og grundig veiledning! Jeg vil sende en varm hilsen til barna mine, Daniel og Helene som har hjulpet meg med datatekniske ting og som synes moren sin er tøff. Og sist, men langt fra minst, en stor takk til min tålmodige mann Frank Egil som har lest alt jeg har skrevet, rettet grammatikk og påpekt selvmotsigelser. Du er den beste! VII VIII Innholdsfortegnelse Innhold Tittelblad .................................................................................................................................. III Sammendrag .............................................................................................................................. V Forord ...................................................................................................................................... VII Innholdsfortegnelse .................................................................................................................. IX 1 Tema, teori, begrep og metode ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Tema og problemstillinger........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Metode og valg av materiale ....................................................................................... 1 1.3 Oppgavens utforming .................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Begrepsdiskusjon ......................................................................................................... 4 1.4.1 Folkereligiøsitet .................................................................................................... 5 1.4.2 Kontinuitet og brudd ............................................................................................ 6 1.4.3 Historiekonstruksjon ............................................................................................ 8 2 Hellige kilder: historiske spor .......................................................................................... 10 2.1 Hva er en hellig kilde? ............................................................................................... 10 2.2 Spørsmålet om hellige kilders opprinnelse ................................................................ 14 2.2.1 Hellige kilder i før-kristen tid............................................................................. 14 2.2.2 Hellige kilder i tidlig kristen tid ......................................................................... 19 3 Hellige kilder: egenskaper og funksjoner ......................................................................... 25 3.1 Helbredende kilder .................................................................................................... 25 3.1.1 Hellige kilder – kan de helbrede? ....................................................................... 25 3.1.2 Virksomt vann? .................................................................................................. 26 3.1.3 Helbredende kilder – hvor kommer de fra? ....................................................... 33 3.1.4 Sykdomshelbredelse ........................................................................................... 38 3.2 Spådomsritualer ......................................................................................................... 42 3.3 Hellige kilder: overnaturlige krefter .......................................................................... 46 3.3.1 Åndelige vesener og hellige kilder på 1800-tallet .............................................. 47 3.3.2 Gode hjelpere – åndelige vesener og hellige kilder i våre dager ....................... 49 3.3.3 En form for liv .................................................................................................... 50 IX 3.3.4 Kildens voktere .................................................................................................. 52 3.3.5 Alver og nisser ................................................................................................... 54 4 Hellige kilder: kulten rundt kildene ................................................................................. 57 4.1 Kultens alder .............................................................................................................. 57 4.1.1 Forskningshistorie .............................................................................................. 57 4.1.2 Hellige kilder og etter-reformatorisk folkereligiøsitet ....................................... 60 4.2 Å gå i hellige landskap .............................................................................................. 67 4.2.1 Cirkumambulasjon ............................................................................................. 67 4.2.2 Pilegrimsgang ..................................................................................................... 70 4.2.3 Tid for ritualer .................................................................................................... 74 4.2.4 Fra rite til fest ..................................................................................................... 79 4.3 Offergaver og pynt ..................................................................................................... 83 4.3.1 Filler og kluter .................................................................................................... 83 4.3.2 Votivgaver .......................................................................................................... 85 4.3.3 Welldressing ....................................................................................................... 88 4.3.4 Hodeskaller og ritualer ....................................................................................... 92 5 Avslutning ........................................................................................................................ 97 Litteraturliste .......................................................................................................................... 101 X 1 Tema, teori, begrep og metode 1.1 Tema og problemstillinger Tema for denne oppgaven er hellige kilder i Storbritannia. Jeg har sett på myter, atferd og andre aspekter rundt de hellige kildene og forsøkt å konstruere min fortelling og få en dypere forståelse for kulten rundt de hellige kildene. Mine forskningsspørsmål dreier seg om hvorfor så mange av de hellige kildene i Storbritannia fortsatt er husket og fortsatt er populære. Hva er de hellige kildenes opprinnelse? Hva er det som gjør at de har klart seg gjennom alle forandringer frem til i dag? Hvilke funksjoner har de hellige kildene hatt – og har? Er kulten rundt dem en del av folkereligiøsiteten? 1.2 Metode og valg av materiale Gilhus og Mikaelsson (2001) diskuterer fornyelse i religionsstudier. De hevder at en «nyskapende religionshistorisk forskning» innebærer å bruke et variert kildemateriale i tillegg
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