Administrative Report 09-02-04

Maryland Department of Natural Resources Resource Assessment Service MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Jeffrey P. Halka, Acting Director

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 09-02-04

HYDROGEOLOGIC DATA FOR THE COASTAL PLAIN SEDIMENTS NORTHWEST OF FT. MEADE, MARYLAND

Andrew W. Staley, Stephen C. Bell, David C. Andreasen, and David W. Bolton

Prepared in cooperation with the Maryland Department of the Environment

2009 CONTENTS

Page Key results ...... 1 Introduction ...... 2 Purpose and scope ...... 2 Location of the study area and test wells ...... 2 Hydrogeologic data ...... 2 Drilling and construction of the test wells ...... 2 Aquifer testing ...... 3 Water levels ...... 4 Water quality ...... 5 Dorsey Run stream flow ...... 6 Lithostratigraphic and hydrostratigraphic framework ...... 6 Lithostratigraphy ...... 6 Basement rocks ...... 7 Patuxent Formation ...... 7 Arundel Formation ...... 8 Patapsco Formation ...... 8 Hydrostratigraphy ...... 8 Basement rocks ...... 9 Patuxent aquifer ...... 9 Arundel Clay confining unit ...... 10 Lower Patapsco aquifer ...... 10 References ……...... 10 Appendixes ...... 12 A. Lithologic logs from test wells ...... 12 B. Lithologic descriptions of split-spoon cores ...... 18 C. Water-quality data from test wells ...... 20

ii ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page 1. Map showing location of the study area ...... 25-26 2. Test-well construction schematics ...... 27-30 3. Charts showing geophysical, geologic, and hydrogeologic data from test wells ...... 31-34 4. Graphs showing drawdown and recovery data and transmissivity calculations for test wells ...... 35-41 5. Hydrographs showing drawdown and recovery data from pump tests in paired wells ...... 42-44 6. Hydrographs from test wells ...... 45 7. Stiff diagrams showing milliequivalents of major ions in water samples taken from BRAC test wells ...... 46 8. Piper diagram showing milliequivalent percentages of major ions from BRAC test wells ...... 47 9. Stream gage (USGS 01594400) on Dorsey Run near Ft. Meade between Guilford Road and Rt. 32 bridges ...... 48 10. Stream gage and rain gage at Dorsey Run ...... 48 11. Graphs showing stream discharge and precipitation at Dorsey Run ...... 49 12. Map showing the top of the basement rock in the Ft. Meade area ...... 50 13. Hydrostratigraphic cross section A-A' from the Fall Line to Kings Heights ...... 51 14. Map showing the top of the Patuxent aquifer in the Ft. Meade area ...... 52 15. Conceptual cross section showing individual sand bodies in the Potomac Group ...... 53 16. Map showing the top of the Arundel Clay confining unit in the Ft. Meade area ...... 54

TABLES

Table Page 1. Construction data and hydraulic properties for the test wells ...... 55 2. Lithostratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy northwest of Ft. Meade ...... 56

iii

HYDROGEOLOGIC DATA FOR THE COASTAL PLAIN SEDIMENTS NORTHWEST OF FT. MEADE, MARYLAND

Andrew W. Staley, Stephen C. Bell, David C. Andreasen, and David W. Bolton

KEY RESULTS

• Eight test wells were constructed at four sites northwest of Fort George G. Meade, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, to (1) provide basic geological and hydrogeological data necessary to help characterize the Patuxent aquifer in its unconfined/semi-confined outcrop zone, and (2) begin to provide long-term water- level data to help determine the effects of future groundwater withdrawals in the Ft. Meade region. One test hole at each of the sites penetrated the full thickness of the unconsolidated Coastal Plain sediments to reach crystalline basement rock. All of the test wells were screened in sands of the Patuxent aquifer, which is the main aquifer used for water supply in the Fort Meade area.

• Sands of the Patuxent aquifer generally appear to correlate from Ft. Meade northwest to the outcrop area of the Patuxent based on geophysical logs. Because of the highly complex nature of the sand-clay deposits, however, hydraulic continuity of individual sands within the Patuxent aquifer across this area is uncertain.

• The surface of the pre-Cretaceous basement rock is irregular, with local relief on the scale of tens of feet.

• The Arundel Clay confining unit becomes thinner, more variable in lithology, and discontinuous west of Ft. Meade.

• Transmissivity values calculated from aquifer tests for the test wells range widely as a result of the highly variable lithology and internal structure of the Patuxent aquifer. Transmissivities calculated from the recovery phase of the aquifer tests ranged from 18 to 14,400 feet squared per day. Transmissivities calculated from the recovery portion of the tests are considered more reliable than those calculated from the drawdown portion, due to occasional variations in the pumping rates. Only one test well (AA Bb 90 at the National Security Agency National Cryptologic Museum site) showed a drawdown and recovery response characteristic of a confined aquifer.

• Hydrographs for test wells at three of the sites correlate with barometric pressure and earth tides. Hydrographs for test wells from one site (AA Bb 88 and AA Bb 92 at the Maryland Correctional Institution for Women) correlate with precipitation and stream discharge. Water-level fluctuations indicate that most test wells are screened in semi-confined or unconfined aquifers.

• Water samples from the Patuxent aquifer were acidic (pH 4.4-5.3) and had relatively low dissolved-solids contents (28 to 307 milligrams per liter). Four samples exceeded the 15-picocurie Maximum Contaminant Level for gross alpha-particle activity, and Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels were exceeded for pH, iron, manganese, and aluminum in several samples.

• Stream-discharge data obtained from a stream gage installed on Dorsey Run for this study indicate that the stream responds rapidly to rainfall events characteristic of an urbanized basin. Mean daily discharge recorded from November 2008 to August 2009 ranges between 3 and 480 cubic feet per second but was generally less than 10 cubic feet per second.

1 INTRODUCTION

Groundwater withdrawals from the Patuxent aquifer at Fort George G. Meade (Ft. Meade), Anne Arundel County, Maryland, and surrounding areas are expected to increase to meet new demands resulting from growth associated with U.S. Department of Defense Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) activity. To obtain basic hydrogeologic data to help assess the potential effects of increased groundwater withdrawals, eight test wells were constructed at four sites northwest of Ft. Meade. One test hole at each of the sites penetrated the entire section of Coastal Plain sediments to reach basement rock. All of the test wells were screened in the Patuxent aquifer, which is the predominant aquifer used for water supply in the Ft. Meade area. Water at Ft. Meade itself is supplied by six production wells tapping the Patuxent aquifer. The test-well sites were located to the northwest of the base in order to provide information on the continuity of aquifer layers as they transition from deeper (confined) to shallower (unconfined) settings. An increased understanding of the hydrologic system in this transition zone will provide basic information that will help guide groundwater appropriation policies. The test wells will provide long-term water-level data to help determine the effects of future groundwater withdrawals in the Ft. Meade region and will aid in understanding how withdrawals from the confined part of the Patuxent aquifer affect water levels in the outcrop area.

PURPOSE AND SCOPE

This report describes the geologic and hydrogeologic data collected during construction and testing of the wells drilled for this project. Information collected for this project includes lithologic descriptions from drill cuttings and cores, borehole geophysical data, aquifer-test data, water-quality analyses, and water-level data. In addition, this report presents stream discharge and precipitation data obtained from gages installed for this study by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) near the outlet of the Dorsey Run basin, which is located in the recharge area of the Patuxent aquifer northwest of Ft. Meade.

LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA AND TEST WELLS

The study area is located on the west side of Ft. Meade and the National Security Agency (NSA), in the eastern part of Howard County and northwestern part of Anne Arundel County, Maryland (fig. 1). Most of the study area is located in the Coastal Plain physiographic province, with a relatively small portion in the Piedmont physiographic province in Howard County. One test-well site is located in Howard County and three sites are in Anne Arundel County. The wells constructed for this study form an updip extension of a transect of wells that run through Ft. Meade (fig. 1). All four test-well sites are located on Coastal Plain deposits within the Dorsey Run basin, an 11.6–square-mile basin which straddles the Fall Line (the boundary between the Coastal Plain and Piedmont physiographic provinces). Dorsey Run is a tributary of the Little Patuxent River; the confluence is located south of Route 32 and west of Route 295.

HYDROGEOLOGIC DATA

DRILLING AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE TEST WELLS

Test-well construction took place between March 6 and June 19, 2009. All wells were drilled by A.C. Schultes of Maryland, Inc. using the direct rotary method. Geophysical logging of the boreholes was performed by USGS and Earth Data, Inc. A summary of well-construction information is given in table 1 and diagrams of well-construction features are shown in figure 2. Diagrams showing the borehole geophysics, lithology, geologic formations, and hydrostratigraphic units at each test site are shown in figure 3. One well at each site was drilled to basement rock and screened in the lower portion of the Patuxent aquifer. A second well was drilled to a clay layer (if present) separating the deeper sand from shallower sands. The second well was screened in a shallower sand and constructed in the same manner as the deeper well. Drill 2 cuttings were collected at 10-foot (ft) intervals and also during any noticeable change in sediment type (see app. A for lithologic descriptions). Geophysical logs were run to total depth in the uncased holes (the logs included gamma radiation, multiple-point resistivity, single-point resistance, 6-ft lateral, and self-potential). During drilling of the second well at each site, down-hole, 2-inch-diameter, split-spoon cores were collected at selected intervals based on interpretations from the geophysical logs and drill cuttings of the first well (see app. B for descriptions of cores). After construction, the wells were developed by air-lift, pump-and-surge, and in one instance, chemical treatment to remove fine-grained material from the well casing and screen openings. Development continued until the water was free of sediment and discoloration, and a well yield acceptable for aquifer testing was obtained. Final work at the sites included installation of 6-inch diameter steel protective casings and site restoration. Once both wells were completed and developed at each site, 8-hour aquifer tests were conducted, during which water samples were collected for chemical analysis. Land-surface altitude at each site was determined using differential global positioning system (GPS) technology by the USGS. Test well HO Df 59 (Maryland State Prison Training Facility site) did not yield a sufficient quantity of water to conduct a pump test or obtain a representative water sample. The well is screened in a sand of the Patuxent Formation immediately overlying the weathered basement rock (saprolite). Clay and mica present in the intergranular spaces in this section likely clogged the well screen, making well development difficult and resulting in a non-producing well.

AQUIFER TESTING

Aquifer tests were performed on seven of the eight test wells drilled during this study. Each test consisted of an 8-hour pumping phase followed by an 8-hour recovery phase. Discharge was measured periodically using a 55-gallon drum and stopwatch. At each site, water levels were measured in the pumping and observation wells using both a hand-held electric tape and a pressure transducer with digital recorder. While every effort was made to pump the wells at constant rates during the pumping phase, some fluctuation in discharge occurred in the latter portion of the tests during collection of water samples from an off-line valve. For this reason, recovery data is considered a more reliable and accurate reflection of the actual aquifer properties than drawdown data. Transmissivity (T) was calculated for each pumped well using the Cooper-Jacob straight-line method, in which drawdown or residual drawdown data is plotted against elapsed time on semi-logarithmic axes (fig. 4) (Cooper and Jacob, 1946). This method assumes that the following conditions are met: (1) the aquifer has infinite extent, and is homogeneous and isotropic; (2) well discharge is at a constant rate; (3) the well screen fully penetrates the confined aquifer, resulting in horizontal flow to the well, and the flow is laminar; (4) the aquifer has uniform thickness and is horizontal; (5) the potentiometric surface is initially horizontal; and, (6) the aquifer is fully confined and discharge is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer. The results of the analyzed aquifer tests can be found in table 1. Analyzed transmissivities for the test wells (pumping and recovery phase) range widely from 18 feet squared per day (ft2/d) to 52,500 ft2/d. Transmissivities calculated from the recovery phase of the aquifer tests ranged from 18 to 14,400 ft2/d. It should be emphasized that the complex and variable geometry of the Patuxent aquifer system makes aquifer hydraulic property estimates complicated and limited in geographic relevance. Additionally, many of the assumptions of the Cooper-Jacob method are not fully met in the test wells. In only one of the wells tested (AA Bb 90) does drawdown and recovery data follow a straight line characteristic of a confined aquifer (fig. 4). Semi-logarithmic plots of aquifer-test results for the other six wells tested (HO Df 60, AA Bb 86, AA Bb 87, AA Bb 88, AA Bb 92, and AA Bb 91) show two distinct slopes. The first slope, s1, is relatively steep and occurs within the first 10 to 20 minutes of pumping and recovery. The second slope, s2, is relatively flat and occurs for the remainder of the pumping or recovery phase (fig. 4). The resulting calculated transmissivities, T1 and T2, for a given well may differ by more than an order of magnitude (tab. 1). It is likely that the two distinct slopes of the semi-logarithmic plots of the aquifer tests follow a pattern characteristic of unconfined or semi-confined aquifers. Time-drawdown curves for unconfined and semi-confined aquifers plotted on semi-logarithmic axes tend to consist of three segments with differing slopes (Boulton, 1954).

3 The first segment is the relatively steep early period of drawdown, lasting a few minutes, where discharge is derived from elastic storage within the aquifer similar to a confined aquifer as described by the Theis equation (Theis, 1935). The second segment is a relatively flat curve, lasting minutes to days, where the delayed yield of gravity drainage that accompanies the falling water table slows average drawdown and the curve no longer conforms to the Theis curve. This second slope may overestimate transmissivity (T2) due to the addition of water derived from vertical gravity drainage. The third segment, a relatively steep curve, occurs when the flow in the aquifer becomes predominantly horizontal again after gravity drainage ceases, at which point the curve again conforms to the Theis curve. A period of two to three days of continual pumping may be required before this third segment is reached (Weight and Sonderegger, 2001). The two distinct slopes observed on semi-logarithmic plots from these test wells may represent the first two of the three segments (fig. 4), with the possibility that the third, steeper segment would have developed had the tests been extended a sufficient amount of time beyond the 8-hour tests. It is also likely for two wells (AA Bb 88 and AA Bb 91) that the early, steeper slope (s1) visible on the semi-logarithmic plot of the aquifer-test data is the result, to varying degrees, of casing storage effects. The tightness of aquifer sediments, the degree of well development and the relationship of casing diameter, pump column diameter, and discharge rate all contribute to this phenomenon. In this scenario, rapid drawdown during the initial stages of pumping will occur when discharge is derived mainly from water stored in the well casing and prior to a stage when a head gradient has been established which allows the aquifer to become the sole source of the discharge (Driscoll, 1986). Based on calculations to estimate the time after which casing storage becomes negligible (Schafer, 1978), test results for both AA Bb 88 and AA Bb 91 show that the effects of casing storage must be considered in the analysis. In these cases, T1 is not considered an accurate reflection of the aquifer properties. Hydrographs showing water levels plotted against elapsed time in both pumped and observation wells during pumping and recovery phases of tests at three of the sites are shown in figure 5. Non-production in HO Df 59 at the Maryland State Prison Training Facility site makes interpretation of water levels in that well uncertain. The wells at the Jessup Water Tower site (AA Bb 86 and AA Bb 87) are separated laterally by 172 ft but are screened in different portions of the same sand body (fig. 3). The observation wells in these tests show a nearly instantaneous response to pumpage and recovery. The wells at the Maryland Correctional Facility for Women site (AA Bb 88 and AA Bb 92) are screened with 32 ft of vertical separation through predominantly sandy sediments between the bottom of the shallow well screen and the top of the deep well screen. Hydrographs from these tests show a delayed response in the observation wells with the magnitude being dependent on the discharge of the pumped well. The wells at the NSA National Cryptologic Museum site are screened in two different sand bodies vertically separated by 90 ft of predominantly clayey sediment. The hydrograph from the AA Bb 90 aquifer test shows a delayed response to pumpage and recovery in the observation well, indicating that the clays separating the wells were leaking water at a very slow rate. The discharge during the AA Bb 91 test was not high enough to have an influence on water levels in the observation well.

WATER LEVELS

Hydrographs showing continuous water-level data for seven of the eight test wells drilled during this study are shown in figure 6. Reliable water-level data could not be obtained from the deep well at the Maryland State Prison Training Facility site (HO Df 59). Water levels were recorded at 15-minute intervals using pressure transducers and digital data-recording devices. Water-level measurements began June 12, 2009 for all wells with the exception of the wells at the NSA National Cryptologic Museum site, which began August 3, 2009. Water levels in the test wells range from approximately 165 ft above sea level in the shallow portion of the Patuxent aquifer at the Maryland State Prison Training Facility site (HO Df 60) to approximately 105 ft above sea level in the deeper portion of the Patuxent aquifer at the NSA National Cryptologic Museum site (AA Bb 90). Water levels are generally higher in topographically higher areas. The deeper water level in AA Bb 90 may be partly attributed to withdrawals from the Patuxent aquifer at Ft. Meade. The production wells at Ft. Meade are screened mostly in the deeper portion of the Patuxent aquifer. Water levels in the deep and shallow wells at the Jessup Water Tower and NSA National Cryptologic Museum sites show a downward (recharge) gradient in which the shallower well has a higher water level (fig. 6).

4 These sites occur in topographically higher areas. Water levels at the Maryland Correctional Institution for Women site, however, indicate an upward (discharge) gradient with the deeper well having a higher water level. This site is located adjacent to Dorsey Run in a topographically lower area (fig. 1). Hydrographs for HO Df 60, AA Bb 86, AA Bb 87, AA Bb 90, and AA Bb 91 show a pattern in which water levels fluctuate on the order of 0.2 to 0.8 ft over a period of 2 to 7 days. This pattern seems to closely track the barometric pressure recorded at Tipton Airport, Ft. Meade over the period of record. A smaller-scale semidiurnal pattern, with fluctuations of 0.1 ft, is superimposed on the first pattern and appears to correlate with the moon’s gravitational influence on the earth (earth tides). In addition, AA Bb 90 shows a third pattern of fluctuations of 0.2 to 0.5 ft, lasting a period of several hours which is likely caused by pumpage in the area. The patterns in these hydrographs do not appear to be related to precipitation events. The responsiveness to barometric pressure and tidal influence in these hydrographs suggests that these wells are screened in confined or semi-confined aquifers. Hydrographs for wells AA Bb 88 and AA Bb 92 at the Maryland Correctional Institution for Women site show a pattern of relatively flat water levels punctuated by sharp increases of up to 1.5 ft which last 1 to 3 days. This pattern seems to closely track precipitation and discharge data collected at the Dorsey Run stream gage over the period of record. A very faint semidiurnal pattern, with fluctuations of less than 0.1 ft, is superimposed on the first pattern and is probably the result of earth tides. Water levels at this site are not affected by withdrawals or changes in barometric pressure. The responsiveness to precipitation events in these hydrographs suggest that these wells are screened in aquifer sands that are poorly confined. In addition, the proximity of the well site to Dorsey Run suggests that the stream may act as a source of recharge during periods of high stage.

WATER QUALITY

Water samples were collected from seven of the eight wells toward the end of the drawdown phase of the pump test on each well. Well HO Df 59 was not sampled because of its low yield. Samples were analyzed for major ions, nutrients¸ trace metals, radionuclides (radon, gross alpha-particle activity, and gross beta-particle activity), and selected volatile organic compounds. Samples were collected in a consistent manner to optimize data comparability. For all wells, each sample was collected after specific conductance, pH, and water- temperature measurements were stable and the water was clear. Samples were shipped via priority overnight courier to the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) in Denver, Colorado. Samples being analyzed for gross alpha-particle activity (GAPA) and gross beta-particle activity (GBPA) were shipped via priority overnight courier to Eberline Services Laboratory (the USGS subcontract laboratory for these constituents) in Richmond, California. Water-quality data are given in appendix C and are presented graphically in figures 7 and 8. Overall, water samples were acidic (pH 4.4-5.3) and had low dissolved-solids contents (28 to 307 milligrams per liter [mg/L]). pH tended to be lower and conductivity tended to be higher in the shallow wells at each site. Higher pH at depth likely reflects longer residence time and, therefore, longer contact and reaction time with aquifer minerals in the deeper wells. Sodium and chloride account for much of the higher dissolved solids in the shallow wells. Chloride and nitrate concentrations in most of the shallow wells suggest anthropogenic sources for these constituents. Because of the low pH, samples had low alkalinity levels and correspondingly higher milliequivalent percentages of nitrate, sulfate, and chloride (although absolute concentrations were low) (fig. 7). Cation composition was mixed. Primary Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) drinking-water standards based on health considerations have been established for public water supplies by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2009a). Four samples exceeded the 15-picocurie MCL for gross alpha-particle activity (GAPA). Samples in the Patuxent Formation in Anne Arundel County often have elevated levels of GAPA, which is associated with radium-226, radium-228, and radium-224 (Bolton, 2000). GAPA and gross beta-particle activity (GBPA) were measured twice for each sample: once within three days of sampling (“short-term”) and again 30 days after sampling (“long-term”). The decrease between the short-term and long-term GAPA values seen in most of the wells likely reflects the presence of radium-224, which has a half-life of 3.6 days. Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCLs; drinking-water standards based on taste, odor, and other aesthetic characteristics [USEPA, 2009b]) were exceeded for pH, iron, manganese, and aluminum in several

5 samples. Low pH is not uncommon in shallow wells in the Patuxent aquifer, owing to the relatively short flow paths and relative lack of reactive minerals in the aquifer. High iron and manganese concentrations are likewise not uncommon in the Patuxent aquifer, and may be due to dissolution of iron oxides and oxyhydroxides that often coat the mineral grains in the aquifer. Aluminum solubility increases with decreasing pH; the sample that exceeded the SMCL also had the lowest pH. Samples were analyzed for the organic compounds benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene, and methyl tert- butyl ether (MTBE). MTBE, a gasoline additive, was detected in well AA Bb 86 (shallow well at the Jessup Water Tower site) at a concentration of 0.6 micrograms per liter (µgL), well below the 20- to 40- µg/L Drinking Water Advisory Level that the USEPA has established based on taste and odor considerations. No MCL or SMCL has been established for MTBE. Low-level detections (0.3-1.6 µg/L) of toluene were found at one or both wells at each of the four sites. The concentrations were well below the 1,000 µg/L MCL. The samples do not appear to have been contaminated during transport to the laboratory, since none of the trip blanks that were submitted with each sample had any detections of any of the compounds. The source of toluene was not determined.

DORSEY RUN STREAM FLOW

An understanding of the interaction between surface water and groundwater in aquifer recharge areas is an important component for assessing long-term groundwater sustainability. Groundwater withdrawals from the confined portion of the Coastal Plain aquifers may affect the water balance in the recharge areas in the form of reduced baseflow. To help evaluate this potential effect, a stream gage was installed by the USGS near the outlet of the Dorsey Run basin in October 2008. This basin was selected for monitoring because it lies within the recharge area of the Patuxent aquifer and is directly up-gradient from the Ft. Meade well field. The stream gage is located north of Route 32 and south of Guilford Road (figs. 1 and 9). The USGS had previously operated a stream gage at Dorsey Run on the downstream (south) side of the Route 32 bridge from 1948-58, but the original site had been buried during bridge reconstruction and road widening in 1984. A precipitation gage was also installed at the Dorsey Run stream-gage site in early November 2008 (fig. 10). The stream-gage site is identified as USGS 01594400 Dorsey Run near Jessup, Maryland. Mean daily discharge recorded from November 2008 to August 2009 ranged between 3 and 480 cubic feet per second (cfs) (fig. 11). Between late fall 2008 to early spring 2009 stream discharge was generally less then 10 cfs with the exception of multiple rainfall events that increased discharge to as much as 240 cfs. During the spring and early summer 2009 stream discharge was generally higher (greater than 10 cfs), with increased rainfall events. In late summer discharge declined (generally about 4 cfs). Stream discharge in Dorsey Run increases rapidly after rainfall events which is characteristic of an urbanized basin. The Dorsey Run basin is highly developed with a high percentage of impervious surfaces that increase runoff. A portion of stream discharge is attributed to outflow from the Dorsey Run Advanced Waste Water Treatment Plant. Mean daily discharge to Dorsey Run from the waste-water plant is approximately 2.3 cfs (Maryland Department of the Environment, 2005).

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC AND HYDROSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY

The study area is underlain principally by clastic sediments belonging to the Potomac Group of Lower Cretaceous age, overlain unconformably at some locations by a thin veneer of Quaternary-age alluvial deposits (tab. 2). Potomac Group sediments rest unconformably on the pre-Cretaceous crystalline basement rocks of mainly Precambrian to lower Paleozoic age throughout much of Maryland's Coastal Plain region, including the study area. The Potomac Group stratigraphic interval increases in overall thickness southeastward, parallel to the regional stratigraphic dip along the axis of the Chesapeake-Delaware Basin/Salisbury Embayment, from near zero at updip locations along the Fall Line to over 4,000 ft on the coast near Ocean City, Maryland (Glaser, 1968).

6 In the outcrop area between Washington, D.C. and Baltimore City, the Potomac Group has been formally divided into, from oldest to youngest, the Patuxent, Arundel, and Patapsco Formations (tab. 2). Lithologically, all three contain clay, silt, sand, and gravel, but the Patuxent and Patapsco Formations generally show a higher proportion of sand with varying amounts of gravel and less clay, whereas the intervening Arundel Formation tends to be characterized by more clay and silt and less sand and gravel (Glaser, 1967, 1968, and 1969). The Arundel Formation is sometimes also distinguishable by a higher content of black, lignitic clay, but those clays and clays of other colors (particularly reddish, green-variegated, and light gray to white), along with silts, sands, and gravels are present in all three formations (Glaser, 1967, 1968). An extensive analysis of Potomac Group pollen was carried out by Brenner (1963). It shows the Patuxent and Arundel Formations in Maryland to be Neocomian to Aptian in age (regional Pollen Zone I), and the Patapsco to be Albian (uppermost Lower Cretaceous) (Pollen Zones IIA, B).

Basement Rocks

The crystalline basement rocks in the study area belong to the Baltimore Complex, a mainly very dark- colored plagioclase-hornblende amphibolite (Crowley, 1976; Edwards, 1993). The name “Baltimore Gabbro Complex” appears on the Geologic Map of Maryland (Cleaves, Edwards, and Glaser, 1968). In quarry exposures near the northern boundary of the study area, the bedrock consists of black to very dark green, fine to coarse- textured, highly indurated amphibole-rich schist to gneiss containing scattered horizons of abundant, centimeter- scale lenses and laths of white plagioclase. The overall fracture pattern in these exposures appears relatively widely-spaced, with several sets present and oriented at various spatial attitudes; individual fractures appeared straight-sided and mainly millimeter- to decimeter- scale in width. Also in these exposures, the basement surface showed rapid vertical topographic undulations typical of an ancient dissected erosional surface. Of note is the clay-rich saprolite cap formed on the basement top, which, in the quarry exposures, showed rapid lateral variations in thickness from near zero to an estimated 35 ft. The deep wells at each of the four study sites were drilled into the saprolite, which was identified mainly by the conspicuous presence of black to very dark green, angular, shiny lithic fragments in the drill cuttings, often mixed in a clayey to sandy matrix. Identification was sometimes aided by corresponding changes in the geophysical log pattern from the overlying Patuxent sediments. None of these holes penetrated the unweathered basement rock beneath the saprolite. Overall, the basement surface dips southeastward but appears to undulate with unpredictable topographic variations (figs. 12 and 13).

Patuxent Formation

The Patuxent Formation is the dominant stratigraphic unit underlying the study area (figs. 3, 13, and 14; tab. 2). It is differentiated from the overlying Arundel Formation mainly by its greater proportion of sand and gravel to clay and silt. The majority of the drill cuttings collected in this investigation assigned to the Patuxent Formation (app. A) consist of quartzose sand that is fine to coarse-grained, poorly to moderately-sorted, subangular to subrounded, with varying amounts of clay and/or silt. Quartzose compositions most often observed include quartzite and vein quartz; other volumetrically important sand grain compositions may include clay, sand- size aggregates bound by iron cements, or lignite. Grains sometimes show iron staining or even irony coats. Patuxent cutting samples that were dominated by fines (clay and/or silt) were usually reddish or green-variegated in color and sometimes contained pyrite/marcasite and/or siderite (usually as small masses); some light gray clays and dark lignitic clays were also noted. Purer clays were usually tough in texture and capable of interfering with drilling progress. Rounded quartzose gravel was collected in two cores from this investigation (app. B). In quarry exposures of Patuxent strata within and just outside the study area, we observed that the bedded lithofacies listed above tended to be arranged in upward-fining, smaller-scale vertical successions. These stratigraphic packages appeared to average several tens of feet in thickness and to repeat cyclically upward. They were described and analyzed by Glaser (1969), who interpreted them to be individual braided-stream depositional units; additional descriptions of facies and environments are given in Glaser (1967; 1968). Such upward-fining fluvial units are known to occur during successive floods and stack upward under rising base-level conditions. A complete, ideal version of one of these packages consists of a basal gravel and/or coarse-sand dominated subunit

7 often having a channel-form cross-section and erosive base (channel-bottom gravels, frequently bright-red to yellow in color and tightly cemented by iron cements), followed upward by a middle, sand-dominated subunit of cross-bedded horizontal bed sets (channel-bar deposits), and a capping subunit of bedded clays or clay-silts, often red, green, and light gray in color (levee-overbank and floodplain deposits). The spatial distribution of the cross- bedded sandy subunits, which are of interest to predictive groundwater-flow modeling, is poorly understood. They are assumed by their fluvial-channel origin to have lensatic geometries and to be spatially arrayed in multistory, complex patterns, and their lateral extent and interconnectivity are not known (fig. 15).

Arundel Formation

The Arundel Formation was identified at two of the test-well site locations: the Jessup Water Tower site, where it was found in the upper 90 ft of the hole, and at the NSA National Cryptologic Museum site, where it occurred from 40-90 ft (figs. 3 and 13; app. A). Identification was based mainly on the frequent presence of black clay in some of the cuttings, higher overall frequency of lignite occurrence in this interval compared to underlying Patuxent sediments, and overall higher proportion of clay and silt to sand (app. A). The individual lithofacies were indistinguishable from those in the Patuxent Formation. Placement of the contact with the underlying Patuxent Formation was based on a combination of the lithologic observations (drill cuttings, bit samples, etc.) and the geophysical-log criteria. Lithologically, it was picked at the bottom of the clay-silt-dominated, lignite- rich interval containing some black clays above the continuously sand-dominated interval below identified as the Patuxent Formation. Just below the bottom of this interval, a significant down-hole change in the geophysical-log signatures to a continually "blocky" pattern was observed (fig. 3); such patterns are traditionally interpreted as well-bedded, cleaner sands with intervening clay layers, characteristic of the Patuxent Formation. The Patuxent- Arundel contact shown on the cross section (fig. 13) through the existing wells in the southern part of the study area is based on existing data (mainly geophysical logs). One short-barrel core consisting of black clay was collected from the Arundel Formation for pollen analysis and dating in test well AA Bb 87 (app. B); results are pending as of September, 2009.

Patapsco Formation

The Patapsco Formation was identified at the Jessup Water Tower site and NSA National Cryptologic Museum site, where it constituted the upper part of the section (fig 3; app. A). As mentioned previously, both the Patapsco Formation and the Patuxent Formation are differentiated from the intervening Arundel Formation mainly by a greater proportion of sand and gravel to silt and clay, and also by a much lower amount of the very dark, lignitic clay characteristic of the Arundel Formation. Based on the drill cuttings and geophysical-log data (app. A; fig. 3) collected at the drill sites, the lower contact of the Patapsco Formation was placed at the top of the clay-silt-dominated interval containing black, lignitic clays that was identified as the Arundel Formation. However, individual lithologies collected from the Patapsco during this investigation were not distinguishable from the same lithologies in the underlying Arundel and Patuxent Formations. The Patuxent, Arundel, and Patapsco Formations and their contacts at the NSA National Cryptologic Museum site were correlated with the existing drill sites in the southern part of the transect as shown on the cross section (fig. 13) by use of the geophysical-log data.

HYDROSTRATIGRAPHY

The test wells drilled for this study penetrate (from top to bottom) the Lower Patapsco aquifer, the Arundel Clay confining unit, the Patuxent aquifer, and the weathered saprolite of the pre-Cretaceous basement rock (tab. 2). The Lower Patapsco aquifer, the Arundel Clay confining unit, and the Patuxent aquifer are all composed of sediments from the Potomac Group of Lower Cretaceous age and roughly correspond to their formational equivalents, though there are instances where the hydrostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic units do not coincide.

8 Figure 13 shows a cross section through the Ft. Meade area extending from the Fall Line to Kings Heights, Anne Arundel County. The section includes three of the four test-well sites in addition to logs at both the NSA and Ft. Meade production-well sites. Basement rock, ranging from about 300 ft above sea level at the Fall Line to about 750 ft below sea level at Kings Heights, dips at about 90 ft per mile (mi). The overlying Patuxent aquifer consists of multiple sand bodies that individually range in thickness from about 10 to 100 ft. The degree of hydraulic connection between individual sand bodies is uncertain. The Patuxent aquifer outcrops west of the NSA. Isolated sections of the Patuxent sands occur west of the Fall Line on some hilltops. The Patuxent aquifer is overlain by a predominantly clayey section composed mostly of sediments of the Arundel Formation. Thickness of this unit ranges from a few tens of feet at the NSA National Cryptologic Museum site to about 200 ft at Ft. Meade production well 1R (AA Bb 83). The Arundel Clay confining unit contains locally developed sandy zones. The Lower Patapsco aquifer, overlying the Arundel Clay confining unit, is the outcropping unit over most of the Ft. Meade area. It consists of multiple sand bodies similar to the Patuxent aquifer. Overall, the cross section illustrates the high degree of complexity and heterogeneity of the aquifer system through the Ft. Meade area. Correlation of individual sand or clay units is problematic. The Patuxent and Lower Patapsco aquifers and the Arundel Clay confining unit, generally correspond to sandy and clayey zones, respectively.

Basement Rocks

The pre-Cretaceous basement rock (Baltimore Complex) forms an impermeable lower boundary of the unconsolidated sedimentary aquifer system of the Maryland Coastal Plain. Four test holes drilled for this project reached basement rock, the elevations of which indicate that its surface contains unpredictable topographic relief (figs. 12 and 13). The basement rocks are not considered to be an aquifer because there is no evidence that they can yield significant quantities of water. The saprolitic portion of the Baltimore Complex, consisting of a decomposed clayey residuum capping the upper several feet of the crystalline rock, contains 40- to 60-percent porosity (Nutter and Otton, 1969). Permeability of the saprolite, however, is so low (0.2 to 7.6 gallons per day per square foot [gpd/ft2]) (Nutter and Otton, 1969) compared to Patuxent aquifer sands (20 to 1,000 gpd/ft2) (Mack, 1962) that the saprolite is considered a relatively insignificant element of the overall aquifer system.

Patuxent Aquifer

The Patuxent aquifer consists of a complex system of interbedded sands, clays, and silts roughly coincident with the Patuxent Formation. This aquifer is unconfined in areas where the Patuxent sediments are outcropping, which occurs between the Fall Line and the first occurrence of the Arundel Clay confining unit just west of Ft. Meade (figs. 13 and 14). The outcrop of the Patuxent aquifer forms an irregular band from 1.5 to 3 mi in width, with its eastern extent occurring approximately 0.5 mi west of NSA and Ft. Meade. In the study area, the Patuxent aquifer is considered to be confined beneath Ft. Meade, and unconfined to the west of Ft. Meade. The top of the Patuxent aquifer is delineated as the first sand to occur below the Arundel Clay confining unit but, because of the difficulty in differentiating formational boundaries, the Patuxent aquifer may include sandy zones of the Arundel Formation (fig. 13; tab. 2). Due to the nature of the depositional environments (fluvial, lacustrine, and deltaic) in which these sediments formed, individual sand bodies show considerable lateral and vertical variation and may be difficult to correlate over very short distances, let alone between well sites. Mack and Achmad (1986) have reported sand lenses 25 ft thick at specific points to be much thicker, thinner, or absent 25 to 100 ft away. Figure 15 is a schematic cross section showing individual sand bodies within the Potomac Group sediments. This figure illustrates the complexity of the aquifer systems within the Potomac Group. In general, where the sand percentage is relatively high, the individual sand bodies are likely hydraulically connected and form an aquifer system. In contrast, where sand percentage is relatively low, the sand bodies are likely hydraulically disconnected and form a confining unit. All eight test wells drilled for this project were screened in sand layers within the Patuxent aquifer. The sand layers, ranging in thickness from 5 to 40 ft, are separated by interbedded clays with thicknesses of up to 60 ft. The extent, thickness, and lithologic characteristics of the interbedded clays control the degree of connectivity

9 among sand bodies within the Patuxent aquifer. Indeed, the interbedded clay layers within the Patuxent aquifer may act as effective confining layers. The two test wells drilled at the NSA National Cryptologic Museum site (AA Bb 90 and AA Bb 91) are both screened in Patuxent sands, but water-level and water-quality data indicate that the deeper well (AA Bb 90) is hydraulically separated from the shallow well (AA Bb 91) to a significant extent (figs. 5 and 6).

Arundel Clay Confining Unit

The Arundel Clay confining unit consists of low-permeability clay and silt which impede the vertical flow of groundwater between the overlying Patapsco sands and the underlying Patuxent sands. The outcrop area of the Arundel Clay confining unit in the study area forms an irregular band ranging from about 0.25 mi to 1 mi in width (fig. 16). Throughout most of the Ft. Meade area the Arundel Clay confining unit is relatively thick and predominantly clayey (fig. 13). Water-level data from a Lower Patapsco well (AA Cc 40) in the southeastern portion of Ft. Meade shows consistently higher heads than nearby Patuxent wells (AA Cc 119 and AA Cc 124), and is not influenced by pumpage from the Patuxent wells (Curtin and Dine, 1995). This suggests that the Arundel Clay confining unit in this area forms an effective hydraulic barrier between the Lower Patapsco sands and the Patuxent sands. The Arundel Clay confining unit becomes discontinuous and more difficult to identify to the west of well AA Bb 83, in the western portions of Ft. Meade and beneath NSA (fig. 13). In this region it is generally thinner (50 to 70 ft) and contains more sand bodies, which likely makes it a less effective hydraulic barrier above the Patuxent aquifer.

Lower Patapsco Aquifer

A relatively thin section of the Lower Patapsco aquifer was penetrated near land surface in the test wells at both the Jessup Water Tower site (AA Bb 86 and AA Bb 87) and at the NSA National Cryptologic Museum site (AA Bb 90 and AA Bb 91) (figs. 3 and 13). These sites are on the western margin of the outcrop area of the Patapsco sediments, which includes Ft. Meade. Lower Patapsco sands and clays are similar in composition and structure to those of the Patuxent aquifer. Sands of the Lower Patapsco aquifer in this area likely occur mostly above the water table.

REFERENCES

Bolton, D.W., 2000, Occurrence and distribution of radium, gross alpha-particle activity, and gross beta-particle activity in ground water in the Magothy Formation and Potomac Group aquifers, upper Chesapeake Bay area, Maryland: Maryland Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 70, 97 p. Boulton, N.S., 1954, The drawdown of the water table under non-steady conditions near a pumped well in an unconfined formation: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 564-579. Brenner, G. J., 1963, The spores and pollen of the Potomac Group of Maryland: Maryland Department of Mines, Geology, and Water Resources Bulletin 27, 215 p. Cleaves, E.T., Edwards, J.E., Jr., and Glaser, J.D., 1968, Geologic map of Maryland: Maryland Geological Survey, scale 1:250,000, 1 sheet. Cooper, H.H., and Jacob, C.E., 1946, A generalized graphical method for evaluating formation constants and summarizing well field history: American Geophysical Union Transactions, vol. 27, p. 526–534. Crowley, W.P., 1976, The geology of the crystalline rocks near Baltimore and its bearing on the evolution of the eastern Maryland Piedmont: Maryland Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 27, 40 p. Curtin, S.E., and Dine, J.R., 1995, Ground-water level data in Southern Maryland, 1946-94: Maryland Geological Survey Basic Data Report No. 21, 365 p. Driscoll, F.G., 1986, Groundwater and Wells (2nd ed.): Johnson Division, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1089 p. Drummond, D.D., 2007, Water-supply potential of the Coastal Plain aquifers in Calvert, Charles, and St. Mary’s Counties, Maryland, with emphasis on the Upper Patapsco and Lower Patapsco aquifers: Maryland Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 76, 225 p. 10 Edwards, J.E., 1993, Geologic map of Howard County: Maryland Geological Survey, scale 1:62,500, 1 sheet. Glaser, J.D., 1967, Nonmarine Cretaceous sedimentation in the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain: Ph.D. dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 359 p. __, 1968, Coastal Plain geology of southern Maryland: Maryland Geological Survey Guidebook No. 1, 56 p. __, 1969, Petrology and origin of Potomac and Magothy (Cretaceous) sediments, middle Atlantic Coastal Plain: Maryland Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 11, 101 p. Mack, F.K., 1962, Ground-water supplies for industrial and urban development in Anne Arundel County: Maryland Department of Mines, Geology, and Water Resources Bulletin 26, 90 p. Mack, F.K., and Achmad, G., 1986, Evaluation of the water-supply potential of aquifers in the Potomac Group of Anne Arundel County, Maryland: Maryland Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 46, 111 p. Maryland Department of the Environment, 2005, Summary report and fact sheet: Dorsey Run Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant, NPDES MD0063207, 8 p. Nutter, L.J., and Otton E.G., 1969, Ground-water occurrence in the Maryland Piedmont: Maryland Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 10, 56 p. Schafer, D.C., 1978, Casing storage can affect pumping test data: Johnson Drillers’ Journal, Jan/Feb., Johnson Division, St. Paul, Minnesota, p. 1-5. Theis, C.V., 1935, The lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and discharge of a well using groundwater storage: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, vol. 16, p. 519-524. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009a, http://www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/index.html#primary, accessed 8/30/09. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009b, http://www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/index.html#sec; accessed 8/30/09. Weight, W.D., and Sonderegger, J.L., 2001, Manual of applied field hydrology: New York, McGraw Hill, 608 p.

11 Appendix A. Lithologic logs from test wells.

Test Well HO Df 59 (Maryland State Prison Training Facility)

Surface altitude = 211 feet (ft).

Patuxent Formation: 0 – 10 ft: Sand and clay in subordinate proportions, silty, light greenish-brown. Sand is very fine to coarse, moderately sorted, subangular to subrounded, mainly quartz with lesser clay- and mica grains, and minor accessory minerals. 10 – 20 ft: Sand, clayey, silty, orange-tan. Sand is very fine to medium, poorly-sorted, subangular, mainly quartz and clay grains, with minor mica and accessory minerals. 20 – 30 ft: Sand, slightly clayey, reddish-tan. Sand is fine to coarse, medium-sorted, subangular to subrounded, mainly quartz with lesser clay grains, minor dark lithic grains and accessory minerals. 30 – 40 ft: Sand, slightly clayey with scattered granules, tan to buff. Sand is fine to coarse, moderately- sorted, subangular to subrounded, with grain composition same as 20 – 30 ft interval. Some grains iron-stained. Scattered granule-size clasts, mainly quartz. 40 – 50 ft: Sand, silty, clayey, orange-tan, with scattered granule-size clasts. Sand is very fine to very coarse, poorly-sorted, and subangular to subrounded, with same grain composition as 20 - 30 ft interval. 50 – 60 ft: Sand and gravel in subequal proportions, silty, clayey, buff to tan. Sand is fine to coarse, poorly- sorted, subangular to subrounded, with same grain composition as 20 – 30 ft interval. Gravel is granule size, subrounded, mainly quartz, some clay clasts. Some grains and clasts iron-stained. 60 – 70 ft: Sand, tan to buff, with scattered granule-size clasts. Sand is fine to coarse, subrounded, poorly- sorted, mostly quartz and clay grains with minor mica. Granules are subrounded, mainly quartz with scattered clay clasts. 70 – 80 ft: Sand with scattered granules, same as 60 – 70 ft interval. Granules are mainly quartz. 80 – 90 ft: Sand, slightly silty, light pinkish-tan. Sand is fine to medium, moderately-sorted, subangular to subrounded, mostly quartz with minor mica and dark accessory minerals. 91 – 95 ft: Clay and sand, in subequal proportions, silty and gravelly, reddish tan. Sand is fine to coarse, poorly-sorted, subangular to subrounded, mainly quartz and clay grains in subequal proportions; many grains iron-stained. Clay is reddish, tough. Gravel is granule-size, angular to subrounded, mainly quartz and iron-cemented aggregates of quartz sand and silt. 95 – 100 ft: Clay, gravelly, sandy, tough, red to maroon or variegated. Sand and gravel same as 91 – 95 ft interval. 100 – 110 ft: Clay, gravelly, tough, dark maroon. Gravel is granule-size; granules are same as 91 – 95 ft interval. 110 – 120 ft: Clay, sandy, gravelly, maroon, same as 91 – 95 ft interval. 120 – 125 ft: Sand, micaceous, maroon, fine-medium, angular to subrounded, moderately-sorted, mainly quartz, iron-stained, with some clay- and black lithic grains. Pre-Cretaceous basement rock or basement-top saprolite: 125 – 130 ft: Gravel, very clayey, abundant weathered lithic fragments, some sand; dark reddish-gray to dark green. Gravel clasts are granule-size, angular to subrounded, clay-coated and/or iron-stained quartz or black, fine-textured lithic grains, in subequal proportions. 130 – 140 ft: Mainly sand- and granule-size particles, clayey, dark brown with black- and dark green spotting. Particles are angular to subrounded, quartz, clay, or black, fine-textured lithic fragments, frequently clay-coated and/or iron-stained. Scattered mica flakes. Appendix A. Continued

Test Well AA Bb 87 (Jessup Water Tower)

Surface altitude = 269 ft

Patapsco Formation (?): 0 – 10 ft: Sand, pink-tan, fine to coarse, moderately-sorted, subangular to subrounded, mainly quartz with conspicuous lignite grains. 10 – 20 ft: Sand and clay in subequal proportions, reddish brown. Sand is same as 0 -10 ft interval with scattered lignite grains. Arundel Formation: 20 – 30 ft: Clay, sandy, silty, reddish-tan. Sand is same as 0 – 10 ft interval with scattered tiny mica- and lignite grains. 30 – 40 ft: Sand and silt in subequal proportions, clayey, brown. Sand is fine to medium, moderately-sorted, angular to subrounded, mostly quartz with scattered tiny mica- and clay grains. Iron stain on some grains. 40 – 50 ft: Sand and gravel in subequal proportions, brown. Sand is fine to coarse, poorly-sorted, subangular, mostly quartz with scattered clay- and lignite grains. Gravel is granule-size, subangular to subrounded, mostly quartz with scattered clay clasts. 50 – 60 ft: Clay and silt in subequal proportions, slightly sandy, brown. Sand is fine to medium, subangular to subrounded, mainly quartz with scattered fine mica and minor lignite grains. 60 ft: (bit sample): Clay, gravelly. Clay is very tough, very dark red-brown or gray-brown to black. Gravel is granule- to pebble-size, rounded, mainly quartz. 60 – 70 ft: Silt, clayey, sandy, red-brown to gray-brown, with scattered quartz granules and minor lignite grains. 70 – 80 ft: Clay, silt, and fine sand in subequal proportions, reddish-tan. Sand is mostly quartz with conspicuous mica; scattered quartz granules present. 80 – 90 ft: Fine sand and silt in subequal proportions, brownish-tan, with scattered medium sand, mostly quartz with scattered clay grains and mica. Patuxent Formation: 90 – 100 ft: Sand, silty and clayey, light gray-brown. Sand is mostly fine to medium, subangular, moderately- sorted, quartz with scattered mica and clay grains. 100 – 110 ft: Sand, silty, gray-brown. Sand is same as 90 – 100 ft interval. 110 – 120 ft: Sand, same as 90 – 100 ft interval. 120 – 130 ft: Sand, micaceous, maroon, fine to medium, angular to subrounded, moderately-sorted, mainly quartz, iron-stained, with some clay- and black (lignite?) grains. 130 – 140 ft: Gravel, very clayey, some sand; dark reddish-gray. Gravel clasts are granule-size, angular to subrounded, clay-coated, iron-stained quartz- and/or lesser black (lignite?) fragments. 140 – 150 ft: Mainly sand- and granule-size particles, clayey, dark brown. Particles are angular to subrounded, quartz, clay, or black (lignite?) fragments, frequently clay-coated and/or iron-stained. Scattered mica flakes. 150 – 160 ft: Silt and clay in subequal proportions, with lesser sand; brown-tan, micaceous. Sand is mainly very fine to fine, subangular to subrounded, mostly quartz. 160 – 170 ft: Sand, reddish brown-gray, subangular to subrounded, mainly medium-grained, moderately- sorted, quartz with scattered clay grains and rare black (lignite?) grains. 170 – 180 ft: Sand, medium gray-tan, very fine to medium, poorly-sorted, subangular to subrounded, mostly quartz with scattered clay grains and minor mica. 180 – 190 ft: Sand, same as 170-180 ft interval. except slightly silty. 190 – 200 ft: Sand, silty, tan-gray, very fine to medium, poorly-sorted, subangular, mostly quartz with lesser clay grains and scattered lignite grains. 200 – 210 ft: Sand and silt, clayey, medium brown-gray. Sand is very fine to medium, poorly-sorted, angular to subrounded, subequal quartz and clay grains, and minor lignite grains. Scattered, very thin, flat, granule-size pieces of broken hematitic crust are present. Appendix A. Continued

Test Well AA Bb 87 (Jessup Water Tower) (Continued)

Patuxent Formation (continued): 210 – 220 ft: Gravel, sandy, medium brown-gray. Gravel clasts up to small pebble size, rounded to subangular, mostly quartz. Sand is fine to very coarse, poorly-sorted, mostly quartz with scattered clay grains. 220 – 230 ft: Sand, very gravelly, pink tan-gray. Sand is fine to coarse, moderately-sorted, mostly quartz with scattered clay grains and minor lignite grains. Gravel is up to small pebble-size, subangular to rounded, mostly quartz, sometimes clay-coated. 230 – 240 ft: Sand, gravelly, medium gray-red. Sand is fine to coarse, poorly-sorted, angular to subrounded, mostly quartz with scattered clay grains and black, angular, shiny lithic grains. Gravel is granule- size, angular to rounded, mostly quartz. 240 – 250 ft: Sand, gravelly, dark gray-red. Sand is same as 230-240 ft interval except with minor black lithic grains. Gravel is up to small pebble-size, otherwise same as 230-240 ft interval. Pre-Cretaceous basement rock or basement-top saprolite (?): 260 ft: Sand, clayey, dark green-black, mostly medium-grained, angular to subangular, quartz with lesser proportions of black, shiny lithic grains and scattered clay grains. Appendix A. Continued

Test Well AA Bb 88 (Maryland Correctional Institution for Women)

Surface altitude = 174 ft

Artificial fill, with or without Patuxent Formation admixed in varying proportions: 0 – 50 ft: Mix of silt, sand, gravel, and clay, pink-tan to reddish gray. Sand is fine to coarse, poorly-sorted, mostly quartz with some feldspar and clay grains. Gravel is pebble-size, subangular to rounded; clast compositions include quartz, quartzite, feldspar, fine-grained quartz-feldspar-mica-garnet gneiss, and white, rounded aggregates cemented with calcite. Patuxent Formation: 50 - 60 ft: Sand, very gravelly, light pink-tan. Sand is fine to coarse, poorly-sorted, angular to subrounded, quartz with lesser clay grains and scattered feldspar grains. Gravel is up to pebble-size, subangular to rounded, with similar range of compositions as 0 - 50 ft interval. 60 - 70 ft: Gravel, slightly sandy. Clasts are up to pebble-size, subangular to rounded, often clay-coated, mostly quartz with lesser clay- and quartzose lithic clasts, including quartz-feldspar-garnet gneiss and quartzite or meta-arkose. Sand is mainly quartz with lesser feldspar-, clay- and quartzose lithic grains. 70 - 80 ft: Clay, gravelly, slightly sandy, tough, dark red, red-orange, or maroon. Gravel clasts are mainly pebble-size, rounded quartz. 80 - 90 ft: Clay, same as 70 - 80 ft interval. 90 - 100 ft: Sand, gravelly, clayey, same reddish colors as 70 - 80 ft interval. Sand is mainly coarse to very coarse, moderately-sorted, angular to subrounded, mainly quartz with scattered lignite grains. Gravel clasts are mainly granule-size, subangular to subrounded quartz and lignite fragments; siderite coatings were observed on some clasts. 95 ft: (bit sample): Clay, slightly sandy, plastic, very sticky, medium to dark gray or greenish gray. Sand grains are mainly quartz and lignite. 100 - 110 ft: Gravel and sand, clayey, dark red to maroon. Gravel is up to pebble-size, rounded to subangular, mainly quartz with lesser clay fragments that are soft and appear same as clay at 95 ft. Sand is medium to very coarse, poorly-sorted, subangular to subrounded, composed of same fragment types as the gravel. 110 - 120 ft: Sand, clayey, dark brown-red, fine to medium, moderately-sorted, subangular to subrounded, mainly quartz with scattered feldspar- and clay grains, and minor black, soft grains, probably lignite. 120 - 130 ft: Sand, dark red-brown, subangular, fine to medium, moderately-sorted, mainly quartz with rare to scattered black, well-indurated grains of undetermined composition but appear to be aggregates of smaller crystals or detrital particles. Some grains are coated with sticky, gray clay similar to that at 95 ft. 130 - 140 ft: Fine sand and silt, medium red-gray to red-brown. Sand is very fine to fine with lesser medium grains, moderately sorted, mainly angular quartz with scattered clay grains and mica. 140 - 150 ft: Sand, dark brown-red, fine to coarse, poorly-sorted, angular to subrounded, mainly quartz with lesser feldspar and clay grains, and scattered, dark sulfate grains or sulfate-coated quartz grains. 150 - 160 ft: Sand, silty, clayey, medium red-gray. Sand is very fine to medium, moderately sorted, subangular to subrounded; grain compositions include quartz, feldspar, clay, lignite, and dark, soft to crumbly, rounded, iron sulfate or -oxide grains containing tiny relict sulfide crystals. 160 - 170 ft: Sand, same as 150 - 160 ft interval, except with an increased percent of iron-sulfate and/or -oxide grains. 170 - 180 ft: Sand, same as 150 - 160 ft interval. 180 - 190 ft: Sand, same as 150 - 160 ft interval, except with an even larger percent of iron-sulfate and/or - oxide grains. 190 - 200 ft: Sand, same as 180 - 190 ft interval.

Appendix A. Continued

Test Well AA Bb 88 (Maryland Correctional Institution for Women) (Continued)

Pre-Cretaceous basement rock or basement-top saprolite: 200 - 210 ft: Sand, very dark-reddish brown to black, medium to coarse, moderately sorted, subangular quartz grains and rounded, dark, greenish, soft clay grains. 210 - 220 ft: Clay, greenish, soft, with same composition and appearance as clay grains in 200 - 210 ft interval, except with scattered black, crumbly weathered, iron-stained lithic grains. 220 - 227 ft: Clay, same as 210 - 220 ft interval, except peppered with a conspicuous quantity of black, unweathered to partly-weathered, angular black, shiny lithic grains.

Appendix A. Continued

Test Well AA Bb 90 (NSA National Cryptologic Museum)

Surface altitude = 163 ft

Patapsco Formation: 0 - 10 ft: Sand, tan-gray, fine to medium, moderately-sorted, subangular to rounded, mainly quartz with fine, scattered black grains. 10 - 20 ft: Sand, medium to coarse, with pebble-size gravel, both predominantly quartzose. Light tan color. 20 - 30 ft: Sand, same as 10 - 20 ft interval, with pebble size increasing. 30 - 40 ft: Sand, same as 20 - 30 ft interval. Arundel Formation: 40 - 50 ft: Sand, very clayey, white to buff. Sand is medium to very coarse, poorly-sorted, subangular to rounded, mostly quartz. 50 - 60 ft: Sand, clayey (up to about 25 percent) and pebbly. Sand is medium to coarse, subangular to round; sand and gravel are mainly clear quartz with lesser feldspar and iron-coated grains. Clay is white to buff. 60 - 70 ft: Sand, same as 50 - 60 ft interval. 70 - 80 ft: Sand, same as 50 - 60 ft interval, with more white- and some pink clay. 80 - 90 ft: Sand, pebbly. Sand is fine to coarse, angular to rounded, poorly-sorted, mainly quartz and feldspar and iron-coated grains. Abundant clay grains and clasts, tan, reddish, green or white in color, some sideritic. Patuxent Formation: 90 - 100 ft: Sand, same as 80 - 90 ft interval, with more sideritic grains. 100 - 110 ft: Clay, slightly sandy to gravelly, gray or tan to white. Sand is fine to coarse; gravel is granule-size. Both sand and gravel are mainly quartz, some coated with siderite. 110 - 120 ft: Clay with minor fine to coarse sand; gray to white, with minor fine black particles, probably lignite. 120 - 130 ft: Clay, same as 110 - 120 ft interval; slightly larger black (lignite) particles. 130 - 140 ft: Clay, same as 110 - 120 ft. and 120 - 130 ft intervals. 140 - 150 ft: Clay, as in 110 - 140 ft intervals, gray. 150 - 160 ft: Clay, sandy; sooty gray, with significant lignite. Sand is medium-grained, subangular, quartz and feldspar, with some pyrite. 160 - 170 ft: Sand, clayey, with significant lignite, abundant pyrite; overall sooty gray color. Some clay is yellow. Sand is mainly quartzose, medium to coarse. 170 - 180 ft: Sand, same as 160 - 170 ft interval. 180 - 190 ft: Sand, clayey, with abundant lignite; sooty gray overall color. Sand is quartzose, micaceous, fine to medium, subrounded. 190 - 200 ft: Sand, same as 180 - 190 ft interval; sand is very fine to medium. 200 - 210 ft: Sand, with less lignite than 190-200 ft interval, medium gray. Sand is quartzose, micaceous, medium to coarse, subrounded. 210 - 220 ft: Sand, same as 200 - 210 ft interval. 220 - 230 ft: Sand, same as 200 - 220 ft intervals, except sand is fine to medium. 230 - 240 ft: Gravel, with some pyrite and minor lignite; clasts are quartzose and feldspar, granule to pebble- size, rounded to subrounded. Pre-Cretaceous basement rock or basement-top saprolite: 240 - 250 ft: Mainly lithic fragments, light to dark green, crumbly, with admixed quartz fragments, highly angular, and some lignite. 250 – 252 ft: Lithic fragments, as in 240 – 250 ft interval, but more indurated and resistant to drilling.

Appendix B. Lithologic descriptions of split-spoon cores.

Test Well HO Df 60 (Maryland State Prison Training Facility)

Patuxent Formation:

Depth: 15.0 - 15.3 ft (Core disaggregated): Gravel with a lesser proportion of sand; silty and clayey. Gravel clasts are granule- to small-pebble-size, angular to subrounded, quartz, metasiltstone, quartzite, schist, clay, red iron-cemented sand aggregates, and feldspar. Sand is very fine to coarse, moderately sorted, subangular to subrounded, mainly quartz.

Depth: 58.0 - 59.0 ft: 58.0 - 58.4 ft: Clay, gravelly, tough, cream-colored to very light-gray. Gravel clasts are up to pebble- size, subangular to subrounded, mainly quartz and quartzite. 58.4 - 58.8 ft: Clay, homogeneous, tough, same color as 58.0 - 58.4 ft interval; maroon stains on some surfaces. 58.8 - 59.0 ft: Clay, as in 58.4-58.8 ft interval, with scattered sand; overall light yellow color with iron stains on some surfaces.

Depth: 93.0 - 94.0 ft (Core in two, disaggregated parts): 93.0 - 93.8 ft: Gravel, slightly silty, clayey; clasts are up to pebble-size, subangular to subrounded, mainly quartz and dark metasiltstone/fine-grained quartzite. 93.8 - 94.0 ft: Clay, slightly silty, crumbly, dark yellow-gray; yellow-brown (iron?) stains on some surfaces.

Test Well AA Bb 87 (Jessup Water Tower)

Arundel Formation:

Depth: 20.0 - 21.1 ft: 20.0 - 20.4 ft: Sand and gravel, densely-packed in clay matrix, brown-red to maroon on exterior surface. Clay is tough, medium to dark green-gray in core interior. Sand is fine-coarse, poorly- sorted, subangular to subrounded, mostly quartz with lesser clay- and feldspar grains; scatted tiny lignite grains. Gravel clasts are up to pebble-size, rounded to subangular, mostly quartz with lesser clay clasts and scattered dark fragments of coarse-grained schist. Many particles coated with iron-stain, reddish. 20.4 - 21.1 ft: Clay, tough, green-gray with red-brown mottling in core interior; exterior is uniform red- brown or red-gray.

Depth: 60.0 - 61.1 ft: 60.0 - 60.4 ft: Clay, very gravelly, tough, dark brown; gravel clasts are mainly pebble-size, well- to partly-rounded quartz. 60.4 - 60.7 ft: Clay, silty, tough, dark brown; scattered tiny lignite grains. 60.7 - 61.1 ft: Silt with lesser proportion of very fine- and fine sand; clayey, dark gray-brown.

Appendix B. Continued

Test Well AA Bb 92 (Maryland Correctional Institution for Women)

Patuxent Formation:

Depth: 95 - 95.1 ft (Core disaggregated): Gravel, sandy, silty, clayey, brownish-red; gravel clasts are mainly pebble-size, rounded to subrounded quartz and quartzite; some quartz pebbles contain tiny, hematite-coated sulfide crystals. Sand is fine-coarse, poorly-sorted, subangular to subrounded quartz and quartzite. Clay is brown-red.

Test Well AA Bb 91 (NSA National Cryptologic Museum)

Patuxent Formation:

Depth: 121.5 – 121.8 ft: Clay, silty, sandy and gravelly, dark gray. Sand is scattered, fine to coarse. Gravel clasts are scattered, up to pebble-size, rounded, and are either white- to light-gray quartz or dark red, iron-cemented clay.

Appendix C. Water-quality data from test wells.

[ft, feet; bls, below land surface; asl, above sea level; gal/min, gallons per minute; mg/L, milligrams per liter; µS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; deg. C, degrees Celsius; µg/L, micrograms per liter; pCi/L, picocuries per liter; mrem/yr, millirems per year; <, less than; E, estimated; MCL, Maximum Contaminant Level; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level] , Bottom Top of of Flow rate, Color Dissolved Well screen screen Elevation instant. (platinum- oxygen number Location Sample date (ft bls) (ft bls) (ft asl) (gal/min) cobalt units) (mg/L)

AA Bb 86 5/19/2009 155 185 270 100 2 6.2 Jessup Water Tower AA Bb 87 5/14/2009 190 215 270 50 10 4.5

AA Bb 91 NSA National 6/30/2009 100 120 170 10 5 4.4 AA Bb 90 Cryptologic Museum 6/29/2009 215 235 170 90 5 <2

AA Bb 92 Maryland Correctional 5/21/2009 56.5 81.5 175 120 2 4.8 AA Bb 88 Institution for Women 5/28/2009 115 140 175 25 5 3

1 Maryland State Prison HO Df 60 Training Facility 3/30/2009 55 60 200 50 5 6.4

MCL -- -- SMCL 15 --

1 HO Df 59 not sampled

Specific conductance Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, (µS/cm at Temperature filtered, filtered, filtered, Well number Sample date pH (field) 25 deg. C) (deg. C) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)

AA Bb 86 5/19/2009 4.8 156 13.8 4.09 3.35 1.71 AA Bb 87 5/14/2009 5.1 118 14.1 4.77 1.01 1.4

AA Bb 91 6/30/2009 4.4 530 16.5 11.5 4.92 1.98 AA Bb 90 6/29/2009 5.0 35 14.7 1.01 0.537 0.518

AA Bb 92 5/21/2009 4.7 234 14.1 7.03 5.23 1.91 AA Bb 88 5/28/2009 4.7 70 14.4 2.42 1.33 1.07

HO Df 60 3/30/2009 5.3 75 13.9 3.1 2.08 0.967

MCL ------SMCL 6.5-8.5 ------

Appendix C. Continued

Alkalinity, filtered, Sodium, CaCO3 Bicarbonate, Chloride, Fluoride, Silica, Sulfate, Sample filtered, (field) filtered, filtered, filtered, filtered, filtered, Well number date (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)

AA Bb 86 5/19/2009 14.2 3 4 29.4 <0.08 8.21 2.44 AA Bb 87 5/14/2009 13 4 5 --2 E.01 <0.20 --2

AA Bb 91 6/30/2009 69.7 <8 4 149 E0.06 8.7 2.94 AA Bb 90 6/29/2009 1.32 3 4 1.62 <0.08 8.9 7.31

AA Bb 92 5/21/2009 23.6 3 4 40.3 <0.08 8.43 19.7 AA Bb 88 5/28/2009 4.24 0.5 0.6 8.26 <0.08 9.28 4.57

HO Df 60 3/30/2009 5.17 6 7 11.6 <0.08 9.43 5.93

MCL ------4.0 -- -- SMCL ------250 2.0 -- 250

2 Sample destroyed at laboratory

Dissolved solids (residue on evaporation Nitrate plus at 180 deg. C), Ammonia, nitrite, Nitrite, Orthophosphate, Sample filtered, filtered, filtered, filtered, filtered, Well number date (mg/L) (mg/L as N) (mg/L as N) (mg/L as N) (mg/L as P)

AA Bb 86 5/19/2009 90 <0.02 3.9 E.001 E.006 AA Bb 87 5/14/2009 83 0.061 1.25 0.006 E.006

AA Bb 91 6/30/2009 307 <0.02 1.35 E.001 E.007 AA Bb 90 6/29/2009 28 <0.02 <0.04 <0.002 0.014

AA Bb 92 5/21/2009 133 <0.02 4.01 E.001 E.006 AA Bb 88 5/28/2009 49 <0.02 2.12 0.004 E.006

HO Df 60 3/30/2009 46 <0.02 0.529 <0.002 E.006

MCL ------SMCL 500 -- 103 1 --

3 Nitrate only

Appendix C. Continued

Organic Phosphorus, carbon Aluminum, Antimony, Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium, filtered, (total), filtered, filtered, filtered, filtered, filtered, Well number Sample date (mg/L) (mg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L)

AA Bb 86 5/19/2009 <0.04 0.72 55.1 <0.04 0.104 33.9 0.441 AA Bb 87 5/14/2009 <0.04 E.48 79.6 <0.04 0.168 13.3 0.122

AA Bb 91 6/30/2009 <0.04 -- 594 E0.02 1.6 93 0.75 AA Bb 90 6/29/2009 <0.04 <0.6 16 <0.04 0.125 16.2 0.181

AA Bb 92 5/21/2009 <0.04 E.51 101 <0.04 0.143 60.3 0.524 AA Bb 88 5/28/2009 <0.04 0.83 75.1 E.033 0.737 25 0.894

HO Df 60 3/30/2009 <0.04 E.45 4.4 <0.04 E.048 23.9 E.018

MCL ------6 10 2,000 4 SMCL -- -- 50-200 ------

Boron, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Iron, Sample filtered, filtered, filtered, filtered, filtered, filtered, unfiltered, Well number date (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L)

AA Bb 86 5/19/2009 E3.9 0.161 E.077 19.4 8.17 7.8 21.5 AA Bb 87 5/14/2009 4.6 0.068 0.183 10.3 5.87 164 --

AA Bb 91 6/30/2009 E3 0.56 0.14 40.3 19.8 23 43 AA Bb 90 6/29/2009 4.1 0.035 <0.12 3.75 E.63 1500 1470

AA Bb 92 5/21/2009 7.5 0.184 0.25 16 11.1 7.7 E9.6 AA Bb 88 5/28/2009 4.2 1.42 0.142 17.9 8.64 244 292

HO Df 60 3/30/2009 5.7 0.035 <0.12 0.639 2.74 29.5 31.4

MCL -- 5 100 -- 1,3004 -- -- SMCL ------1,0004 300 300

4 Total Treatment Action Level

Appendix C. Continued

Lead, Lithium, Manganese, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Selenium, Sample filtered, filtered, filtered, unfiltered, filtered, filtered, filtered, Well number date (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L)

AA Bb 86 5/19/2009 3.17 4.94 165 169 E.010 32 0.069 AA Bb 87 5/14/2009 12.4 4.39 39.9 -- 0.114 13.3 0.612

AA Bb 91 6/30/2009 7.12 4.4 263 266 0.1 54.9 0.21 AA Bb 90 6/29/2009 1.48 5.78 46.7 45.3 E.011 8.25 <0.06

AA Bb 92 5/21/2009 3.84 2.64 118 119 <0.02 29.9 0.75 AA Bb 88 5/28/2009 2.17 5.75 56.2 56.2 <0.02 24.5 1.34

HO Df 60 3/30/2009 0.966 <1 7.74 7.72 <0.02 1.61 0.817

MCL 154 ------50 SMCL -- -- 50 50 ------

4 Total Treatment Action Level

Silver, Strontium, Thallium, Vanadium, Zinc, Sample filtered, filtered, filtered, filtered, filtered, Xylene, Benzene, Well number date (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L)

AA Bb 86 5/19/2009 <0.008 35.1 0.12 E.123 339 <0.2 <0.1 AA Bb 87 5/14/2009 <0.008 27.4 0.211 E.125 210 <0.2 <0.1

AA Bb 91 6/30/2009 <0.008 57.3 0.15 0.77 1,010 <0.2 <0.1 AA Bb 90 6/29/2009 <0.008 6.43 <0.04 0.384 197 <0.2 <0.1

AA Bb 92 5/21/2009 <0.008 47.5 <0.04 <0.16 146 <0.2 <0.1 AA Bb 88 5/28/2009 <0.008 13.6 0.102 0.346 399 <0.2 <0.1

HO Df 60 3/30/2009 <0.008 24.1 <0.04 E.141 108 <0.2 <0.1

MCL -- -- 2 -- -- 10,0005 5 SMCL 100 ------5,000 -- --

5 Total xylenes Appendix C. Continued

Methyl tert- Uranium, Sample Ethylbenzene, m- + p-Xylene, o-Xylene, butyl ether, Toluene, filtered, Well number date (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L)

AA Bb 86 5/19/2009 <0.1 <0.2 <0.1 0.6 1.6 0.072 AA Bb 87 5/14/2009 <0.1 <0.2 <0.1 <0.2 0.3 0.229

AA Bb 91 6/30/2009 <0.1 <0.2 <0.1 <0.2 <0.1 0.18 AA Bb 90 6/29/2009 <0.1 <0.2 <0.1 <0.2 1.0 0.014

AA Bb 92 5/21/2009 <0.1 <0.2 <0.1 <0.2 1.0 0.291 AA Bb 88 5/28/2009 <0.1 <0.2 <0.1 <0.2 <0.1 0.076

HO Df 60 3/30/2009 <0.1 <0.2 <0.1 <0.2 1.0 0.023

MCL 700 10,0005 10,0005 --6 1,000 30 SMCL ------

5 Total xylenes 6 Drinking-Water Advisory Level (for taste and odor) is 20 to 40 µg/L

Gross alpha- Gross alpha- Gross beta-particle Gross beta-particle particle activity (Th- particle activity (Th- activity (Cs-137), activity (Cs-137), 230), measured 230), measured measured measured within 3 days 30 days within 3 days 30 days of sample after sample of sample after sample collection collection collection collection Radon-222, Well number Sample date (pCi/L) (pCi/L) (pCi/L) (pCi/L) (pCi/L)

AA Bb 86 5/19/2009 20.5 11.3 8.3 2.36 170 AA Bb 87 5/14/2009 37.5 26 8.9 11.3 420

AA Bb 91 6/30/2009 107 24 23.2 17.2 190 AA Bb 90 6/29/2009 3.5 4.1 1.8 2.0 180

AA Bb 92 5/21/2009 22 20.2 5.34 7.74 520 AA Bb 88 5/28/2009 14.8 10.4 5.53 5.78 220

HO Df 60 3/30/2009 12.3 6.22 4.98 4.44 150

MCL 15 15 4 mrem/yr 4 mrem/yr -- SMCL ------

Y T N 1 U Y Dorsey Run basin O T C N U O C D R L A E W D O N 175 H U Maryland R A State Prison E N N Training Facility A (HO Df 59, 60) Jessup

o Water Tower r

! e D y (AA Bb 86, 87)

R r

u e

y R ad o o a R d e

R g id

u r B n ck ro B

32 ! Maryland Correctional Institution for Women (AA Bb 88, 92)

ay kw ar P

s s e G n 295 u i il s fo u rd B

al tion R Na o ad Dorsey Run itt e L l Stream Gage P a t u x e n t NSA National Cryptologic Museum (AA Bb 90, 91) R ! National Security Agency iv e & Ft. Meade

0 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 Kilometers

0 0.25 0.5 1 Mile Map location EXPLANATION

! Test well site N Stream gage site

0 40 miles

Figure 1. Location of the study area. 108 Dorsey Run Y T N Y Basin U T O N 195 C U D O R C A L W E O D 95 H N U R 162 103 A E 1 N N k A e re C y e rl a 295 M Study Area 176

100 713 2 AA Bb 87 ! ! HO Df 59 174 ! AA Bb 88

AA Bb 85 175

! AA Bb 90 170 AA Bb 81 97

Dorsey Run AA Bb 82 Stream Gage AA Bb 83 198 AA Bc 163 32 AA Bc 234 AA Cc 120 AA Cc 144 L Fort George G. Meade it tle AA Cc 40 S Military Reservation ev Pa AA Cc 88 ern tu AA Cc 124 Riv Pa xe er tuxe n nt R t iver Ri ve r

AN NE AR UN DE 197 L C 3 PR OU INC NT E G Y EO RG E’ S C OU NT Y 97 N 178

Map 0 1 2 4 6 Kilometers location

0 1 2 4 Miles EXPLANATION N ! Test well 0 40 miles Observation or production well

Figure 1, Continued. HO Df 59 Maryland State Prison HO Df 60 Maryland State Prison Training Facility (deep) Training Facility (shallow) Depth, in feet HO-95-1442 Depth, in feet HO-95-1443 below land surface below land surface

+3.0 Top of protective casing +3.37 Top of protective casing +2.72 Top of well casing +2.94 Top of well casing 6-inch steel protective casing 6-inch steel protective casing 0 Land surface 0 Land surface Cement Cement

4.5-inch PVC well casing

10.5-inch borehole Bentonite grout 4.5-inch PVC well casing

40 Bentonite grout Static water level #1 Gravel pack Static water level 48.16 feet, 3/30/2009 50.09 feet, 3/30/2009 50 4.5-inch diameter well screen, 55 0.02-inch slot, PVC 4.5-inch PVC well casing 10.5-inch borehole 60 4.5-inch diameter well screen, 0.02-inch slot, PVC

80 4.5-inch PVC well casing 85 Depth of well 90 95 Total depth of hole #1 Gravel pack

120 4.5-inch diameter well screen, 0.02-inch slot, PVC 130 4.5-inch PVC well casing 135 Depth of well 140 Total depth of hole

Not to scale Not to scale

Figure 2. Test-well construction schematics. AA Bb 86 Jessup Water Tower (shallow) AA Bb 87 Jessup Water Tower (deep) AA-95-4302 AA-95-4301 Depth, in feet Depth, in feet below land surface below land surface

+3.05 Top of protective casing +2.86 Top of protective casing +2.86 Top of well casing +2.57 Top of well casing 6-inch steel protective casing 6-inch steel protective casing 0 Land surface 0 Land surface Cement Cement

4.5-inch PVC well casing Bentonite grout

Bentonite grout

4.5-inch PVC well casing 10.5-inch borehole

10.5-inch borehole 110 Static water level 124.35 feet, 5/19/2009 Static water level #1 Gravel pack 128.45 feet, 5/14/2009

155 4.5-inch diameter well screen, 0.02-inch slot, PVC

185 4.5-inch PVC well casing 185 #1 Gravel pack 190 Depth of well 190 4.5-inch diameter well screen, 206 Total depth of hole 0.02-inch slot, PVC 215 4.5-inch PVC well casing 220 Depth of well

260 Total depth of hole

Not to scale Not to scale

Figure 2, Continued. AA Bb 88 Maryland Correctional Institution AA Bb 92 Maryland Correctional Institution for Women (deep) AA-95-4303 for Women (shallow) AA-95-4304 Depth, in feet Depth, in feet below land surface below land surface

+3.10 Top of protective casing +3.21 Top of protective casing +2.62 Top of well casing +1.61 Top of well casing 6-inch steel protective casing 6-inch steel protective casing 0 Land surface 0 Land surface Cement Cement 4.5-inch PVC well casing

4.5-inch PVC well casing 10.5-inch borehole Static water level Static water level: Bentonite grout 38.05 feet, 5/21/2009 37.25 feet, 5/28/2009 40 #1 Gravel pack 57 Bentonite grout 4.5-inch diameter well screen, 0.02-inch slot, PVC 10.5-inch borehole 82 4.5-inch PVC well casing 87 Depth of well 95 Total depth of hole 105 115 #1 Gravel pack 4.5-inch diameter well screen, 0.02-inch slot, PVC 140 4.5-inch PVC well casing 145 Depth of well

227 Total depth of hole

Not to scale Not to scale

Figure 2, Continued. AA Bb 90 NSA National Cryptologic Museum AA Bb 91 NSA National Cryptologic Museum (deep) (shallow) Depth, in feet Depth, in feet below land surface AA-95-4642 below land surface AA-95-4641

+2 Top of protective casing +2.08 Top of protective casing +1.94 Top of well casing +1.62 Top of well casing 6-inch steel protective casing 6-inch steel protective casing 0 Land surface 0 Land surface Cement Cement

4.5-inch PVC well casing

4.5-inch PVC well casing Bentonite grout Static water level Static water level 52.37 feet, 6/30/2009 58.3 feet, 6/29/2009 10.5-inch borehole

83 Bentonite grout #1 Gravel pack 100 10.5-inch borehole 4.5-inch diameter well screen, 0.02-inch slot, PVC 120 4.5-inch PVC well casing 125 Depth of well 135 Total depth of hole

200 215 #1 Gravel pack 4.5-inch diameter well screen, 0.02-inch slot, PVC 235 4.5-inch PVC well casing 240 Depth of well 252 Total depth of hole

Not to scale Not to scale

Figure 2, Continued. Maryland State Prison Training Facility GEOPHYSICAL LOGS Hydro- Well Construction Gamma log Multi-point resistivity log Lithologic Geologic stratigraphic (counts per second) (Ohm-meters) character unit 200 unit 50 100 150 0 200 400 600 800 HO Df 59 HO Df 60 0 0

20 20

40 40

60 Patuxent Patuxent 60 16-inch Formation aquifer

80 80

64-inch

100 Gravel 100 pack e e 120 120 e c c c a a a f f f r r r u u u s s s

d d d n n n a a a l l 140 140 l

Total depth w w w o o

drilled = 140 ft o l l l e e e b b b

, , , t t t e e e e e 160 160 e f f f

n n n i i i

, , , h h h t t Pre-Cretaceous t p p p e e basement rock e D D 180 180 D

200 200

220 220

240 240

260 260

280 280 EXPLANATION

Split-spoon core Sand Sandy clay Water level Saprolite Bit sample Clay Crystalline rock Well screen Altitude = 211 feet above mean sea level

Figure 3. Geophysical, geologic, and hydrogeologic data from test wells. Jessup Water Tower GEOPHYSICAL LOGS Hydro- Well Construction Multi-point resistivity log Lithologic Geologic Gamma log stratigraphic (counts per second) (Ohm-meters) character unit 0 50 100 150 500 1000 (16-inch) unit AA Bb 87 AA Bb 86 0 1000 2000 (64-inch) 0 0 Lower Patapsco Patapsco Formation aquifer 20 20

40 40

Arundel Arundel Clay Formation confining 60 unit 60

80 80

64-inch 100 100

e 120 120 e c c a a f f r r u u s s

d d

n 16-inch n a a

l 140 140 l

w w o o l l e e b b

Patuxent , , t t

e aquifer e

e 160 160 e f f

n n i i

, , h h t t p p e e

D 180 Patuxent 180 D Formation

200 200

Gravel pack 220 220

240 240

? ?

260 260 Total depth Pre-Cretaceous drilled = 260 ft basement rock

280 280 EXPLANATION

Split-spoon core Sand Sandy clay Water level Saprolite Bit sample Clay Crystalline rock Well screen Altitude = 269 feet above mean sea level

Figure 3, Continued. Figure 3,Continued. Depth, in feet, below land surface 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 Bit sample Split-spoon core 5 0 (counts persecond) Gamma log 7 5 1 0 GEOPHYSICAL 0 1 2 5 1 5 0 1 0 7 5 Multi-point resistivitylog LOGS drilled =227ft T otal depth (Ohm-meters) 64-inch 5 0 Maryland CorrectionalInstitutionforW 0 16-inch Altitude =174feetabovemeansealevel 1 Clay Sand Fill 0 0 0 Lithologic character EXPLANA Saprolite Crystalline rock Sandy clay F P Geologic o a rm unit TION tu P b re a a x e s ti -C e o n m n t Fill re e ta n P stratigraphic c t a a e ro Hydro- q tu o unit u c u x if k s e e

n r t omen AA Bb88 W ell Construction W W ater level ell screen AA p G ra a Bb92 ck ve l 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 0 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Depth, in feet, below land surface Figure 3,Continued. Depth, in feet, below land surface 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 Bit sample Split-spoon core 5 0 (counts persecond) Gamma log 7 5 1 data missing 0 GEOPHYSICAL 0 1 2 5 1 5 0 1 0 7 5 Multi-point resistivitylog 64-inch LOGS 16-inch (Ohm-meters) drilled =252ft T otal depth 5 0 NSA 0 NationalCryptologicMuseum Altitude =163feetabovemeansealevel 1 Clay Sand 0 0 0 Lithologic character EXPLANA F Saprolite F Sandy clay Crystalline rock F P P A o o Geologic o a a rm rm ru rm ta unit TION tu P b n p a a a x re a d s ti ti e ti s e c -C o o o n e l o n n n t m re e ta n P c P stratigraphic A c t a a o a L a e ro ru Hydro- C q q n ta o u tu o unit u u fi la w n c n p u x n if if it k d e y s s e e e in e

c r

n r r g l o t AA Bb90 W ell Construction W W ater level ell screen AA p G ra a Bb91 ck ve l 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 0 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Depth, in feet, below land surface Maryland State Prison Training Facility well HO Df 60 Drawdown Phase

12 Aquifer Test Date: 03/30/2009 Aquifer: Patuxent Pumping Rate (Q): 50 GPM 13 Slope of Line (s1): 3.35 ft/log10 2 Transmissivity (T1): 530 ft/day

14 Slope of Line (s2): 1.05 ft/log10 2 T1 Transmissivity (T2): 1,700 ft/day

(35)(Q) 15 T =

) s t f ( GPM = Gallons Per Minute n s = drawdown (ft/log ) w 10 o 16 d w a r D 17 T2

20 1 10 100 1000 Time since pumping started (minutes)

Maryland State Prison Training Facility well HO Df 60 Recovery Phase -1

0 T2

1 ) t f ( n w 2 o d w a r d Aquifer Test Date: 03/30/2009 l a 3 Aquifer: Patuxent T1 u d i Pumping Rate (Q): 50 GPM s e Slope of Line (s1): 7.68 ft/log10 R 2 Transmissivity (T1): 230 ft/day 4 Slope of Line (s2): 0.66 ft/log10 2 Transmissivity (T2): 2,700 ft/day

5 (35)(Q) T = s GPM = Gallons Per Minute

s = drawdown (ft/log 10) 6 1 10 100 1000 Time since pumping started (t)/time since pumping stopped (t')

Figure 4. Drawdown and recovery data and transmissivity calculations for test wells. Jessup Water Tower well AA Bb 86 Drawdown Phase 14 Aquifer Test Date: 05/19/2009 Aquifer: Patuxent Pumping Rate (Q): 100 GPM

Slope of Line (s1): 2.15 ft/log10 2 Transmissivity (T1): 1,640 ft/day

15 Slope of Line (s2): 0.17 ft/log10 2 Transmissivity (T2):20,940ft/day

(35)(Q) T =

) s t f ( T1 GPM = Gallons Per Minute n

w s = drawdown (ft/log 10) o 16 d w a r D

17 T2

18 1 10 100 1000 Time since pumping started (minutes)

Jessup Water Tower well AA Bb 86 Recovery Phase -1

0 T2

) 1 t f ( n w o d w a 2 r d Aquifer Test Date: 05/19/2009 l a Aquifer: Patuxent u d i Pumping Rate (Q): 100 GPM T1 s e Slope of Line (s1): 2.70 ft/log10 R 3 2 Transmissivity (T1): 1,300 ft/day

Slope of Line (s2): 0.31 ft/log10 2 Transmissivity (T2):11,400ft/day 4 (35)(Q) T = s GPM = Gallons Per Minute

s = drawdown (ft/log 10) 5 1 10 100 1000 Time since pumping started (t)/time since pumping stopped (t')

Figure 4, Continued. Jessup Water Tower well AA Bb 87 Drawdown Phase

35 Aquifer Test Date: 05/27/2009 Aquifer: Patuxent Pumping Rate (Q): 91 GPM

Slope of Line (s1):10.25ft/log10 2 T1 Transmissivity (T1): 310 ft/day

Slope of Line (s2): 0.71 ft/log10 2 Transmissivity (T2): 4,500 ft/day 40 (35)(Q) T = )

t s f ( GPM = Gallons Per Minute n

w s = drawdown (ft/log 10) o d w a r D

50 1 10 100 1000 Time since pumping started (minutes)

Jessup Water Tower well AA Bb 87 Recovery Phase -5

0 T2 ) t f (

n 5 w o d w T1 a r d Aquifer Test Date: 05/27/2009 l a Aquifer: Patuxent u d i 10 Pumping Rate (Q): 91 GPM s e Slope of Line (s1):10.02ft/log R 10 2 Transmissivity (T1): 320 ft/day

Slope of Line (s2): 0.81 ft/log10 2 15 Transmissivity (T2): 3,900 ft/day

(35)(Q) T = s GPM = Gallons Per Minute

s = drawdown (ft/log 10) 20 1 10 100 1000 Time since pumping started (t)/time since pumping stopped (t')

Figure 4, Continued. Maryland Correctional Institution for Women well AA Bb 88 Drawdown Phase

10 Aquifer Test Date: 05/28/2009 Aquifer: Patuxent Pumping Rate (Q): 24 GPM

Slope of Line (s1):26.83ft/log10 2 20 Transmissivity (T1): 32 ft /day

Slope of Line (s2): 0.64 ft/log10 2 Transmissivity (T2): 1,300 ft/day

(35)(Q) T =

) 30 s t f ( T1 GPM = Gallons Per Minute n s = drawdown (ft/log ) w 10 o d w a r

D 40

T2 50

60 1 10 100 1000 Time since pumping started (minutes)

Maryland Correctional Institution for Women well AA Bb 88 Recovery Phase -10

T2 0 ) t f ( n w o 10 d w a r d Aquifer Test Date: 05/28/2009 l a Aquifer: Patuxent T1 u d i Pumping Rate (Q): 24 GPM s e Slope of Line (s1):26.60ft/log

R 10 20 2 Transmissivity (T1): 32 ft /day

Slope of Line (s2): 0.63 ft/log10 2 Transmissivity (T2): 1,400 ft/day

(35)(Q) T = 30 s GPM = Gallons Per Minute

s = drawdown (ft/log 10)

1 10 100 1000 Time since pumping started (t)/time since pumping stopped (t')

Figure 4, Continued. Maryland Correctional Institution for Women well AA Bb 92 Drawdown Phase

4 Aquifer Test Date: 05/21/2009 Aquifer: Patuxent Pumping Rate (Q): 120 GPM

Slope of Line (s1): 1.27 ft/log10 2 Transmissivity (T1):3,340 ft/day

5 Slope of Line (s2): 0.08 ft/log10 2 Transmissivity (T2):52,500ft/day

(35)(Q) T = )

t s f ( T1 GPM = Gallons Per Minute n

w s = drawdown (ft/log 10)

o 6 d w a r D

7 T2

8 1 10 100 1000 Time since pumping started (minutes)

Maryland Correctional Institution for Women well AA Bb 92 Recovery Phase

-1

0 T2 ) t f ( n w o d w a 1 r d Aquifer Test Date: 05/21/2009 l a Aquifer: Patuxent u d i Pumping Rate (Q): 120 GPM s T1 e Slope of Line (s1): 1.23 ft/log

R 10 2 Transmissivity (T1):3,450 ft/day

2 Slope of Line (s2): 0.24 ft/log10 2 Transmissivity (T2):14,400ft/day

(35)(Q) T = s GPM = Gallons Per Minute

s = drawdown (ft/log 10) 3 1 10 100 1000 Time since pumping started (t)/time since pumping stopped (t')

Figure 4, Continued NSA National Cryptologic Museum well AA Bb 90 Drawdown Phase

2 Aquifer Test Date: 06/29/2009 Aquifer: Patuxent Pumping Rate (Q): 92 GPM

Slope of Line (s): 2.47 ft/log10 2 4 Transmissivity (T): 1,300 ft /day

(35)(Q ) T = s ) t GPM = Gallons Per Minute f ( s = drawdown (ft/log 10) n w o 6 d w a r D

10 1 10 100 1000 Time since pumping started (minutes)

NSA National Cryptologic Museum well AA Bb 90 Recovery Phase 0

2 ) t f ( n w o d w a r

d Aquifer Test Date: 06/29/2009 l a 4 u Aquifer: Patuxent d i

s Pumping Rate (Q): 92 GPM e R Slope of Line (s): 2.41 ft/log10 Transmissivity (T): 1,300 ft2/day

(35)(Q ) T = 6 s

GPM = Gallons Per Minute

s = drawdown (ft/log 10)

1 10 100 1000 Time since pumping started (t)/time since pumping stopped (t')

Figure 4, Continued. NSA National Cryptologic Museum well AA Bb 91 Drawdown Phase 20 Aquifer Test Date: 06/30/2009 Aquifer: Patuxent Pumping Rate (Q): 10 GPM

25 Slope of Line (s): 1.48 ft/log10 Transmissivity (T): 240 ft2/day

(35)(Q ) T = s

) 30

t GPM = Gallons Per Minute f ( s = drawdown (ft/log10 ) n w o d w a r

D 35

45 1 10 100 1000 Time since pumping started (minutes)

NSA National Cryptologic Museum well AA Bb 91 Recovery Phase -5

0 T2

5 ) t f ( n w 10 o d w a r d Aquifer Test Date: 06/30/2009 l a 15 u Aquifer: Patuxent d i Pumping Rate (Q): 10 GPM s e T1

R Slope of Line (s1):20.10ft/log10 2 Transmissivity (T1): 18 ft /day 20

Slope of Line (s2): 1.40 ft/log10 2 Transmissivity (T2): 250 ft /day

25 (35)(Q) T = s GPM = Gallons Per Minute

s = drawdown (ft/log 10) 30 1 10 100 1000 Time since pumping started (t)/time since pumping stopped (t')

Figure 4, Continued.

Maryland State Prison Training Facility Maryland Correctional Institution for Women 164 139

138.5 l l e e v v e e

l HO Df 60 (shallow) l a a e e s s 138 e e v v o o

b b a a

t t e 163.5 e 137.5 e e f f n n i i , , l l e e

AA Bb 88 (deep) v v 137 e e l l r r e e t t a a W W 136.5 AA Bb 92 (shallow)

163 136 1 7 14 21 28 1 7 14 21 28 1 7 14 21 28 1 7 14 21 28 1 7 14 21 28 1 7 14 21 28 June July August June July August 2009 2009

Jessup Water Tower NSA National Cryptologic Museum 142 112

111.5

111 141.5 l l 110.5 e e AA Bb 91 (shallow) v v e e l l 110 a a e e AA Bb 86 (shallow) 109.5 s s 141 e e 109 v v o o b b 108.5 a a t t e e 140.5 108 e e f f 107.5 n n i i , , l l 107 e e v v 140 e e l l 106.5 r r AA Bb 87 (deep) e e t t 106 a a W W 105.5 139.5 AA Bb 90 (deep) 105

104.5

139 104 1 7 14 21 28 1 7 14 21 28 1 7 14 21 28 1 7 14 21 28 1 7 14 21 28 1 7 14 21 28 June July August June July August

2009 2009

Figure 6. Hydrographs from test wells.

HO Df 60 Maryland State Prison AA Bb 86 Jessup Water Training Facility (shallow) Tower (shallow) + - Na+ Cl- Na Cl

2+ - 2+ - Ca HCO3 Ca HCO3

2+ 2- 2+ 2- Mg Mg SO4 SO4

- - - - + + K NO3 +NO2 K NO3 +NO2

1.5 meq/L 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 meq/L 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0

AA Bb 88 Maryland Correctional Institution AA Bb 92 Maryland Correctional Institution for Women (deep) for Women (shallow) + - Na Cl Na+ Cl-

2+ Ca - 2+ - HCO3 Ca HCO3

2+ Mg 2- Mg2+ 2- SO4 SO4

- - + NO +NO + - - K 3 2 K NO3 +NO2

1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 meq/L 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 meq/L

AA Bb 90 NSA National Cryptologic AA Bb 91 NSA National Cryptologic Museum (deep) Museum (shallow) + - Na Cl Na+ Cl-

2+ - 2+ - Ca HCO3 Ca HCO3

2+ 2- Mg 2+ 2- SO4 Mg SO4

- - + - - NO3 +NO2 + K K NO3 +NO2

1.5 meq/L 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0 2.0 4.0 6.0 meq/L

Figure 7. Stiff diagrams showing milliequivalents of major ions in water samples taken from BRAC test wells in 2009. Data from AA Bb 87 incomplete as of September, 2009. EXPLANATION AA Bb 86 (Jessup Water Tower-shallow)

AA Bb 90 (NSA National Cryptological Museum-deep) Ca+Mg+Fe, Cl+SO +NO 4 3 AA Bb 92 (Maryland Correctional Institution for Women-shallow)

AA Bb 88 (Maryland Correctional Institution for Women-deep) Ca+Mg+Fe, Na+K, HCO Cl+SO +NO HO Df 60 (Maryland State Prison Training 3 4 3 Facility-shallow)

8 0 0 8 C l a C Na+K, + + 6 0 4 0 M HCO3 O 6 g S + 4 + 0 0 F 3 4 e O N 2 0 0 2

2 0 0 2

4 0 0 4 2 0 0 2 N 6 N 0 0 a 3 O 80 6 80 O e + 3 C 4 + F K 0 0 8 H + S 4 0 0 O g 60 8 60 M 6 4 0 0 40 6 40 8 0 0 20 8 20

8 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 8

Ca Cl Cations Anions

Figure 8. Piper diagram showing milliequivalent percentages of major ions from BRAC test wells (2009).

Figure 9. Stream gage (USGS 01594400) on Dorsey Run near Ft. Meade between Guilford Road and Rt. 32 bridges. [View is to the southwest]

Figure 10. Stream gage and rain gage at Dorsey Run. 3 3 s e h

c 2.5 2.5 n i

, n o

i 2 2 t a t i p

i 1.5 1.5 c e r p 1 1 y l i a d

l 0.5 0.5

a Data missing t o T 0 0 1000 1000 d n o c e s

r e p

e 100 100 e f

c i b u c

, e g r

a 10 10 h c s i d

y l i a d

n 1 1 a e Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug M 2008 2009

Figure 11. Stream discharge and precipitation at Dorsey Run. ! -208 0 0 2 108 Y T N U O 195 e C n D i R L A ll W 95 a O F H 162 103 1 -35 ! k Y e T e N r U C O 0 y C le L r E a D M N 295 0 U 176 R 0 A E 2 N - N ! A -550 100 2 45 713 0 86 ! -5 0 ! ! ! -4 8 174 ! !-326 -35 0 0 175 -6 -77 ! 170 97 84 58 -63 ! ! ! ! -350 0 56 !59 -74 ! 0 ! -8 42 198 ! 41 ! -468 -375 ! ! ! 32 15 -1019 -580 ! ! -1019 L ! it tle -729 ! Sev Pa ern tu 0 Riv Pa xe 0 er tuxe n 0 nt R t 1 iver Ri - ve r

A NN E A ! RU -480 ! -1120 ND -869 197 P EL ! 3 RI C NC OU E NT GE Y OR GE 00 ’S 2 CO -1 UN TY 97 178 -1096 !

Map 0 1 2 4 6 Kilometers location

0 1 2 4 Miles

EXPLANATION 0 40 miles Contour showing the altitude of the top of basement rock, in feet relative to sea level. -200 Contour interval is 100 feet.

! -480 Data point. Number is altitude of the top of basement rock, in feet relative to sea level.

Fall Line

Figure 12. Top of the basement rock in the Ft. Meade area. A A/

400 400

Ft. Meade Fall Line Howard County Anne Arundel County

Maryland State Prison 300 National 300 Training Facility Business Park National Security HO Df 59 Agency Well 1 AA Bb 85 National Security Ft. Meade Altitude= 211 ft Altitude= 135 AA Bb 81 Agency Well 2 Well 5R NSA National Maryland Correctional Altitude=165 ft AA Bb 82 AA Cc 144 Cryptologic Museum Ft. Meade Kings Heights Institution for Women Altitude=145 ft Well 3 Altitude=140 ft AA Bb 90 Ft. Meade AA Cc 88 AA Bb 88 Altitude=163 ft Ft. Meade AA Bc 234 200 Ft. Meade Observation well 6 Altitude=179 ft 200 Altitude=175 ft Well 1R Altitude=135 ft AA Bb 83 Observation well 2 Ft. Meade AA Cc 124 Dorsey Altitude=130 ft AA Bc 163 Well 4 Altitude=130 ft Run Altitude=135 ft AA Cc 120 Altitude=120 ft

100 ? 100 100

100 100 TD = 140 ft 100 100 ?

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 0

200 200 200 200 l l TD - 227 ft 200 e 200 e 200 200 200 200

v 200 v 200 e e

l TD = 252 ft l

100 TD = 239 100 a a

300 e e

s 300 s

o 300 o

t 300 t TD = 330 ft 300 300 300 300

d 300 d e e

t 200 200 t a a

l 108 400 l Y

e T e N U r O 195 r C D , R 400 , A t W 400 t O 400 400 H 400 400

e 95 e 162 400

e 103 e A 1 f f Y T 300 N k 300 U e e

n O r n C C i L i E y 500 e D rl

, N , U a R M A 295 h E 176 h

t N t N TD = A 500 495 ft 500 p 500 500 p 500 500

e 100 e 713 2 500 TD = 515 ft D D 400 HO Df 59 ! ! AA Bb 87 Fort Meade & NSA 400 174 * 600 ! AA Bb 88

AA Bb 85 175 600 EXPLANATION 600 600 600 AA Bb 90 TD = 604 ft ! 600 170 Hydrostratigraphic unit: * 500 AA Bb 81 97 Well screen * 500 AA Bb 82 Magothy Aquifer Asterisk indicates screen positions 700 AA Bb 83 are for adjacent production well 198 AA Bc 163 TD = 672 ft 32 AA Bc 234 Magothy-Patapsco Confining Unit 700 AA Cc 120 700 Resistivity log 700 AA Cc 144 TD = 696 ft Li Upper Patapsco Aquifer ttl e A’ Se 600 Pa vern 600 tu Riv xe AA Cc 124 AA Cc 88 er TD = 751 ft Patux n en t Patapsco Confining Unit 800 t Rive Ri r ve r TD = 758 ft PRIN CE G EO RG Lower Patapsco Aquifer E’S C A TD Total depth drilled O NNE UNT AR Y UND EL C 197 O 3 Arundel Confining Unit UNTY 700 700 Patuxent Aquifer 0 0.5 1 2 3 Kilometers 900 0 1 2 4 6 Kilometers 97 TD = 917 ft 178 Pre-Cretaceous Basement Rock

0 1 2 4 Miles 0 0.5 1 2 Miles

800 800

Figure 13. Hydrostratigraphic cross section A-A/ from the Fall Line to Kings Heights. 108 Y T N U O 195 C D R A W 95 O H ! Patuxent aquifer 162 103 -166 outcrop 1 0 k Y e T e N r U C O y C le L r E a D M N 295 U R 176 A E 0 N N 0 ! A 100 2 -290 713 - 2 178 ! 174 ! -2

175 73 00 ! -4 170 ! 97 -48 -73 ! 170 198 !-215 ! -280 ! -338 32 ! -395 -614 ! -370 ! ! 0 L 60 it -489 - tle ! Sev Pa ! ern tu -365 Riv Pa xe er tuxe n nt R t iver Ri ve r

A -201 -895 NN -577 0 ! E A ! 0 -97 ! RU ! -8 ND 197 P EL 3 RI C NC OU E NT GE Y OR GE ’S CO UN TY 97 00 178 0 -1 -765 -791 ! !

Map 0 1 2 4 6 Kilometers location

0 1 2 4 Miles

EXPLANATION 0 40 miles Contour showing the altitude of the top of the Patuxent aquifer, in feet relative to sea level. -200 Contour interval is 100 feet.

! -577 Data point. Number is altitude of the top of the Patuxent aquifer, in feet relative to sea level.

Generalized outcrop area of the Patuxent aquifer.

Figure 14. Top of the Patuxent aquifer in the Ft. Meade area. A B C

Lower Patapsco aquifer

Arundel Clay confining unit

Patuxent aquifer

saprolite

Basement rock

(modified from Drummond, 2007)

Figure 15. Conceptual cross section showing individual sand bodies in the Potomac Group. 108 Y T N U O 195 C D R A W 95 O H ! 162 103 -43 1 k Y e T e N r U 0 C O y C le L r E a D M N 295 U R 176 A Arundel confining E N N ! unit outcrop A 100 -170 713 2 249 0 ! 0 174 -2 70 !

175 123 ! 170 1 ! 97

0 0 ! 0 5 ! 198 -60 -4 ! 32 ! -210 ! -472 -192 ! L ! it -192 tle -323 ! Sev Pa ! ern tu -190 Riv Pa xe er tuxe n nt R t iver Ri ve r

A -555 NN -66 E A ! -302 ! 32 ! RU ! ND 197 P EL 3 RI C NC OU E NT 00 GE Y -6 OR GE ’S CO UN TY 97 178

-580-586 ! !

Map 0 1 2 4 6 Kilometers location

0 1 2 4 Miles

EXPLANATION 0 40 miles Contour showing the altitude of the top of the Arundel Clay confining unit, -200 in feet relative to sea level. Contour interval is 100 feet.

! -425 Data point. Number is altitude of the top of the Arundel Clay confining unit, in feet relative to sea level. Generalized outcrop area of the Arundel Clay confining unit.

Figure 16. Top of the Arundel Clay confining unit in the Ft. Meade area. Table 1. Construction data and hydraulic properties for the test wells.

Northing Easting Well State permit Latitude Longitude (MD state (MD state Date number number Location (deg min sec) (deg min sec) plane ft) plane ft) Well Driller completed MD State Prison AC Schultes HO Df 59 HO-95-1442 39 08 29 76 47 38 537145 1370792 3/11/2009 Training Facility of MD

MD State Prison AC Schultes HO Df 60 HO-95-1443 39 08 29 76 47 38 537145 1370792 3/18/2009 Training Facility of MD

Jessup Water AC Schultes AA Bb 86 AA-95-4302 39 08 26 76 45 48 536863 1379460 4/3/2009 Tower of MD

Jessup Water AC Schultes AA Bb 87 AA-95-4301 39 08 26 76 45 48 536863 1379460 5/6/2009 Tower of MD MD Correctional AC Schultes AA Bb 88 AA-95-4303 Institution for 39 07 56 76 46 42 533817 1375212 4/28/2009 of MD Women MD Correctional AC Schultes AA Bb 92 AA-95-4304 Institution for 39 07 56 76 46 42 533817 1375212 4/30/2009 of MD Women NSA National AC Schultes AA Bb 90 AA-95-4642 Cryptologic 39 06 57 76 46 26 527851 1376488 6/17/2009 of MD Museum NSA National AC Schultes AA Bb 91 AA-95-4641 Cryptologic 39 06 57 76 46 26 527851 1376488 6/19/2009 of MD Museum

Depth of Depth to top Water levels below Total Altitude of land well of screen land surface (ft) surface (ft below land Diameter (ft below land length of Drawdown Well number (ft above sea level) surface) of Well (in) surface) screen (ft) Static Pumped (ft) HO Df 59 211 135 4.5 120 10 50.09 NA NA HO Df 60 211 85 4.5 50 25 48.16 66.19 18.03 AA Bb 86 265 190 4.5 155 30 124.35 141.72 17.37 AA Bb 87 269 220 4.5 190 25 128.45 174.97 46.52 AA Bb 88 174 145 4.5 115 25 37.25 87.17 49.92 AA Bb 92 174 87 4.5 57 25 38.05 44.8 6.75 AA Bb 90 163 240 4.5 215 20 58.3 67.88 9.58 AA Bb 91 163 125 4.5 100 20 52.37 88.92 36.55

Specific Transmissivity - Transmissivity - 2 2 Pumping Rate Hours capacity drawdown (ft /day) recovery (ft /day) Well number Date Measured (gal/min) pumped [(gal/min)/ft] T1 T2 T1 T2 HO Df 59 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA HO Df 60 3/30/2009 50 8 2.8 530 1,700 230 2,700 AA Bb 86 5/19/2009 100 8 5.8 1,640 20,940 1,300 11,400 AA Bb 87 5/27/2009 91 8 2 310 4,500 320 3,900 AA Bb 88 5/28/2009 24 8 0.5 32 1,300 32 1,400 AA Bb 92 5/21/2009 120 8 17.8 3,340 52,500 3,450 14,400 AA Bb 90 6/29/2009 92 8 9.6 1,300 NA 1,300 NA AA Bb 91 6/30/2009 10 8 0.3 NA 240 18 250

LITHO- LITHO- HYDRO- AGE STRATIGRAPHY FACIES1 STRATIGRAPHY

Patuxent River and where present forms Quaternary un-named terrace sand-gravel part of surficial aquifer deposits

sand-gravel

silt-clay Lower Patapsco Patapsco aquifer Formation sand-gravel

silt-clay p u o Cretaceous r Arundel Clay

G sand-gravel Arundel confining unit

(Lower) c

a Formation m o t

o silt-clay P

sand-gravel

Patuxent Patuxent Formation silt-clay aquifer

sand-gravel

saprolite Cambrian/ Precambrian (?) Baltimore Complex Basement rock Crystalline rock

1 Lithofacies are shown for illustrative purposes

Table 2. Lithostratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy northwest of Ft. Meade.