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The Iron Ores of Maryland, with an Account of the Iron Industry

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The Iron Ores of Maryland, with an Account of the Iron Industry Hass 77,>0 3- Book ffjZd6 MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY WM. BULLOCK CLARK, State Geologist REPORT ON THE IRON ORES OF MARYLAND WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE IRON INDUSTRY BY JOSEPH T. SINGEWALD, JR.- (Special Publication, Volume IX, Part III) THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS Baltimore, December, 1911 / / MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY WM. BULLOCK CLARK, State Geologist REPORT ON r? Sr THE IRON ORES OF MARYLAND / £ WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE IRON INDUSTRY BY JOSEPH T. SINGEWALD, JR. M (Special Publication, Volume IX, Part III) THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS • Baltimore, December, 1911 V n, ffi ft- sre so i CONTENTS PAGE PART III. REPORT ON THE IRON ORES OF MARYLAND, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE IRON INDUSTRY. By Joseph T. Sxngewald, Jr. 121 The Ores of Iron.123 Magnetite . 124 Hematite . 124 Limonite . 124 Carbonate or Siderite. 125 Impurities in the Ores and Their Effects. 125 Mechanical Impurities. 125 Chemical Impurities. 126 Practical Considerations. 127 History of the Maryland Iron Industry. 128 The Colonial Period. 128 The Period from 1780 to 1830. 133 • The Period from 1830 to 1885. 133 The Period from 1885 to the present time. 136 Description of Maryland Iron Works.139 Maryland Furnaces. 139 Garrett County..'... 139 Allegany County. 139 Washington County. 143 Frederick County. 146 Carroll County. 149 Baltimore County. 150 Baltimore City. 159 Harford County. 160 Cecil County. 162 Howard County. 168 Anne Arundel County. 169 Prince George’s County. 171 Worcester County. 172 9 Other Iron Works in Maryland. 173 Allegany County. 173 Baltimore County. 173 Cecil County. 174 CONTENTS PAGE Queen Anne’s County. 176 Caroline County. 176 The Ikon Ores of Maryland. 178 The Limonites. 179 The Devonian Limonites. 179 Helderberg-Oriskany Limonites. 180 Washington County. 180 Romney-Oriskany Limonites. 182 Allegany County. 182 Washington County. 184 Cambro-Ordovician Limonites. 188 Stratigraphy of the Cambro-Ordovician Rocks. 189 Position of the Ores. 190 Limestone Contact Deposits. 190 Washington County. 191 Frederick County. 193 Catoctin Property. 194 Residual Deposits in the Shenandoah Limestone. 202 Washington County. 202 Limonites in the Cambrian Shales. 203 Frederick County. 203 Limonites Associated with the Crystalline Limestones of the Pied¬ mont . 206 Limonites of Carroll and Frederick Counties. 206 Carroll County. 207 Frederick County. 216 Limonites of Baltimore and Harford Counties. 218 Baltimore County. 219 Harford County. 225 The Bog Iron Ores. 227 The Formation of Bog Iron Ores. 227 The Bog Iron Ores in Maryland. 228 Caroline County. 229 Dorchester County. 230 Wicomico County. 230 Worcester County. 230 Limonites in Gabbro Areas. 232 The Carbonates. 232 CONTENTS PAGE The Carbonates of the Coal Measures. 232 Distribution of the Coal Measures in Maryland. 233 Stratigraphy of the Maryland Coal Measures. 234 Description of the Ores. 234 The Occurrence of the Ores. 237 Extent of Development. 241 Garrett and Allegany Counties. 241 Origin of the Carbonate Ores. 248 The Coastal Plain Carbonates. 253 The Arundel Formation. 253 The Arundel Ores. 255 Origin of the Arundel Ores. 257 Mining Operations. 258 Cecil County. 259 Baltimore County. 262 Howard County. 275 Anne Arundel County. 278 Prince George’s County. 285 The Hematites. 291 The Red Hematites of Allegany County. 291 Distribution of the Clinton Formation in Maryland. 292 Stratigraphic Position of the Clinton Rocks. 293 Character of the Clinton Rocks. 293 Description of the Clinton Ores. 295 Extent of Development. 299 Allegany County. 299 Amount of Clinton Ore. 300 Origin of the Clinton Ores. 301 The Specular Hematite of Carroll County. 308 Description of the Ore. 308 Extent of Development. 309 Carroll County. 309 The Magnetites. 312 Magnetites in the Loudon Formation of Frederick County. 312 Occurrence of the Ore. 313 Description of the Ore. 313 Extent of Development. 314 Frederick County. 314 CONTENTS PAGE Magnetites in Schistose Rocks of the Piedmont. 315 Frederick County...,. 315 Carroll County. 317 Howard County. 318 Harford County. 319 Magnetites in the Serpentines. 319 Harford County. 320 Baltimore County. 320 Summary . 322 Manganese in Maryland. 325 INDEX 329 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE FACING I5AGE VII. Map of Maryland showing Furnace Locations. 128 VIII. Views of Maryland Iron Furnaces— Fig. 1.—Ruin of Blast Furnace, Lonaconing, Allegany County.. 136 Fig. 2.—Catoctin Furnace, Thurmont, Frederick County. 136 IX. Views of Maryland Iron Furnaces— Fig. 1.—Blast Furnaces, Maryland Steel Company, Sparrows Point, Baltimore County. 152 Fig. 2.—Principio Furnace, Principio, Cecil County. 152 X. Views of Maryland Iron Furnaces— Fig. 1.—Ruins of Elkridge Furnace, Elkridge, Howard County.. 164 Fig. 2.—Muirkirk Furnace, Muirkirk, Prince George’s County.. 164 XI. Views of Maryland Iron Furnaces— Fig. 1.—Curtis Creek Furnace, Furnace Creek, Anne Arundel County. 168 Fig. 2.—Nassawango Furnace (1900), near Snow Hill, Worcester County. 168 XII. Map of Maryland showing distribution of Iron Ores. 176 XIII. Index Map showing position of plates. 178 XIV. Location of Limonite Ore Banks in parts of Washington County. 180 XV. Location of Ore Banks in part of Frederick County. 192 XVI. Location of Ore Banks in parts of Carroll and Baltimore Coun¬ ties . 208 XVIT. View of Maryland Iron Ore Banks— Fig. 1.—Iron Ore at Contact of Limestone and Volcanics, Bach¬ man Valley, Carroll County. 212 Fig. 2.—Nodule of sandy iron carbonate in Arundel Formation, near Milton Avenue, Baltimore City. 212 XVIII. Location of Ore Banks in parts of Baltimore and Harford Coun¬ ties . 216 XIX. Locations at which Bog Ore has been mined in Southeastern Maryland. 228 XX. Location of Ore Banks in Garrett and Allegany Counties. 240 XXI. View showing Nodular Ore in Arundel Clay, Anne Arundel County, Reynold’s Ore Bank. 256 XXII. Location of Ore Banks in parts of Harford and Baltimore Counties . 260 XXIII. Location of Ore Banks in parts of Baltimore and Anne Arundel Counties. 264 XXIV. Location of Ore Banks in parts of Baltimore, Howard, Anne Arundel and Prince George’s Counties. 272 XXV. Location of Ore Banks in parts of Frederick, Carroll and How¬ ard Counties. 308 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES PAGE 1. Fireback made at Patuxent Furnace, 1738. 171 2. Location of Ore Banks about North Mountain. 185 3. Sketch showing development of ore bank one mile north of Catoctin Furnace. 194 4. Diagram showing structure on east side of Catoctin Mountain. (After Keith). 197 5. Sketch showing ore workings at Chestnut Hill ore banks. 209 6. Map showing location of Maryland coal basins. 233 7. Generalized section showing Maryland coal seams. 235 8. Diagram showing position of Howard County magnetites. 318 PREFACE. Notwithstanding the former importance of the iron industry of Maryland, information in regard to its iron ores has been very scanty and indefinite. An investigation of the iron ores was un¬ dertaken, therefore, in order to determine the possibilities of the State in this respect in the future. During the summer of 1908, the ores of the Appalachian and Piedmont regions were investigated in the field by the author, as¬ sisted for a short time by Mr. R. C. Williams. The report on this work was prepared during the following winter, and used by the author for a dissertation, an abstract of which was published in Economic Geology that same year. The work was again taken up in the fall of 1910, and the Coastal Plain iron ores and the man¬ ganese ores investigated. The report on these and the portion deal¬ ing with the iron industry in the State were prepared in the early part of 1911. The analyses accompanying the report, except where otherwise stated, were made in the laboratory of the Maryland Geological Survey by Drs. E. G. Zies and E. E. Gill. PART III REPORT ON THE IRON ORES OF [MARY¬ LAND, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE IRON INDUSTRY By Joseph T. Singe wald, Je. REPORT ON THE IRON ORES OF MARY¬ LAND, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE IRON INDUSTRY By Joseph T. Singewald, Jr. THE OEES OF IEOH. \ The ores of iron are chemical combinations of the metal, or ele¬ ment, iron with oxygen, oxygen and water, and carbonic acid. The combinations of iron with oxygen alone are the oxides and comprise two classes of ore,—Magnetite (FesO-i) and Hematite (Fe20s). The combinations of iron with oxygen and water are the hydroxides and the ores are known as Limonites (Ee^Oa . nH20) or Brown Hematites. The combinations of iron ore with carbonic acid are the Carbonates, and these ores are known as Siderite (FeCO-?) or Spathic ores. The table shows the ideal composition of these ores of iron. IDEAL COMPOSITION OF OEES OF IRON. Ee 0 H20 C02 Magnetite. 72.4 27.6 Hematite. 70.0 30.0 Limonite. 59.9 25.7 14.4 Siderite . 48.3 13.8 37.9 This table gives the maximum content of iron in pure ores. As a matter of fact, the ores never occur in the pure condition, but are always mixed with impurities, the character and amount of which depend on the kind and origin of the ore. Moreover, a fur¬ nace never yields the full percentage of the iron in the ore, as some 124 Ieon Okes of Maeyland of it is lost in the slag. Hence, the yield of iron per ton of ore is always considerably below the percentages given in the table. MAGNETITE. Magnetite (Fes04) receives its name from the fact that it is readily attracted by a magnet. Its color is always black and it oc¬ curs either as crystals usually of octahedral form, or massive. It frequently contains considerable titanium oxide (Ti02), when it is called titaniferous magnetite. The streak of magnetite is black. HEMATITE. Hematite (Fe^Os) occurs in two varieties known respectively as Red Hematite and Specular Hematite. If the ore has an earthy texture, its color is red and it is known as red hematite; if it is crys¬ tallized, it is of a steel gray to iron black color with metallic lustre and is called specular hematite.
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