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Anne Arundel County 1 Anne I .\RUNDE1 County ilBII pi I • 'lill Mllvlli 'il I I I 1 ;■ ' 11 {[[•^1 I Dept. 6eo«ogy. 8B< Wj,w Johns Hopkins Univewity Baltimore, Maryland MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY BALTIMORE THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS 1917 COMMISSION EMEESON C. HARRINGTON, .... Peesident. GOVERNOR OF MARYLAND JOHN M. DENNIS, COMPTROLLER OF MARYLAND FRANK J. GOODNOW, .... Executive Officer. PRESIDENT OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY H. J. PATTERSON, Secretary. PRESIDENT OF THE MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE ■ SCIENTIFIC STAFF Wm. Bullock Clark, State Geologist. SUPERINTENDENT OF THE SURVEY. Edward B. Matiiews, . Assistant State Geologist. C. K. Swartz, Geologist. E. W. Berry, Geologist. J. T. Singewald, Jr., Geologist. Also with the cooperation of several members of the scientific bureaus of the National Government. LETTER OF TRANSM1TTAL To His Excellency Emerson C. Harrington, Governor of Maryland and President of the Geological Survey Commission. Sir:—I have the honor to present herewith a report on The Physical Features of Anne Arundel County. This volume is the eighth of a series of reports on the county resources, and is accompanied by large scale topographical, geological, and agricultural soil maps. The information contained in this volume will prove of both economic and educational value to the residents of Anne Arundel County as well as to those who may desire information regarding this section of the State. I am, Very respectfully, Wm. Bullock Clark, State Geologist. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. March, 1916. ■ ■ CONTENTS page PREFACE 19 DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING THE PHYSICAL FEATURES OF ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY. By Homer P. Little 23 Introductory 23 HISTORICAL REVIEW 23 General Contributions 23 The Lower Cretaceous 26 The Upper Cretaceous 29 The Eocene 30 The Miocene 31 The Pliocene (?) and Pleistocene 32 Bibliography 34 THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY. By HOMER P. Little 47 Introductory 47 Topographic Description 48 topographic features 48 Tide Marshes 48 The Talbot Plain 48 The Wicomico Plain ■ 49 The Sunderland Plain 49 The Brandywine Plain 50 THE DRAINAGE OF ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY 51 Stream Divides 51 Tidewater Estuaries 52 The Patuxent River 53 The Patapsco River 53 TOPOGRAPHIC HISTORY' 53 Introductory 53 The Brandywine Stage 54 The Sunderland Stage 54 The Wicomico Stage 55 The Talbot Stage 56 The Recent Stage 56 THE GEOLOGY OF ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY. By Homer P. Little. .. 57 Introductory 57 The Cretaceous Period 59 THE POTOMAC GROUP 59 The Patuxent Formation 59 Areal Distribution 59 Character of Materials 60 Paleontologlc Character 60 Strike, Dip, and Thickness 61 Stratigraphic Relations 61 13 CONTENTS PAGE The Arundel Formation 61 Areal Distribution 61 Character of Materials 62 Paieontoiogic Character 63 Strike, Dip, and Thickness 64 Stratigraphic Relations 64 The Patapsco Formation 64 Areal Distribution 64 Character of Materials 65 Paieontoiogic Character 66 Strike, Dip, and Thickness 67 Stratigraphic Relations 67 THE UPPER CBETACEOUS FORMATIONS 67 The Raritan Formation 67 Areal Distribution 68 Character of Materials 68 Paieontoiogic Character 70 Strike, Dip, and Thickness 71 Stratigraphic Relations 71 The Magothy Formation 71 Areal Distribution 72 Character of Materials 72 Paieontoiogic Character 74 Strike, Dip, and Thickness 75 Stratigraphic Relations 76 The Matawan Formation 76 Areal Distribution 76 Character of Materials 77 Paieontoiogic Character 79 Strike, Dip, and Thickness 79 Stratigraphic Relations 79 The Monmouth Formation 80 Areal Distribution 80 Character of Materials 80 Paieontoiogic Character 81 Strike, Dip, and Thickness 81 Stratigraphic Relations 82 The Eocene Formations 82 THE PAMUNKEY GROUP 82 The Aquia Formation 82 Areal Distribution 82 Character of Materials 83 Paieontoiogic Character 84 Strike, Dip, and Thickness 85 Stratigraphic Relations 85 Subdivisions 87 CONTENTS 13 page The Nanjemoy Formation 88 Areal Distribution 88 Character of Materials 88 Paleontologic Character 89 Strike, Dip, and Thickness 89 Stratigraphic Relations 89 Subdivisions 90 ■ The Miocene Formations 90 THE CHESAPEAKE GBOUP 90 The Calvert Formation 90 Areal Distribution 91 Character of Materials 91 Paleontologic Character 93 Strike, Dip, and Thickness 93 Stratigraphic Relations 94 Subdivisions 94 The Choptank Formation 94 The St. Mary's Formation 95 The Pliocene (?) Formations 95 The Brandywine Formation 95 Areal Distribution 96 Character of Materials 96 Physiographic Expression 97 Paleontologic Character 98 Thickness 98 Stratigraphic Relations 98 The Pleistocene Formations 98 THE COLUMBIA GBOUP 98 The Sunderland Formation 99 Areal Distribution 99 Character of Materials 99 Physiographic Expression 100 Paleontologic Character 101 Thickness 101 Stratigraphic Relations 101 The Wicomico Formation 101 ■ Areal Distribution 101 Character of Materials 102 Physiographic Expression 102 Paleontologic Character 103 Thickness 103 Stratigraphic Relations 103 2 14 CONTENTS PAGE The Talbot Formation 103 Areal Distribution 103 Character of Materials 104 Physiographic Expression 106 Paleontologic Character 106 Thickness 107 Stratigraphic Relations 107 The Recent Deposits 107 Interpretation of the Geological Record 109 SEDIMENTARY RECORD OF THE POTOMAC GROUP 109 SEDIMENTARY RECORD OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS Ill SEDIMENTARY RECORD OF THE EOCENE FORMATIONS 114 SEDIMENTARY RECORD OF THE MIOCENE FORMATIONS 115 SEDIMENTARY RECORD OF THE BRANDYWINE FORMATION 115 SEDIMENTARY RECORD OF THE PLEISTOCENE FORMATIONS 116 THE MINERAL RESOURCES OP ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY. By Somer P. Little 119 Introductory 119 The Natural Deposits 119 the clays 119 The Potomac Clays 119 The Upper Cretaceous Clays 121 The Eocene and Miocene Clays 121 The Brandywine and Pleistocene Clays 122 the sands 122 the gravels 124 THE BUILDING STONES 125 THE MARLS . 125 THE DIATOMACEOUS EARTH 126 THE IRON ORES 126 THE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS 127 THE LIGNITE AND PYRITE 128 The Water Resources of Anne Arundel County 128 springs 128 SHALLOW WELLS 129 ARTESIAN WELLS 130 Waters of the Potomac Group 130 Waters of the Upper Cretaceous 131 Waters 0} the Eocene 132 Waters of the Miocene 132 THE SOILS OF ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY. BY J. C. BRITTON AND C. R. Zappone, Jr 133 Introductory 133 The Soil Types 136 THE COLLINGTON SANDY LOAM 137 THE COLLINGTON SAND 139 CONTENTS 15 PAGE THE SASSAFRAS SILT LOAM 140 Sassafras Silt Loam (poorly drained phase) 142 THE SASSAFBAS FINE SANDY LOAM 143 THE SASSAFBAS FINE SAND 146 THE SASSAFRAS LOAM 147 THE SUSQUEHANNA SANDY LOAM 148 THE NORFOLK SAND 150 THE SASSAFBAS SAND 151 THE SASSAFRAS LOAMY SAND 153 THE SUSQUEHANNA GRAVELLY LOAM 154 THE SUSQUEHANNA SAND 155 THE SUSQUEHANNA CLAY LOAM 156 THE ELKTON SILT LOAM 156 THE SASSAFBAS SANDY LOAM 158 THE SASSAFBAS GRAVELLY LOAM 158 THE COLLINGTON GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM 159 THE MEADOW 160 THE TIDAL MARSH 160 The Agricttltukal Conditions 161 THE CLIMATE OF ANNE AR1TNDEL COUNTY. BY O. L. FassiG 175 Introductory 175 The Tempebatube 176 The Pebiod of Safe Plant Growth 177 The Pbecipitation ' 180 fbequency of stated amounts of pbecipitation 181 DRY SPELLS 181 A Remarkable Rainfall • • • 183 A Phenomenal Fall of Hail 183 THE HYDROGRAPHY OF ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY. BY B. D. Wood. 193 Introductory 193 Gazetteer of Streams li^ THE MAGNETIC DECLINATION IN ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY. By L. A. Bauer 201 Introductory 201 Meridian Line 202 Description of Stations 202 Changes in the Magnetic Declination 203 THE FORESTS OF ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY. BY F. W. Besley 205 Introductory 205 The Distribution of the Forests 206 The Description of the Forests 207 The Stand of the Timber and its Value 209 The Commercial Types 209 The Forest Tbees 210 16 CONTENTS PAGE The Important Timber Trees and Their Uses 212 the oaks 212 OTHER HARDWOODS 213 The Lumber and Timber Cut 215 The Transportation Facilities and Markets 217 The Forest Industries 219 Destructive Agencies 221 FOREST FIBES 221 PASTURING WOODLANDS . 222 INSECTS AND FUNGI 223 THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT 223 Forest Management 225 Present and Future of the Forests 226 Index 229 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE facing page I. Fig. 1.—View showing Reynolds Mine in the Arundel formation, 1 mile south of Hanover 32 Fig. 2.—View showing massive variegated clay of the Patapsco for- mation, near Hawkins Point 32 II. Fig. 1.—View of White Rocks, Patapsco River, showing sandstone ledges of Raritan formation 48 Fig. 2.—View of glass-sand quarry in Raritan formation near Stony Point, Severn River 48 III. Fig. 1.—View of the Magothy formation at Cape Sable (North Ferry Point), Magothy River.. 64 Pig. 2.—View showing the Matawan formation overlying the Magothy formation at Round Bay, Severn River 64 IV. Fig. 1.—View showing cliffs of diatomaceous earth of the Calvert formation at Fairhaven 80 Pig. 2.—View showing the contact of the Aquia and Nanjemoy for- mations in valley of Beard Creek 80 V. Fig. 1.—View showing recent filling of Patuxent River above Lyons Creek 96 Fig. 2.—View showing modern sea cliff and a Pleistocene cypress swamp in the Talbot formation, 1% miles south of Bodkin Point. 96 VI. Fig. 1.—View showing gravel pits in the Wicomico formation at Bragers, W. B. & A. R. R 112 Pig. 2.-—View of a pit of the Washington Hydraulic Pressed Brick Company, 1 mile south of Harmans 112 VII. Pig. 1.—View showing farm and woodland along South River 160 Fig. 2.-—View of watermelon patch showing fertility of Potomac sand north of Magothy River...; 160 VIII. Hailstones gathered at the U. S. Naval Academy after the storm of June 22, 1915 .184 IX. Fig. 1.—View of rolling farm lands and wood lots near Birdsville. 208 Fig. 2.—View of a mixed oak and chestnut forest protected from fires 208 FIGUBE PAGE J. Map of Maryland showing average annual temperature 176 2. Diagram showing variations in the length of the growing season at Annapolis and Jewell 178 3. Map of Maryland showing the length of the growing season 179 4. Map of Maryland showing average annual rainfall 180 • , ■ . PREFACE This volume is the eighth of a series of reports dealing with the physical features of the several counties of Maryland.
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