DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental Performance Reviews PERU 2016 Highlights and Recommendations Environmental Performance Reviews PERU 2016 Highlights and Recommendations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental Performance Reviews PERU 2016 Highlights and Recommendations Environmental Performance Reviews PERU 2016 Highlights and Recommendations Environmental Performance Reviews PERU 2016 Highlights and recommendations Environmental Performance Reviews PERU 2016 Highlights and recommendations This is a joint publication of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of OECD and the Executive Secretary of ECLAC. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the ECLAC or OECD member countries. The team that prepared this review comprised the following experts: Angélica Romero (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Chile), Alejandra Salas (Ministry of Environment, Chile), Lothar Winkelmann (Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Germany), Ainhoa Pérez and Alicia Pollo (Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Spain), and Gérard Bonnis (Environment Directorate of OECD). The following ECLAC staff members also participated in the review: Guillermo Acuña (Office of the Executive Secretary), Claudio Bonacic, Carlos de Miguel, José Javier Gómez, Mauricio Pereira and Joseluis Samaniego (Sustainable Development and Human Settlements Division), Germán González (consultant) and Adrián Rodríguez (Division of Production, Productivity and Management). The review also benefited from the cooperation of Ivana Capozza and Nathalie Girouard from OECD. Financial support was received from the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety, from the German Cooperation, implemented by the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) in Peru, and from the United Nations Development Account. This document sets out the background and main environmental trends for the core period covered by the review (2003-2013) and the conclusions and recommendations resulting from a joint ECLAC-OECD mission to Peru undertaken from 31 August to 5 September 2015. A draft of this document was presented and discussed at the OECD Working Party on Environmental Performance, held in Paris from 8 to 10 March 2016. Distr.: Limited • LC/L.4174 • May 2016 • Original: English • S.16-00312 © United Nations/OECD, 2016 Printed at United Nations, Santiago 3 CONTENTS Page FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter I BACKGROUND AND KEY ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS ....................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 7 A. Progress towards sustainable development: moving towards a low-carbon economy and energy and resource efficiency .......................................................................................................... 13 1. Carbon and energy intensities ............................................................................................................ 13 2. Efficiency in the use of inputs and in waste generation ..................................................................... 17 B. Improvement in environmental living conditions .................................................................................... 19 1. Air quality .......................................................................................................................................... 19 2. Water supply and sanitation ............................................................................................................... 20 3. Health impacts .................................................................................................................................... 20 C. Use of the natural resources base ............................................................................................................. 21 1. Biodiversity and ecosystems .............................................................................................................. 21 2. Renewable resources .......................................................................................................................... 23 3. Non-renewable resources ................................................................................................................... 26 Chapter II CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................... 29 Part I Progress towards sustainable development ........................................................................................ 29 Policymaking environment ................................................................................................................. 29 Economy and the environment ........................................................................................................... 36 Society and the environment .............................................................................................................. 39 Cooperation and international commitments ...................................................................................... 42 Part II Environmental quality of life ............................................................................................................. 47 Air ...................................................................................................................................................... 47 Management of waste and chemicals ................................................................................................. 50 Water .................................................................................................................................................. 54 Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................ 57 Part III Use of the natural resources base ....................................................................................................... 60 Farming and forestry sectors .............................................................................................................. 60 Fisheries sector and hydrobiological resources .................................................................................. 62 Mining sector...................................................................................................................................... 65 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 69 SELECTED DATA .......................................................................................................................................... 71 4 Figures Figure I.1 Peru: GDP performance, 2003-2013 .......................................................................................... 11 Figure I.2 Peru: emissions of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq) and decoupling GDP growth from emissions, 2003-2013 ........................................................................................................ 14 Figure I.3 Peru: energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by sector, 2003-2013 ....................................... 15 Figure I.4 Peru: energy intensity and primary energy supply by source, 2003-2013.................................. 17 Figure I.5 Peru: average concentration of coarse particulate matter (MP10) in the Lima Metropolitan Area ................................................................................................... 19 Figure I.6 Peru: protected areas and threatened species ............................................................................. 22 Figure I.7 Peru: water resources ................................................................................................................. 24 Figure I.8 Peru: forested area and deforestation in the Amazonian zone, 2003-2013 ................................ 25 Figure I.9 Peru: fisheries production, 2003-2013 ....................................................................................... 26 Figure I.10 Peru: hydrocarbon reserves and production, 2003-2012 ............................................................ 27 Figure I.11 Peru: copper and gold reserves and production, 2003-2013 ...................................................... 28 Box Box I.1 Peru: physical, economic and social context .............................................................................. 8 5 FOREWORD The Republic of Peru has experienced notable economic growth in recent years. Between 2005 and 2015 Peru’s gross domestic product grew by an annual average of 5.8%, owing to a combination of macroeconomic stability, openness to trade and growing inflows of foreign direct investment attracted by the country’s wealth of natural resources and high commodity prices. Despite the marked significance of this growth phase, the challenge that remains is to transform that growth into more inclusive and sustainable economic development. Peru is a multicultural and megadiverse country with abundant ecosystems and natural resources and an age-old tradition of managing its resources sustainably. However, the increasing pressure of the extractive industry, unplanned urbanization and deforestation are threatening both this natural heritage and the well- being of the Peruvian people, undermining what could be
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chinese Bondage in Peru
    CHINESE BONDAGE IN PERU Stewart UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA LIBRARIES COLLEGE LIBRARV DUKE UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS CHINESE BONDAGE IN PERU Chinese Bondage IN PERU A History of the Chinese Coolie in Peru, 1849-1874 BY WATT STEWART DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1951 Copyright, 195 i, by the Duke University Press PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE SEEMAN PRINTERY, INC., DURHAM, N. C. ij To JORGE BASADRE Historian Scholar Friend Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS IVIembers and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/chinesebondageinOOstew FOREWORD THE CENTURY just passed has witnessed a great movement of the sons of China from their huge country to other portions of the globe. Hundreds of thousands have fanned out southwestward, southward, and southeastward into various parts of the Pacific world. Many thousands have moved eastward to Hawaii and be- yond to the mainland of North and South America. Other thousands have been borne to Panama and to Cuba. The movement was in part forced, or at least semi-forced. This movement was the consequence of, and it like- wise entailed, many problems of a social and economic nature, with added political aspects and implications. It was a movement of human beings which, while it has had superficial notice in various works, has not yet been ade- quately investigated. It is important enough to merit a full historical record, particularly as we are now in an era when international understanding is of such extreme mo- ment. The peoples of the world will better understand one another if the antecedents of present conditions are thoroughly and widely known.
    [Show full text]
  • Lima Junin Pasco Ica Ancash Huanuco Huancavelica Callao Callao Huanuco Cerro De Pasco
    /" /" /" /" /" /" /" /" /" /" 78C°U0E'0N"WCA DEL RÍO CULEBRAS 77°0'0"W 76°0'0"W CUENCA DEL RÍO ALTO MARAÑON HUANUCO Colombia CUENCA DEL RÍO HUARMEY /" Ecuador CUENCA DEL RÍO SANTA 10°0'0"S 10°0'0"S TUMBES LORETO HUANUCO PIURA AMAZONAS Brasil LAMBAYEQUECAJAMARCA ANCASH SAN MARTIN LA LICBEURTAED NCA DEL RÍO PACHITEA CUENCA DEL RÍO FORTALEZA ANCASH Peru HUANUCO UCAYALI PASCO COPA ") JUNIN CALLAOLIMA CUENCA DEL RÍO PATIVILCA CUENCA DEL RÍO ALTO HUALLAGA MADRE DE DIOS CAJATAMBO HUANCAVELICA ") CUSCO AYACUCHOAPURIMAC ICA PUNO HUANCAPON ") Bolivia MANAS ") AREQUIPA GORGOR ") MOQUEGUA OYON PARAMONGA ") CERRO DE PASCOPASCO ") PATIVILCA TACNA ") /" Ubicación de la Región Lima BARRANCA AMBAR Chile ") ") SUPE PUERTOSUPE ANDAJES ") ") CAUJUL") PACHANGARA ") ") CUENCA DEL RÍO SUPE NAVAN ") COCHAMARCA ") CUENCA DEL R")ÍO HUAURA ") ")PACCHO SANTA LEONOR 11°0'0"S VEGUETA 11°0'0"S ") LEONCIO PRADO HUAURA ") CUENCA DEL RÍO PERENE ") HUALM")AY ") H")UACHO CALETA DE CARQUIN") SANTA MARIA SAYAN ") PACARAOS IHUARI VEINTISIETE DE NOVIEMBR")E N ") ") ")STA.CRUZ DE ANDAMARCA LAMPIAN ATAVILLOS ALTO ") ") ") CUENCA DEL RÍO CHANCAY - HUARAL ATAVILLOS BAJO ") SUMBILCA HUAROS ") ") CANTA JUNIN ") HUARAL HUAMANTANGA ") ") ") SAN BUENAVENTURA LACHAQUI AUCALLAMA ") CHANCAY") ") CUENCA DEL RÍO MANTARO CUENCA DEL RÍO CH")ILLON ARAHUAY LA")R")AOS ") CARAMPOMAHUANZA STA.ROSA DE QUIVES ") ") CHICLA HUACHUPAMPA ") ") SAN ANTONIO ") SAN PEDRO DE CASTA SAN MATEO ANCON ") ") ") SANTA ROSA ") LIMA ") PUENTE PIEDRACARABAYLLO MATUCANA ") ") CUENCA DEL RÍO RIMAC ") SAN MATEO DE OTAO
    [Show full text]
  • United Nati Ons Limited
    UNITED NATI ONS LIMITED ECONOMIC vcn.«A.29 MujrT^H« June 1967 ENGLISH SOCIA*tY1fHlinH|tfmtltlHHimmilllHmtm*llttlfHIHlHimHmittMlllHlnmHmiHhtmumL COUNCIL n ^^ «mawi, «wo» ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA Santiago, Chile THE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF PERU prepared by the Government of Peru and submitted by the secretariat of the Economic Commission for Latin America Note: This document has been distributed in Spanish for the United Nations International Symposium on Industrial Development, Athens, 29 Novetnberwl9 December 1967, as document ID/CONF,l/R.B.P./3/Add. 13. EXPLANATORY NOTE Resolution 250 (XI) of 14 May 1965, adopted by the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) at its eleventh session, requested the Latin American Governments "to prepare national studies on the present status of their respective industrialization processes for presentation at the regional symposium". With a view to facilitating the task of the officials responsible for the national studies, the ECLA secretariat prepared a guide which was also intended to ensure a certain amount of uniformity in the presentation of the studies with due regard for the specific conditions obtaining in each country. Studies of the industrial development of fourteen countries were submitted to the Latin American Symposium on Industrial Development, held in Santiago, Chile, from 14 to 25 March 1966, under the joint sponsorship of ECLA and the Centre for Industrial Development, and the Symposium requested ECLA to ask the Latin American Governments "to revise, complete and bring up to date the papers presented to the Symposium". The work of editing, revising and expanding the national monographs was completed by the end of 1966 and furthermore, two new studies were prepared.
    [Show full text]
  • Relación De Agencias Que Atenderán De Lunes a Viernes De 8:30 A. M. a 5:30 P
    Relación de Agencias que atenderán de lunes a viernes de 8:30 a. m. a 5:30 p. m. y sábados de 9 a. m. a 1 p. m. (con excepción de la Ag. Desaguadero, que no atiende sábados) DPTO. PROVINCIA DISTRITO NOMBRE DIRECCIÓN Avenida Luzuriaga N° 669 - 673 Mz. A Conjunto Comercial Ancash Huaraz Huaraz Huaraz Lote 09 Ancash Santa Chimbote Chimbote Avenida José Gálvez N° 245-250 Arequipa Arequipa Arequipa Arequipa Calle Nicolás de Piérola N°110 -112 Arequipa Arequipa Arequipa Rivero Calle Rivero N° 107 Arequipa Arequipa Cayma Periférica Arequipa Avenida Cayma N° 618 Arequipa Arequipa José Luis Bustamante y Rivero Bustamante y Rivero Avenida Daniel Alcides Carrión N° 217A-217B Arequipa Arequipa Miraflores Miraflores Avenida Mariscal Castilla N° 618 Arequipa Camaná Camaná Camaná Jirón 28 de Julio N° 167 (Boulevard) Ayacucho Huamanga Ayacucho Ayacucho Jirón 28 de Julio N° 167 Cajamarca Cajamarca Cajamarca Cajamarca Jirón Pisagua N° 552 Cusco Cusco Cusco Cusco Esquina Avenida El Sol con Almagro s/n Cusco Cusco Wanchaq Wanchaq Avenida Tomasa Ttito Condemaita 1207 Huancavelica Huancavelica Huancavelica Huancavelica Jirón Francisco de Angulo 286 Huánuco Huánuco Huánuco Huánuco Jirón 28 de Julio N° 1061 Huánuco Leoncio Prado Rupa Rupa Tingo María Avenida Antonio Raymondi N° 179 Ica Chincha Chincha Alta Chincha Jirón Mariscal Sucre N° 141 Ica Ica Ica Ica Avenida Graú N° 161 Ica Pisco Pisco Pisco Calle San Francisco N° 155-161-167 Junín Huancayo Chilca Chilca Avenida 9 De Diciembre N° 590 Junín Huancayo El Tambo Huancayo Jirón Santiago Norero N° 462 Junín Huancayo Huancayo Periférica Huancayo Calle Real N° 517 La Libertad Trujillo Trujillo Trujillo Avenida Diego de Almagro N° 297 La Libertad Trujillo Trujillo Periférica Trujillo Avenida Manuel Vera Enríquez N° 476-480 Avenida Victor Larco Herrera N° 1243 Urbanización La La Libertad Trujillo Victor Larco Herrera Victor Larco Merced Lambayeque Chiclayo Chiclayo Chiclayo Esquina Elías Aguirre con L.
    [Show full text]
  • Country – Peru
    D AT E – 4/27/10 COUNTRY – PERU COMMODIT Y – Almonds & Pistachios BOTANICAL NAME – Prunus spp., Pistachia vera PRODUCT FORM – Nuts PHYTO FORM – Fed IMPORT PERMIT – Yes RESTRICTIONS – Prohibited SUMMARY INFO – Almonds with & without shells – Import Permit and Federal Phytosanitary Certificate Required. DO NOT CERTIFY UNLESS AN IMPORT PERMIT IS PRESENTED.. Pistachios – Import Permit and Federal Phytosanitary Certificate Required. DO NOT CERTIFY UNLESS AN IMPORT PERMIT IS PRESENTED. Fruit must enter through and authorized port of entry. Ports of entry for fruits and vegetables: 1) The International Airport of Lima-Callao 2) The Post Office at Arequipa, Chiclayo, Iquitos, Lima, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Piura, Puno, Tacna, Trujillo, and Tumbes. 3) The airports at Arequipa, Chiclayo, Iquitos, Piura, Tacna, Trujillo, or Tumbes. 4) The ports are Aguas Verdes, Callao, Chicama, Eten, Ilo Iquitos, Matarani, Mollendo, Piata, Pimentel, Pisco, Puerto Maldonado, Puno, Salaverry, Tacna, Talara, Tumbes, and Yunguyo. SUBSIDIARY INFO – Phyto Certificates must be accurate and legible with no alterations or erasures and should always include the weight of the commodity in kilograms. Phyto inspections must be done within 30 days of shipment. COUNTRY – PERU D AT E – 4/21/10 COMMODIT Y – Apples, Grapes, Kiwi, Peaches, Pears BOTANICAL NAME – Malus domestica, Vitis vinifera, Actinidia chinensis, Prunus persica, Pyrus communis PRODUCT FORM – Fruit, Vegetables PHYTO FORM – Fed IMPORT PERMIT – Yes RESTRICTIONS – Prohibited SUMMARY INFO – (From CA) Import Permit and Federal Phytosanitary Certificate required. DO NOT CERTIFY UNLESS AN IMPORT PERMIT IS PRESENTED. Fruit must enter through and authorized port of entry. Ports of entry for fruits and vegetables: 1) The International Airport of Lima-Callao 2) The Post Office at Arequipa, Chiclayo, Iquitos, Lima, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Piura, Puno, Tacna, Trujillo, and Tumbes.
    [Show full text]
  • Participatory Democracy? Exploring Peru's Efforts to Engage Civil
    Participatory Democracy? Exploring Peru’s Efforts to Engage Civil Society in Local Governance Stephanie McNulty ABSTRACT As institutions are created to engage citizens and civil society organizations more directly, who participates, and what effect does participation have? This article explores two of Peru’s participatory institutions, the Regional Coordination Councils and the participatory budgets, created in 2002. Specifically it asks, once these institutions are set up, do organizations participate in them? and what effect does this participation have on the organizations? The data show that the participatory processes in Peru are including new voices in decisionmaking, but this inclusion has limits. Limited inclu- sion has, in turn, led to limited changes specifically in nongovernmental organizations. As a result, the democratizing potential of the participatory institutions is evident yet not fully realized. s institutions are created around Latin America to engage citizens and civil soci- Aety organizations directly, who participates? What effect does this participation have? Increasingly, local, regional, and national governments around Latin America are designing new institutions that allow citizens and civil society organizations (CSOs) to participate directly in policy decisionmaking with voice and vote. Partic- ipatory institutions (or PIs), such as development councils, participatory perform- ance monitoring, and participatory budgets, have been implemented around the region in countries such as Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Peru.1 Often, these institutions are created to complement existing representative democratic institu- tions that are failing to meet the needs and demands of citizens. Reformers hope to increase transparency and accountability, as well as to encourage a more active and engaged civil society.
    [Show full text]
  • Innovation in Disaster Risk Reduction Applyng Global Investigations on La Molina Effects
    INNOVATION IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION APPLYNG GLOBAL INVESTIGATIONS ON LA MOLINA EFFECTS Julio Kuroiwa(1) SUMMARY Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) globally has mainly been based on reducing the vulnerability of buildings and infrastructures, designing and constructing them more robustly, using, for example, seismic codes of Japan and California, USA, from the 1980s, which have substantially reduced structural damages. However, disaster reduction has lately evolved to disaster risk reduction. By adding risk, it is explicitly including the other risk parameter: hazard. In La Molina, during the Lima 1940, 1966 and 1974 earthquakes, the seismic intensities there were IX MMI while in most of Lima’s built up areas, the intensities were V-VI MMI. The borders of La Molina and Lima areas are separated by only a few hundred meters, but there were large differences in intensity. Those events are named microzonation effects. Inspired in La Molina microzonation effects, from 1966 to 2017, the author carried out field damage survey investigations of 25 important disasters occurred in the Americas, Japan and China, and a few more in Peru of geological and hydrometeorogical origin disasters, including climate change. The two most clear microzonation effects –of the globally investigated disasters– occurred: (1) during the 1985 Michoacan Mexico earthquake, Mw 8.1 USGS, when the peak acceleration was 12cm/s2, at Lazaro Cardenas Port, on stiff soil, close to the seismic epicenter, while in Mexico City (MXC), 350 km from the epicenter, the peak acceleration was 120 cm/s2 on muddy soil at the location of the old Texcoco Lake. The soil amplification was 10 times, in spite of the great distance of MXC from the seismic epicenter.
    [Show full text]
  • World Heritage Patrimoine Mondial 41
    World Heritage 41 COM Patrimoine mondial Paris, June 2017 Original: English UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION DES NATIONS UNIES POUR L'EDUCATION, LA SCIENCE ET LA CULTURE CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE CONVENTION CONCERNANT LA PROTECTION DU PATRIMOINE MONDIAL, CULTUREL ET NATUREL WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE / COMITE DU PATRIMOINE MONDIAL Forty-first session / Quarante-et-unième session Krakow, Poland / Cracovie, Pologne 2-12 July 2017 / 2-12 juillet 2017 Item 7 of the Provisional Agenda: State of conservation of properties inscribed on the World Heritage List and/or on the List of World Heritage in Danger Point 7 de l’Ordre du jour provisoire: Etat de conservation de biens inscrits sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial et/ou sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial en péril MISSION REPORT / RAPPORT DE MISSION Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu (Peru) (274) Sanctuaire historique de Machu Picchu (Pérou) (274) 22 - 25 February 2017 WHC-ICOMOS-IUCN-ICCROM Reactive Monitoring Mission to “Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu” (Peru) MISSION REPORT 22-25 February 2017 June 2017 Acknowledgements The mission would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Culture of Peru and the authorities and professionals of each institution participating in the presentations, meetings, fieldwork visits and events held during the visit to the property. This mission would also like to express acknowledgement to the following government entities, agencies, departments, divisions and organizations: National authorities Mr. Salvador del Solar Labarthe, Minister of Culture Mr William Fernando León Morales, Vice-Minister of Strategic Development of Natural Resources and representative of the Ministry of Environment Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • PERU RENEWABLES READINESS ASSESSMENT 2014 Copyright © IRENA 2014
    PERU RENEWABLES READINESS ASSESSMENT 2014 Copyright © IRENA 2014 Unless otherwise indicated, the material in this publication may be used freely, shared or reprinted, so long as IRENA is acknowledged as the source. About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the principal platform for international cooperation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low carbon economic growth and prosperity. Authors: Gauri Singh (IRENA), Alejandro Tapia (IRENA) and Sandra Chavez (IRENA) About RRA A Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) is a holistic evaluation of a country’s conditions and identifies the actions needed to overcome barriers to renewable energy deployment. This is a country-led process, with IRENA primarily providing technical support and expertise to facilitate consultations among different national stakeholders. While the RRA helps to shape appropriate policy and regulatory choices, each country determines which renewable energy sources and technologies are relevant and consistent with national priorities. The RRA is a dynamic process that can be adapted to each country’s circumstances and needs. Experience in a growing range of countries and regions, meanwhile, has allowed IRENA to continue refining the basic RRA methodology. In June 2013, IRENA published a guide for countries seeking to conduct the process in order to accelerate their renewable energy deployment.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural and Mining Labor Interactions in Peru: a Long-Run Perspective
    Agricultural and Mining Labor Interactions in Peru: ALong-RunPerspective(1571-1812) Apsara Iyer1 April 4, 2016 1Submitted for consideration of B.A. Economics and Mathematics, Yale College Class of 2016. Advisor: Christopher Udry Abstract This essay evaluates the context and persistence of extractive colonial policies in Peru on contemporary development indicators and political attitudes. Using the 1571 Toledan Reforms—which implemented a system of draft labor and reg- ularized tribute collection—as a point of departure, I build a unique dataset of annual tribute records for 160 districts in the Cuzco, Huamanga, Huancavelica, and Castrovirreyna regions of Peru over the years of 1571 to 1812. Pairing this source with detailed historic micro data on population, wages, and regional agri- cultural prices, I develop a historic model for the annual province-level output. The model’s key parameters determine the output elasticities of labor and capital and pre-tribute production. This approach allows for an conceptual understand- ing of the interaction between mita assignment and production factors over time. Ithenevaluatecontemporaryoutcomesofagriculturalproductionandpolitical participation in the same Peruvian provinces, based on whether or not a province was assigned to the mita. I find that assigning districts to the mita lowers the average amount of land cultivated, per capita earnings, and trust in municipal government Introduction For nearly 250 years, the Peruvian economy was governed by a rigid system of state tribute collection and forced labor. Though the interaction between historical ex- traction and economic development has been studied in a variety of post-colonial contexts, Peru’s case is unique due to the distinct administration of these tribute and labor laws.
    [Show full text]
  • CBD First National Report
    BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN PERU __________________________________________________________ LIMA-PERU NATIONAL REPORT December 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................ 6 1 PROPOSED PROGRESS REPORT MATRIX............................................... 20 I INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 29 II BACKGROUND.......................................................................................... 31 a Status and trends of knowledge, conservation and use of biodiversity. ..................................................................................................... 31 b. Direct (proximal) and indirect (ultimate) threats to biodiversity and its management ......................................................................................... 36 c. The value of diversity in terms of conservation and sustainable use.................................................................................................................... 47 d. Legal & political framework for the conservation and use of biodiversity ...................................................................................................... 51 e. Institutional responsibilities and capacities................................................. 58 III NATIONAL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ON THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY.............................................................................................. 77
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Security Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean 363.1098 Report on the Security Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Report on the Security Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean 363.1098 Report on the Security Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean. R425 / Coordinated by Lucia Dammert. Santiago, Chile: FLACSO, 2007. 204p. ISBN: 978-956-205-217-7 Security; Public Safety; Defence; Intelligence Services; Security Forces; Armed Services; Latin America Cover Design: Claudio Doñas Text editing: Paulina Matta Correction of proofs: Jaime Gabarró Layout: Sylvio Alarcón Translation: Katty Hutter Printing: ALFABETA ARTES GRÁFICAS Editorial coordination: Carolina Contreras All rights reserved. This publication cannot be reproduced, partially or completely, nor registered or sent through any kind of information recovery system by any means, including mechanical, photochemical, electronic, magnetic, electro-visual, photocopy, or by any other means, without prior written permission from the editors. First edition: August 2007 I.S.B.N.: 978-956-205-217-7 Intellectual property registration number 164281 © Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO-Chile, 2007 Av. Dag Hammarskjöld 3269, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile [email protected] www.flacso.cl FLACSO TEAM RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE REPORT ON THE SECURITY SECTOR Lucia Dammert Director of the Security and Citizenship Program Researchers: David Álvarez Patricia Arias Felipe Ajenjo Sebastián Briones Javiera Díaz Claudia Fuentes Felipe Ruz Felipe Salazar Liza Zúñiga ADVISORY COUNCIL Alejandro Álvarez (UNDP SURF LAC) Priscila Antunes (Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais – Brazil) Felipe
    [Show full text]