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Exploring the Perceptions of Mental Illness Among Pedi Psychologists in the Limpopo Province

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Exploring the Perceptions of Mental Illness Among Pedi Psychologists in the Limpopo Province Exploring the perceptions of mental illness among Pedi Psychologists in the Limpopo Province A research report by Mahlodi Joslina Sehoana Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology by Coursework and Research Report Supervisor: Sumaya Laher Department of Psychology University of the Witwatersrand 1 ABSTRACT Mental illness is conceptualised differently across cultural and religious groups. Perceptions of mental illness that are held in communities play a role in the treatment sought and the response to treatment offered. This study explored the perceptions of mental illness among 9 Pedi Psychologists practising in the Limpopo province and the effect of culture, if any, on these perceptions. Seven of the participants were registered as clinical psychologists, one as an educational psychologist and one in the category of counselling psychology. The participants were practicing in the Sekhukhune and Capricorn districts of Limpopo. Semi structured interviews were conducted at the practitioners’ rooms with each interview lasting approximately 1 hour. The interview schedule consisted of 27 questions divided into three sections: contextual questions; psychologists’ perceptions of the Pedi culture and mental illnesses in general; and Pedi psychologist’s approach to treating clients with cultural beliefs about mental illness. The findings of the study revealed that mental illness in the Pedi community is conceptualised differently to mainstream conceptualisations. The perceptions of mental illness held by the community influenced the type of treatment sought, with the choice of treatment often being traditional and spiritual healing. It is apparent given the findings of this study that more knowledge on the perceptions of mental illness across various groups is needed in the delivering mental health services in South Africa. The practitioners highlighted the importance of cultural competence in serving communities holding cultural and religious beliefs in relation to mental illness. 2 DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own work. It is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology by Coursework and Research Report in the Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted for any other degree or examination at any other university or institution. _____________________________ Mahlodi Joslina Sehoana Date: ____________________ 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Sumaya Laher, for the dedication, guidance, patience and constant support. Her faith in me has led to the successful completion of this report. I would like extend my appreciation to the academic staff involved in my training for the motivation, warmth and support. To my classmates, thank you for the support throughout the year. Thank you to the psychologists who took time out of their schedules to participate in this study, it would not have been possible without your contribution. Special thanks to my mother, Gladys Maleuba Sehoana, for her continuous support, sacrifices and motivation throughout my studies. I am grateful. Finally, thank you to my family and friends for the support and encouragement. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 8 1.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.2. Culture and mental illness ............................................................................................... 8 1.3. Perceptions of mental illness in African cultures ............................................................ 9 1.3.1. Ancestral spirits ...................................................................................................... 10 1.3.2. Non observance of taboos or disregard of cultural norms ...................................... 10 1.3.3. Spirit possession ..................................................................................................... 11 1.3.4. Amafufunyana ........................................................................................................ 11 1.3.5. Witchcraft ............................................................................................................... 12 1.4. The treatment of mental illness in African cultures ...................................................... 13 1.5. The ancestry of the Pedi people .................................................................................... 16 1.5.1 Pedi Culture Beliefs .................................................................................................... 17 1.6. Mental illness in the Pedi culture .................................................................................. 18 1.7. The Pedi approach to the treatment of mental illnesses ................................................ 20 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 21 CHAPTER 2: METHODS ....................................................................................................... 23 2.1. Aim of the study ............................................................................................................ 23 2.2. Rationale of the study .................................................................................................... 23 2.3. Research questions ........................................................................................................ 24 2.4. Sample ........................................................................................................................... 24 2.5. Instruments .................................................................................................................... 25 2.6. Research design ............................................................................................................. 26 2.7. Procedure ....................................................................................................................... 26 2.8. Data analysis ................................................................................................................. 27 5 2.9. Ethical considerations ................................................................................................... 27 2.10. Self-Reflexivity ........................................................................................................... 28 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 29 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS ......................................................................................................... 30 3.1. Psychologist’s perceptions of mental illness: definition, causes and treatment ............ 30 3.1.1. Definition ................................................................................................................ 30 3.1.2. Causes ..................................................................................................................... 31 3.1.3. Treatment ................................................................................................................ 32 3.2. PERCEPTIONS OF MENTAL ILLNESS IN THE PEDI COMMUNITY .................. 33 3.2.1. Definitions and causes ............................................................................................ 33 3.2.2. Treatment ................................................................................................................ 35 3.3. Limited understanding of mental health services .......................................................... 36 3.4. Psychotherapy with patients holding cultural or spiritual beliefs to their illness .......... 38 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 41 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION .................................................................................................. 42 4.1. Psychologist’s perceptions of mental illness: definition, causes and treatment ............ 42 4.1.1. Definition ................................................................................................................ 42 4.1.2. Causes ..................................................................................................................... 43 4.1.3. Treatment ................................................................................................................ 45 4.2. Perceptions of mental illness in the Pedi community ................................................... 45 4.2.1. Definitions and causes ............................................................................................ 45 4.2.2. Treatment ................................................................................................................ 48 4.3. Limited understanding of mental health services .......................................................... 50 4.4. Psychotherapy with patients holding cultural or spiritual beliefs to their illness .......... 52 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 54 CHAPTER 5: LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................. 55 5.1. Limitations of the study ................................................................................................
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