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AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT in SOUTHERN RHODESIA: 1945-1960T

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AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT in SOUTHERN RHODESIA: 1945-1960T R. W. M. JOHNSON# AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN RHODESIA: 1945-1960t Besides being the southernmost territory to be covered in this series, Southern Rhodesia also probably represents one other extreme varia­ tion on the common theme, namely, the marked influence of European settle­ ment, both direct and indirect, on the pattern of African agricultural develop­ ment. This influence varies from the direct impact of land alienation to the more indirect effects of markets created and organized by the European minority. The cash economy introduced by the Europeans has provided a steady source of employment for a large proportion of the indigenous in­ habitants, not to mention the large numbers of foreign Africans who have also been attracted into the territory. On the other hand, the topography, soils, and rainfall regime are all very similar to those of other territories, and particularly comparable, for example, with large parts of Northern Nigeria, except that the period of the rains is seasonally reversed from May-August to November-March. These similarities and differences will emerge in greater detail in the pages that follow. The African people of Southern Rhodesia have been roughly divided into two main ethnic groups, the Shona and the Matabele (20). The Shona group represent the original Bantu-speaking inhabitants of the region, but are said never to have formed themselves into a single nation, possibly because the typical chieftainship pattern was a weak one. There is some suggestion that they were originally pastoral (9), but the more recent history of the Shona indicates that by the nineteenth century the tradition was largely agricultural. These scattered and loosely grouped peoples were thus a natural prey to the warlike and strongly organized Zulus who penetrated into Southern Rhodesia from the south between 1830 and 1840. This period of terrorization lasted right up to the arrival of the Europeans in the 1890's. The Zulus had, of course, a strong pastoral tradition, and this may explain • Mr. Johnson is Lecturer in the Economics of Agriculture in the Department of Economics, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. \Technical Paper in Agricultural Economics No.4 of the Department of Economics, Uni­ versity College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. This is the third of a series of studies of agricultural achievement in the countries of tropical Africa during the fifteen years following the end of World War II. These studies evolved under the guidance of William O. Jones, with the assistance of other members of the Food Research Institute staff. Special thanks are due Miss Rosamond H. Peirce for her review of the statistical information. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Carnegie Corporation of New York for a grant to the Food Research Institute of funds which made these studies ~Ossible. The Corporation is not, however, the publisher or proprietor of this publication and IS, not to be understood as approving by virtue of its grant any of the statements made or VIews expressed herein. U P~e~ous studies in this series are: G. B. Masefield, Uganda; and P. P. Leurquin, Ruanda­ rund., In Food Research Institute Studies, III, 2, and IV, 1. 166 R. W. M. JOHNSON why the division under Mzilikazi finally chose to settle in the drier western part of the country. Since his time, it could be said that the ecology of these parts has kept the present-day Matabele largely pastora1. 1 Southern Rhodesia, bounded by the Zambezi River to the north and the Limpopo River to the south, lies approximately between the latitudes 15° and 22° S. (see map). The Portuguese territory of Mozambique is to the east, and Bechuanaland and Northern Rhodesia to the west (26° to 34° E.). It is some 150,000 square miles in area. The main topographic feature is the broad plateau at an elevation of over 4,000 feet between the two major river systems. The plateau is really a very Hat ridge running in an east-west direction, roughly between the main towns of Umtali, Salisbury, and Bula­ wayo. The plateau breaks off sharply to the north to form an escarpment with the Zambezi Valley, while the southern approach is much more gradual. Some two-thirds of the total area is higher than 3,000 feet and a quarter of the area is above 4,000 feet. rirJdI N,'lv#! PvrChUIt Aru ~ N.fiv. R.une ffiIIID Spfci.1 N"fjve At'u o N"fioul P... k .nd f'orut Ar'!a Based on a map printed by the Southern Rhodesian Government in 1957. 1 A good review and literature for the area can be found in the International African Institute's monograph by Kuper, Hughes, and Van Velsen (20). AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN RHODESIA 167 As a result of the influence of altitude, the climate of the territory must be considered subtropical rather than truly tropical, even though lying north of the Tropic of Capricorn. The mean maximum temperature for the up­ lands is approximately 75°-80° F. (25°-27° C.) and that for the river valleys 90°_95° F. Mean minimum temperatures are 40°_45° F. and 45°-50° F. respectively. The distribution of rainfall is governed by the movements of the tropical convergence zone. This moves south over Northern Rhodesia in October and generally reaches Southern Rhodesia sometime in November. A period of fairly heavy and frequent rain then sets in which lasts until March. April is a fairly dry month, and the remainder of the year up to November completely dry. The incidence of rainfall is highest in the hills on the eastern border of the territory (40 inches or 1,000 mm.), moderate along the main east-west ridge (32-40 inches or 800-1,000 mm.), less on the areas immediately off the ridge (24-32 inches or 600-800 mm.), and distinct­ ly low in the valley basins (24 inches or less, 600 mm. or less). A full analy­ sis of climatic data may be found in the recent Advisory Report by Phillips (9). For the uplands or high veld as a whole the following agricultural sea­ sons result. The winter from June to August is dry and cool, with a fairly marked diurnal change in temperature. The spring, from September to No­ vember, is dry and hot with rather lower diurnal variation. With the onset of the rains, temperatures drop from their "hot season" peak, but the period from the end of November through to March is still warm and moderately humid. The autumn season comes with the end of the rains. It is mild and dry. The soils of Southern Rhodesia are in the main derived from the pre­ Cambrian Basement Complex. The granites and sediments of the underlying geological formation give rise to the typical light sand soils or granite sands. These are interspersed, however, by red loams and clay loams where doloritic intrusions have been exposed in the basement complex. The red soils are generally considered more suitable for maize growing and the sand soils for tobacco. The early European colonizers tended to select the red soils for their "mealies" (maize), though the Shona had tended to shun such soils as being too heavy. These two factors have shaped the distribution of the two soil types between the races right down to the present day. The suit­ ability of the sand soils for tobacco has done something to redress the balance, though in the short run the African need is for "food" land rather than "cash" land. The information on the geology and soils of Southern Hhodesia has recently been reviewed by Phillips, who includes an up-to-date commentary by Thomas, senior author of the soils map. (9). The vegetation pattern, as might be expected, is also dependent on alti­ tude and rainfall conditions as well as on soil type. Well-drained land on the plateau above 4,000 feet is normally covered by Brachystegia open forest or woodland, with the typical shallow drainage areas (vleis) covered with coarse grasses. Below this altitude are found more open woodlands, domi- 168 R. W. M. JOHNSON nated by Colothaspermum mopane, with two rather distinct sub-types based on a drainage factor; and wooded savanna based on Acacia sp. or Terminalia sp. The vegetation map shows several grassland groups, but as Phillips points out, these are not true climax grasslands, but are either man-induced or con­ trolled by some soil characteristic such as impeded drainage (9). Due to the pressure of population in Tribal Trust land, most of the well-drained land has long since been cleared of its forest cover and used for a fairly depletive system of monoculture. Even grazing areas have been considerably modified by intensive communal stocking which in tribal areas had probably already reached maximum carrying capacity at about the beginning of the period under review. POPULATION The population of Southern Rhodesia was 3,940,000 at the end of 1962. Racial composition of this total is as follows, (la, June 1963): Race Thousand persons Per cent Africans ..................... 3,700 93.9 Europeans ................... 223 5.7 Asians ..... 7.5 0.2 Coloureds a •.......•........•• 11.2 0.3 • A "coloured" person, in local parlance, is one of mixed European and African blood. The estimate for the African population represents an upward revision of some 20 per cent over previous estimates made necessary by the results of the first full census taken in 1962. Estimates of the African population have, in fact, passed through three distinct stages of development in recent years. The first were based on tax registers kept by native (now district) com­ missioners. The factor of 4.65 used for approximating total population from these registers appears to be based on a sample survey carried out in 1948.
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