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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies 2019; 6(6): 01-04

ISSN 2347-2677 IJFBS 2019; 6(6): 01-04 Received: 01-09-2019 Growth characteristics and casava ( cynthia Accepted: 03-10-2019 ricini) caterpillar's ability to digest leaf Manihot

Anak Agung Ngurah Badung esculenta Crantz Sarmuda Dinata Bali Assesment Institut of Agricultural Technology, Indonesian Agency for Anak Agung Ngurah Badung Sarmuda Dinata and I Gusti Nyoman Gde Agricultural Research and Bidura Development, Ministry of Agriculture. Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia Abstract Cassava caterpillars ( ricini) are a type of silk-producing caterpillar that consumes castor I Gusti Nyoman Gde Bidura bean leaves, cassava leaves, and papaya leaves. A study was conducted to determine the growth Faculty of Animal Science, characteristics of casava caterpillars (Samia cynthia ricini) fed with elephant cassava (Manihot esculenta Udayana University, Denpasar- Crantz) leaves. A total of 200 head Samia caterpillars are maintained by feeding them in the form of Bali, Indonesia elephant cassava leaves. The parameters observed include body weight gain, body length, feed consumption and feed convertion ratio and feed digestibility coefficient. The results showed that the cultivation of Samia caterpillar by feeding elephant cassava leaves requires 21 days of cultivation time to form a cocoon. Samia caterpillars have a body length of 51.67 mm and a final body weight of 3.211

gram/head with an average body weight gain of 0.512 grams/head/day. Feed consumption of 0.168

grams/head/day with a FCR value of 1.344. Samia Caterpillar has 77.23% dry matter digestibility, 96.48% organic matter, 96.82% crude protein, 95.18% ether extract and 2.48% crude fiber. It can be concluded that the Samia caterpillars fed elephant cassava leaves have good growth and digestibility of nutrients, so it is very suitable to be used as an alternative feed for Samia cynthia ricini caterpillars.

Keywords: Cassava leaves, digestibility, Samia cynthia ricini caterpillars, silks

Introduction

Increasing the added value of a cultivation business can be done by maximizing the overall product produced by a commodity including its waste. The cassava cultivation business has so far only been oriented to tuber production and only a few have utilized its leaf production. One effort to increase the added value of cassava cultivation is to use the leaves as cassava caterpillar feed. Cassava caterpillars (Samia cynthia ricini) are a type of silk-producing

caterpillar that consumes castor bean leaves, cassava leaves, and papaya leaves (Neelu et al., [1] [2] 2000) . Sakthivel (2012) reported that the administration of cassava leaves is very suitable for the cultivation of Samia caterpillars to produce silk on a large scale. Giving a portion of cassava leaves (25-40%) to maintain the silkworm Samia will provide additional income and has no effect on tuber yield and starch content.

Indonesia is the 5th largest cassava producer country in the world, with a harvest area of more than 1.11 million hectares. The average cassava production in Indonesia from 2011-2015 was 22.82 million tons (Widaningsih, 2016) [3]. So far, the use of cassava leaves for consumption has not been utilized to the full. Through the integration of cassava cultivation with casava caterpillar farming, farmers are expected to gain added value from silk yarn production so that it will increase their income. Aside from producing silk threads, there are still opportunities for

the use of caterpillar larvae or pupae to serve as alternative sources of animal feed. Pupae caterpillar Samia has 54.8% protein content, 25% fat, 1923 kj/100g energy and 3.62% crude Corresponding Author: fiber (Longvah et al., 2011) [4]. Some researchers report that pupae from Samia caterpillars can Anak Agung Ngurah Badung be used as cosmetics, medicines and sources of animal protein (Debaraj et al., 2003) [5]. Sarmuda Dinata Efforts to increase the productivity of cassava have been carried out by introducing superior Bali Assesment Institut of Agricultural Technology, types of cassava namely elephant varieties (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Cassava has higher Indonesian Agency for tuber and leaf production compared to local types of cassava. Purchasing 10 kg of organic Agricultural Research and fertilizer/tree will be able to produce tubers of 20 kg/tree at the age of 9 months (Amarullah, Development, Ministry of 2015) [6]. The average cassava produced 118 leaves weighing 1.498 kg (Dinata et al., 2016) [7]. Agriculture. Denpasar-Bali, This high cassava leaf production is very potential to be utilized for the cultivation of Samia Indonesia ~ 1 ~ International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies http://www.faunajournal.com caterpillars. The difference in cassava varieties will affect the obtained during the study. Feed digestibility is known by nutrient content contained in cassava leaves which will have calculating the difference between the amount of feed (g/DM) an impact on the growth of Cassava (Samia) caterpillars. eaten and the amount of feed released through feces (g/DM). Therefore it is necessary to conduct a study to determine the Nutrient digestibility can be calculated by the following growth and digestibility characteristics of Samia caterpillar equation: feed fed with cassava leaves of elephants.

Material and Methods

Experimental design, , housing and diets The study was conducted at the BPTP-Bali office, Ngurah Rai Note: Pesanggaran Street Bypass Denpasar, Bali. The Samia C = digestibility coefficient caterpillar used in this study was a white type, where fertile K = nutrient consumed caterpillar eggs were obtained from Solo Batik University. F = nutrient in excreta Maintenance of eggs to be cocoon of 200 caterpillars were carried out in a plastic box equipped with a lid. Maintenance Results And Discussion from cocoons to hatching into butterflies were carried out on Body Weight and Body Length glass boxes. The plastic box inside was coated with Casava (Samia) caterpillar cultivation up to the cooking greaseproof paper to make it easier to clean up dirt and process requires 21 days. This cultivation period is longer leftovers. Before maintaining the caterpillars carried out than the results of the study (Tungjitwitayakul and Tatun, disinfection in the maintenance box using 2% formalin. 2017) [8] which obtained the maintenance period of Samia Formalin was dissolved in water and then sprayed 2-3 days caterpillars fed cassava leaves takes 19.26 days to enter the before the caterpillar maintenance was done. The eggs are cooking phase. At the time of hatching the average body placed in a plastic box and then covered with cassava leaves weight of the caterpillar was 0.021 gram (Figure 1). Until the so that when the eggs hatch they will immediately be age of 2 weeks there was only a slight increase in body weight provided with food. gains. Starting from the age of 14 days the United Nations has Feed given is elephant cassava leaves. Feed has been given only rapidly occurred to reach an average of 3,211 every day on an ad libitum basis adjusted to the development grams/head at the age of 21 days. The final body weight phase of the caterpillar. The remaining feed was taken out of obtained from the results of this study is smaller than the the maintenance box and then replaced with fresher leaves study (Setiyawan and Fitasari, 2018) [9] which obtained a every day. In addition, every day the maintenance box must caterpillar final body weight of 3.283 grams/head. The data be cleaned of caterpillar dirt. In the phase from egg to 1 week on the development of Samia caterpillar body weight can be old cassava leaves are selected which are still young and seen in Figure 2. chopped with a small size (5-10 mm). The next phase was from the age of 8 days to the cooking phase (21-22 days) given whole cassava leaves in fresh form. In the cooking phase no feed was given. This phase was characterized by a change in the color of the caterpillar's skin from white to transparent yellow. The parameters observed included body weight gain, body length, feed consumption and feed convertion ratio (FCR) and feed digestibility coefficient. The data obtained were tabulated then analyzed the mean and diversity descriptively. To find out body weight is done by initial weighing and every week until the age of 21 days. Body length measurements are Fig 1: Comparison of the Performance of Samia Caterpillars Age 1 Day and 21 Days also carried out from the hatch and every week until the age of 21 days. Sampling of given feed and caterpillar droppings was carried out at the age of 14-21 days. Composite samples, dried and then taken to the laboratory for analysis of nutritional content. The feed content of elephant cassava leaves is as follows: 24.39% dry matter, 83.40% organic matter, crude protein 26.57%, crude fat 3.82% and crude fiber 11.20%. Weight gain is known by calculating the difference between the weight of the weighing body once every 1 month. Daily body weight gain was obtained from the results of the reduction in final body weight with initial body weight divided by the length of the study. Feed consumption is calculated based on the consumption of dry matter (g/head/day) using the formula: Consumption of dry matter feed = Amount of feed given (g/DM) - Remaining feed Fig 2: Curve development of the weight of the Samia Caterpillar (g/DM). For the determination of the feed conversion ratio (Samia cynthia ricini) (FCR) is calculated by dividing the amount of feed consumption/day with additional body weight/head/day ~ 2 ~ International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies http://www.faunajournal.com

In contrast to maintenance in sub-tropical regions which are (Tungjitwitayakul and Tatun, 2017) [8]. the origin of these Samia caterpillars, the body weight of caterpillars fed with cassava leaves can reach 5.10-6.87 grams/head, especially during spring (Deka et al., 2011) [10]. The results of the study (Kumar and Gangwar, 2010) [11] obtained maximum body weight of Samia caterpillars fed cassava leaves 6.8-6.82 grams/head. For display the average body of a newborn caterpillar is 3 mm/head (Figure 3). Up to the age of 21 days the average length of a Samia caterpillar is 51.67 mm. Samia caterpillars on average increase in length by 2.32 mm/head/day with the highest increase in body length occurs at the age of 14-21 days which is equal to 3.61 mm/head/day. Fig 4: Cocon of Samia caterpillars

Fig 5: Mature Butterflies Fig 3: Samia Caterpillar Body Length (Samia cynthia ricini)

Samia caterpillars have body weight gains of 0.512 After 21 days the Samia caterpillar begins to enter the cocoon g/head/day. The average Samia caterpillar consumed feed in phase (cocon) which is characterized by the formation of a the form of fresh cassava leaves by 0.688 g/head/day or by membrane covering the body of the caterpillar (Figure 4). To 0.168 g/head/day in the form of dry matter. From these data get silk thread, harvesting should be done 1-3 days after obtained the value of Feed Convertion Ratio (FCR) of 1.344. forming cocon. After harvesting the sun is dried for 12 hours This means that each feeding of 1.344 grams dry will result in (Oduor et al., 2016) [12]. If kept for nursery cocon must be body weight gain of 1 gram. moved to the marriage cage and allowed to morph into a butterfly (Figure 5). This phase takes between 13-15 days

Table 1: Productivity of the Samia Caterpillar

No Variables Score 1 Body weight gain (g/day) 0.512 2 Feed consumption

- As feed (g/day) 0.688

- Dry matter (g DM/day) 0.168

3 FCR 1.344

Feed Digestibility coefficient of caterpillar dry matter by 77.23% (Table 2). This Nutrients contained in the feed are not entirely available to the digestibility coefficient is higher compared to the body of livestock, most will be released again through feces administration of jatropha leaves which is only 43,84-53.70% because it is not digested in the digestive tract. From the (Shifa et al., 2014) [13]. Other results found that the average consumption of dry matter caterpillars by 0.654 digestibility of Jatropha Jatropha leaf feed on instar 5 was g/head/day there was excretion of Samia caterpillar droppings 84.66-92.39% in dry weight (DW) basis [14]. by 0.149 g/head/day so as to obtain the digestibility

Table 2: Nutrient digestibility

No Variables Feed consumption (g) Excreation (g) Digestibility (g) Digestibility (%) 1 Dry matter 0.654 0.149 0.505 77.23 2 Organic matter 0.545 0.019 0.526 96.48 3 Crude protein (CP) 0.174 0.006 0.168 96.82 4 Ether extract 0.025 0.001 0.024 95.18 5 Crude fibre 0.073 0.071 0.002 2.48

Samia silkworms have the digestive coefficient of organic closely related to the need for growth. High nutrient content nutrients, crude protein and very high crude fat. This is in cassava dun will affect the level of nutrient digestibility. ~ 3 ~ International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies http://www.faunajournal.com

This nutrient digestibility will affect the growth which is 10. Deka M, Dutta S, Devi D. Impact of Feeding of Samia characterized by the lower period of maintenance of Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval (red variety (Lepidopera: caterpillar (Sakthivel and Qadri, 2017) [15] The quality Saturnidae) in Respect of Larval Growth and Spinning. parameters of cassava leaves such as crude protein, nitrogen, 2011; 5:131-40. phosphorus, potassium and total minerals are positively 11. Kumar R, Gangwar SK. Impact of Varietal Feeding on related to the economic properties of Samia caterpillar Samia Ricini Donovan in Spring and Autumn Season of (Sakthivel, 2016) [16]. However, the digestibility coefficient of Uttar Pradesh ARPN J Agric. Biol. Sci. 2010; 5:46-51. crude fiber is very low at only 2.48%. This indicates that the 12. Oduor EO, Ciera L, Adolkar V, Pido O. Eri silkworm Samia caterpillar is unable to digest crude fiber. rearing practices in Kenya. J Entomol. Zool. Stud. 2016; 4:197-201. Conclusion 13. Shifa K, Sori W, Getu E. Feed utilization efficiency of We conclude that Samia cynthia ricini caterpillar cultivation Eri-Silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval) by feeding elephant cassava leaves requires 21 days of (: ) on eight castor ( cultivation time to form a cocoon. Samia cynthia ricini communis L.) genotypes Int. J Innov. Appl. Res. 2014; caterpillars have a high digestibility of the nutritional content 2:26-33. found in elephant cassava leaves, except for coarse fiber. 14. Gururaj, Kumar KP, Naika R. Rearing Performance of Eri Silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini Boiduval) Acknowledgements (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) on Cultivars of Castor. J. The authors would like to thank the head of Bali Assesment Entomol. Zool. Stud. 2017; 5:816-21. Institut of Agricultural Technology, Indonesian Agency for 15. Sakthive N, Qadri SMH. Utilization of Cassava Foliage Agricultural Research and Development, Ministry of for Large Scale Production of Eri Silk. 2017; 6:2521-34 Agriculture. Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia for their permission 16. Sakthivel N. Evaluation of Cassava Varieties for Eri and their support during this research. Silkworm, Samia Cynthia Ricini Mun. Ent. Zool. 2016; 11:165-8. Conflict of Interest Declaration We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.

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