Astrobiology Introduction
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Mission to Jupiter
This book attempts to convey the creativity, Project A History of the Galileo Jupiter: To Mission The Galileo mission to Jupiter explored leadership, and vision that were necessary for the an exciting new frontier, had a major impact mission’s success. It is a book about dedicated people on planetary science, and provided invaluable and their scientific and engineering achievements. lessons for the design of spacecraft. This The Galileo mission faced many significant problems. mission amassed so many scientific firsts and Some of the most brilliant accomplishments and key discoveries that it can truly be called one of “work-arounds” of the Galileo staff occurred the most impressive feats of exploration of the precisely when these challenges arose. Throughout 20th century. In the words of John Casani, the the mission, engineers and scientists found ways to original project manager of the mission, “Galileo keep the spacecraft operational from a distance of was a way of demonstrating . just what U.S. nearly half a billion miles, enabling one of the most technology was capable of doing.” An engineer impressive voyages of scientific discovery. on the Galileo team expressed more personal * * * * * sentiments when she said, “I had never been a Michael Meltzer is an environmental part of something with such great scope . To scientist who has been writing about science know that the whole world was watching and and technology for nearly 30 years. His books hoping with us that this would work. We were and articles have investigated topics that include doing something for all mankind.” designing solar houses, preventing pollution in When Galileo lifted off from Kennedy electroplating shops, catching salmon with sonar and Space Center on 18 October 1989, it began an radar, and developing a sensor for examining Space interplanetary voyage that took it to Venus, to Michael Meltzer Michael Shuttle engines. -
Lecture-29 (PDF)
Life in the Universe Orin Harris and Greg Anderson Department of Physics & Astronomy Northeastern Illinois University Spring 2021 c 2012-2021 G. Anderson., O. Harris Universe: Past, Present & Future – slide 1 / 95 Overview Dating Rocks Life on Earth How Did Life Arise? Life in the Solar System Life Around Other Stars Interstellar Travel SETI Review c 2012-2021 G. Anderson., O. Harris Universe: Past, Present & Future – slide 2 / 95 Dating Rocks Zircon Dating Sedimentary Grand Canyon Life on Earth How Did Life Arise? Life in the Solar System Life Around Dating Rocks Other Stars Interstellar Travel SETI Review c 2012-2021 G. Anderson., O. Harris Universe: Past, Present & Future – slide 3 / 95 Zircon Dating Zircon, (ZrSiO4), minerals incorporate trace amounts of uranium but reject lead. Naturally occuring uranium: • U-238: 99.27% • U-235: 0.72% Decay chains: • 238U −→ 206Pb, τ =4.47 Gyrs. • 235U −→ 207Pb, τ = 704 Myrs. 1956, Clair Camron Patterson dated the Canyon Diablo meteorite: τ =4.55 Gyrs. c 2012-2021 G. Anderson., O. Harris Universe: Past, Present & Future – slide 4 / 95 Dating Sedimentary Rocks • Relative ages: Deeper layers were deposited earlier • Absolute ages: Decay of radioactive isotopes old (deposited last) oldest (depositedolder first) c 2012-2021 G. Anderson., O. Harris Universe: Past, Present & Future – slide 5 / 95 Grand Canyon: Earth History from 200 million - 2 billion yrs ago. Dating Rocks Life on Earth Earth History Timeline Late Heavy Bombardment Hadean Shark Bay Stromatolites Cyanobacteria Q: Earliest Fossils? Life on Earth O2 History Q: Life on Earth How Did Life Arise? Life in the Solar System Life Around Other Stars Interstellar Travel SETI Review c 2012-2021 G. -
Livre-Ovni.Pdf
UN MONDE BIZARRE Le livre des étranges Objets Volants Non Identifiés Chapitre 1 Paranormal Le paranormal est un terme utilisé pour qualifier un en- mé n'est pas considéré comme paranormal par les semble de phénomènes dont les causes ou mécanismes neuroscientifiques) ; ne sont apparemment pas explicables par des lois scien- tifiques établies. Le préfixe « para » désignant quelque • Les différents moyens de communication avec les chose qui est à côté de la norme, la norme étant ici le morts : naturels (médiumnité, nécromancie) ou ar- consensus scientifique d'une époque. Un phénomène est tificiels (la transcommunication instrumentale telle qualifié de paranormal lorsqu'il ne semble pas pouvoir que les voix électroniques); être expliqué par les lois naturelles connues, laissant ain- si le champ libre à de nouvelles recherches empiriques, à • Les apparitions de l'au-delà (fantômes, revenants, des interprétations, à des suppositions et à l'imaginaire. ectoplasmes, poltergeists, etc.) ; Les initiateurs de la parapsychologie se sont donné comme objectif d'étudier d'une manière scientifique • la cryptozoologie (qui étudie l'existence d'espèce in- ce qu'ils considèrent comme des perceptions extra- connues) : classification assez injuste, car l'objet de sensorielles et de la psychokinèse. Malgré l'existence de la cryptozoologie est moins de cultiver les mythes laboratoires de parapsychologie dans certaines universi- que de chercher s’il y a ou non une espèce animale tés, notamment en Grande-Bretagne, le paranormal est inconnue réelle derrière une légende ; généralement considéré comme un sujet d'étude peu sé- rieux. Il est en revanche parfois associé a des activités • Le phénomène ovni et ses dérivés (cercle de culture). -
EJSM-Laplace Why Are Ganymede and Europa Habitable Worlds ?
Exploring icy satellites for their Astrobiological potential from an astronomical point of view Athena Coustenis LESIA, Paris-Meudon Observatory France Galileo Cassini-Huygens Quelques points de considération Aspects astrobiologiques: chimie organique, eau liquide (en surface ou à l’intérieur), sources d’énergie (activité interne), stabilité Les satellites de glace avec organiques : Titan, Encelade, Triton. avec une activité évidente : Encelade, Triton, Io, (Titan?) avec de l’eau liquide à l’intérieur (à confirmer): Europe, Ganymède, Encelade, Titan A l’exception de Titan, les satellites de glace avec des océans subsurfaciques possibles (Europe, Ganymède, Callisto) ou une activité cryovolcanique évidente (Encelade, Triton) résident à l’intérieur des magnétosphères des planètes géantes, mais les deux derniers ne sont pas dans la partie avec l’irradiation surfacique extrême et destructive pour les organiques. Quel est le potentiel astrobiologique de chacun de ces satellites? Exploring the Habitability of Icy Worlds: The Europa Jupiter System Mission (JUICE) The EJSM Science Study Team 2009 All rights reserved. EJSM Theme: The Emergence of Habitable Worlds Around Gas Giants • Goal 1: Determine if the Jupiter system harbors habitable worlds • Goal 2: Characterize Jupiter system processes – Ocean characteristics (for Europa and Ganymede and perhaps other satellites) – Satellite system – Ice shells and subsurface water – Jupiter atmosphere – Deep internal structure, and (for – Magnetodisk/magnetosphere Ganymede) intrinsic magnetic field – Jovian system Interactions – External environments – Jovian system origin – Global surface compositions – Surface features and future landing sites Emphasis on icy moon habitability and Jupiter system processes 5 JGO Science: Overview • Key JGO science phases – Ganymede: Detailed orbital study . Elliptical orbit first, then circular orbit – Jupiter system: In-depth exploration . -
University of Groningen Evaluating Galactic Habitability Using High
University of Groningen Evaluating galactic habitability using high-resolution cosmological simulations of galaxy formation Forgan, Duncan; Dayal, Pratika; Cockell, Charles; Libeskind, Noam Published in: International Journal of Astrobiology DOI: 10.1017/S1473550415000518 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Final author's version (accepted by publisher, after peer review) Publication date: 2017 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Forgan, D., Dayal, P., Cockell, C., & Libeskind, N. (2017). Evaluating galactic habitability using high- resolution cosmological simulations of galaxy formation. International Journal of Astrobiology, 16(1), 60–73. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1473550415000518 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. -
Arxiv:2003.06680V2 [Astro-Ph.EP] 1 Apr 2021 Ations in Tidal Forces Alone
Europa's Hemispheric Color Dichotomy as a Constraint on Non-Synchronous Rotation Ethan R. Burnett∗1 and Paul O. Hayne2,3 1Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder 2Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder 3Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder Europa's surface reflectance exhibits a pronounced hemispheric dichotomy, which is hypoth- esized to form due to enhanced irradiation of the trailing hemisphere by energetic particles entrained in the jovian magnetosphere. We propose that this pattern can only persist if the timescale for discoloration is much shorter than that of Europa's rotation relative to the syn- chronous state, and provide a means for constraining the rotation rate using the observed color pattern. By decomposing the longitudinal ultraviolet and visible color variations from Voyager data into sine and cosine terms, we find no detectable signature of non-synchronous rotation (NSR). This same conclusion is reached with two observational models of discoloration: one representing an actively discoloring surface, and the other assuming that the present-day exo- genic discoloration on the surface is in steady-state. Magnitudes of the expected signature are presented as functions of the age of the crater Pwyll, which is used to constrain the timescale of discoloration. Furthermore, we develop a physical model of discoloration to validate the ge- ometric models, producing consistent results. The failure to identify a signature of NSR using Europa's hemispheric color dichotomy magnifies the outstanding problem of the origin of the stress to explain Europa's pervasive tectonic features. 1 Introduction and Background The present-day icy surface of Europa is covered with large ridges and cracks, which are generally the result of tidal stresses during Europa's eccentric 3.55-day orbit about Jupiter. -
Uncorrected Proof
Planetary and Space Science xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Planetary and Space Science journal homepage: http://ees.elsevier.com Joint Europa Mission (JEM) a multi-scale study of Europa to characterize its habitability and search for extant life Michel Blanc a,∗, Nicolas André a, Olga Prieto-Ballesteros b, Javier Gomez-Elvira b, Geraint Jones c, Veerle Sterken d,e, William Desprats a,f, Leonid I. Gurvits g,p,ak, Krishan Khurana h, Aljona Blöcker i, Renaud Broquet j, Emma Bunce k, Cyril Cavel j, Gaël Choblet l, Geoffrey Colins m, Marcello Coradini n, John Cooper o, Dominic Dirkx p, Philippe Garnier a, David Gaudin f, Paul Hartogh q, Luciano Iess r, Adrian Jäggi d, Sascha Kempf s, Norbert Krupp q, Luisa Lara t, Jérémie LasuePROOFa, Valéry Lainey u, François Leblanc v, Jean-Pierre Lebreton w, Andrea Longobardo x, Ralph Lorenz y, Philippe Martins z, Zita Martins aa, Adam Masters ab,al, David Mimoun f, Ernesto Palumba x, Pascal Regnier j, Joachim Saur ac, Adriaan Schutte ad, Edward C. Sittler o, Tilman Spohn ae, Katrin Stephan ae, Károly Szegő af, Federico Tosi x, Steve Vance ag, Roland Wagner ae, Tim Van Hoolst ah, Martin Volwerk ai, Frances Westall aj a IRAP, France b INTA-CAB, Spain c MSSL/UCL, UK d University of Bern, Switzerland e ETH Zürich, Switzerland f ISAE, France g Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC, Dwingeloo, the Netherlands h UCLA, USA i Royal Institute of Technology KTH, Sweden j Airbus D&S, France k Univ. Leicester, UK l LPG, Univ. Nantes, France mWheaton College, USA n CSEO, USA o GSFC, USA p TU Delft, the Netherlands q MPS, Germany r Univ. -
Endogenic and Exogenic Contributions to Visible-Wavelength Spectra of Europa’S Trailing Hemisphere
Preprint typeset using LATEX style AASTeX6 v. 1.0 ENDOGENIC AND EXOGENIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO VISIBLE-WAVELENGTH SPECTRA OF EUROPA'S TRAILING HEMISPHERE Samantha K. Trumbo, Michael E. Brown Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA Kevin P. Hand Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA ABSTRACT The composition of Europa's trailing hemisphere reflects the combined influences of endogenous geo- logic resurfacing and exogenous sulfur radiolysis. Using spatially resolved visible-wavelength spectra of Europa obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope, we map multiple spectral features across the trailing hemisphere and compare their geographies with the distributions of large-scale geology, mag- netospheric bombardment, and surface color. Based on such comparisons, we interpret some aspects of our spectra as indicative of purely exogenous sulfur radiolysis products and other aspects as in- dicative of radiolysis products formed from a mixture of endogenous material and magnetospheric sulfur. The spatial distributions of two of the absorptions seen in our spectra|a widespread down- turn toward the near-UV and a distinct feature at 530 nm|appear consistent with sulfur allotropes previously suggested from ground-based spectrophotometry. However, the geographies of two addi- tional features|an absorption feature at 360 nm and the spectral slope at red wavelengths|are more consistent with endogenous material that has been altered by sulfur radiolysis. We suggest irradiated sulfate salts as potential candidates for this material, but we are unable to identify particular species with the available data. Keywords: planets and satellites: composition | planets and satellites: individual (Europa) | planets and satellites: surfaces 1. -
Goldilocks Planet)
Anthropomorphic (formed for man) Is the universe the way it is because it was designed with man in mind? • The widely accepted principle of mediocrity (also called the Copernican principle), is advocated by Carl Sagan and Frank Drake, among others. • The principle of mediocrity concludes that the Earth is a typical rocky planet in a typical planetary system, located in a non-exceptional region of a common spiral galaxy. Hence it is probable that the universe teems with complex life. 1 RARE EARTH HYPOTHESIS (GOLDILOCKS PLANET) • The term "Rare Earth" originates from Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe (2000), a book by Peter Ward, a geologist and paleontologist, and Donald Brownlee, an astronomer and astrobiologist. • In planetary astronomy and astrobiology, the Rare Earth hypothesis argues that the emergence of complex multicellular life on earth, required an improbable combination of astrophysical and geological events and circumstances. The hypothesis argues that complex extraterrestrial life requires an earth like planet with similar circumstance and that few if any such planets exist. 2 Ward and Brownlee argue to the contrary: planets, planetary systems, and galactic regions that are as friendly to complex life as are the Earth, the Solar System, and our region of the Milky Way are very rare. 3 • Early modern science allegedly put an end to the anthropomorphic conceit by showing, not only was earth not the center of the universe, but there was nothing special about the earth. “Copernican Principle” • Science may now be discovering that we and our planet are far more special than we could have known. -
Galileo Reveals Best-Yet Europa Close-Ups Stone Projects A
II Stone projects a prom1s1ng• • future for Lab By MARK WHALEN Vol. 28, No. 5 March 6, 1998 JPL's future has never been stronger and its Pasadena, California variety of challenges never broader, JPL Director Dr. Edward Stone told Laboratory staff last week in his annual State of the Laboratory address. The Laboratory's transition from an organi zation focused on one large, innovative mission Galileo reveals best-yet Europa close-ups a decade to one that delivers several smaller, innovative missions every year "has not been easy, and it won't be in the future," Stone acknowledged. "But if it were easy, we would n't be asked to do it. We are asked to do these things because they are hard. That's the reason the nation, and NASA, need a place like JPL. ''That's what attracts and keeps most of us here," he added. "Most of us can work elsewhere, and perhaps earn P49631 more doing so. What keeps us New images taken by JPL's The Conamara Chaos region on Europa, here is the chal with cliffs along the edges of high-standing Galileo spacecraft during its clos lenge and the ice plates, is shown in the above photo. For est-ever flyby of Jupiter's moon scale, the height of the cliffs and size of the opportunity to do what no one has done before Europa were unveiled March 2. indentations are comparable to the famous to search for life elsewhere." Europa holds great fascination cliff face of South Dakota's Mount To help achieve success in its series of pro for scientists because of the Rushmore. -
Europa Deep Dive 2: Chemical Composition of Europa and State of Laboratory Data
Program Europa Deep Dive 2: Chemical Composition of Europa and State of Laboratory Data October 9–11, 2018 • Houston, Texas Institutional Support Lunar and Planetary Institute Universities Space Research Association Conveners Louise M. Prockter USRA/Lunar and Planetary Institute Jonathan Kay USRA/Lunar and Planetary Institute Science Organizing Committee Murthy S. Gudipati NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Reggie L. Hudson NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Lynnae C. Quick Smithsonian Institution/Air and Space Museum Abigal M. Rymer Johns Hopkins University/Applied Physics Laboratory Jason M. Soderblom Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lunar and Planetary Institute • 3600 Bay Area Boulevard • Houston TX 77058-1113 Abstracts for this workshop are available via the workshop website at https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/europadeepdive2018/ Abstracts can be cited as Author A. B. and Author C. D. (2018) Title of abstract. In Europa Deep Dive 2: Chemical Composition of Europa and State of Laboratory Data, Abstract #XXXX. LPI Contribution No. 2100, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston. Guide to Sessions Tuesday, October 9, 2018 8:30 a.m. Great Room Registration 9:30 a.m. Lecture Hall Terrestrial Based Observation 1:20 p.m. Lecture Hall Observations and Lab Work 5:00 p.m. Great Room Europa Deep Dive Poster Session Wednesday, October 10, 2018 9:00 a.m. Lecture Hall Effects of Radiation 12:40 p.m. Lecture Hall Lab Work and Modeling Thursday, October 11, 2018 9:00 a.m. Lecture Hall Lab Work and Analogues Program Tuesday, October 9, 2018 TERRESTRIAL BASED OBSERVATION 9:30 a.m. Lecture Hall Chair: Bryana Henderson 9:30 a.m. -
Intro to Solar System Jovian Planets and Moons 1 Jovian Planets
Jovian Planets and Moons Intro to Solar System Jovian Planets and Moons 1 Jovian Planets primitive, look much as they did at time of formation gas giants, completely different than the terrestrial planets Intro to Solar System Jovian Planets and Moons 2 Jupiter • largest most massive of all • size 140,00 km 11 Earths across • mass - 300 times Voyager Project, JPL, NASA that of Earth 3 • density 1300 kg/m Intro to Solar System Jovian Planets and Moons 3 Jupiter - Composition hydrogen, helium - liquid and gaseous gases that have been there since formation temperature: 130 K escape speed: 60 km/sec even hydrogen can’t get away! Intro to Solar System Jovian Planets and Moons 4 Jupiter - “Surface” there is NO surface !! convective flow in the atmosphere light regions: zones - tops of high pressure regions dark regions: belts - descending areas of low pressure convective flow tells us the interior is HOT! Intro to Solar System Jovian Planets and Moons 5 Jupiter - “Surface” rotation: 10 hours differential rotation => a fluid cloud speed: 43,00 km/hr Intro to Solar System Jovian Planets and Moons 6 Great Red Spot NASA permanent storm: observed in 1630 cooler than surrounding zone, is raised a few km above it rotates counterclockwise, 7 day period Intro to Solar System Jovian Planets and Moons 7 Jupiter - Atmosphere 82% Hydrogen 18% Helium ammonia ice crystals, liquid ammonia, water ice Galileo - Probe Entry Point 1000 km thick Intro to Solar System Jovian Planets and Moons 8 Jupiter - Internal Structure • low density and atmospheric composition