Marine Bacteroidetes: Distribution Patterns and Role in the Degradation of Organic Matter

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Marine Bacteroidetes: Distribution Patterns and Role in the Degradation of Organic Matter Marine Bacteroidetes: distribution patterns and role in the degradation of organic matter Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften - Dr. rer. nat. - dem Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie der Universit¨at Bremen vorgelegt von Paola Rocio G´omez Pereira Bremen, Februar 2010 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in der Zeit von April 2007 bis Februar 2010 am Max–Planck–Institut f¨ur marine Mikrobiologie in Bremen angefertigt. 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Rudolf Amann 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Victor Smetacek 1. Pr¨ufer: Dr. Bernhard Fuchs 2. Pr¨ufer: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Fischer Tag des Promotionskolloquiums: 9 April 2010 Para mis padres Abstract Oceans occupy two thirds of the Earth’s surface, have a key role in biogeochem- ical cycles, and hold a vast biodiversity. Microorganisms in the world oceans are extremely abundant, their abundance is estimated to be 1029. They have a central role in the recycling of organic matter, therefore they influence the air–sea exchange of carbon dioxide, carbon flux through the food web, and carbon sedimentation by sinking of dead material. Bacteroidetes is one of the most abundant bacterial phyla in marine systems and its members are hypothesized to play a pivotal role in the recycling of organic matter. However, most of the evidence about their role is derived from cultivated species. Bacteroidetes is a highly diverse phylum and cultured strains represent the minority of the marine bacteroidetal community, hence, our knowledge about their ecological role is largely incomplete. In this thesis Bacteroidetes in open ocean and in coastal seas were investigated by a suite of molecular methods. The diversity and clade–specific abundance of Bacteroidetes were analyzed in different oceanic provinces in the North Atlantic Ocean. Comparative sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene li- braries revealed a high diversity and significant spatial variability. Major bac- teroidetal clades were delimited based on 16S rRNA gene sequence identities and further quantified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Preliminary FISH analysis indicated that certain Bacteroidetes clades were present in numbers lower than the detection limit of the method. Therefore, the FISH quantification pro- tocol was modified by increasing the sample volume, which allowed us to reliably quantify populations down to absolute numbers of only 500 cells ml−1. All bacteroidetal clades evaluated showed pronounced regional distribution patterns. Interestingly, our analysis revealed that the bacteroidetal community composition largely reflects the satellite space–based demarcation of ocean provinces. Large insert fosmid–based metagenomic libraries constructed from two distinct vii oceanic provinces in the North Atlantic Ocean and an extensive genome compari- son gave first insights into an adaptation of the bacteroidetal community to distinct environmental conditions. Genomic analysis highlighted that marine Bacteroidetes have a marked metabolic potential for the degradation of proteins and bacterial cell wall components, particularly in oligotrophic water masses. Our findings also provide evidence of a strong specialization for the degradation of particular poly- mers. Glycolytic potential was confined to a member of the genus Polaribacter which had several glycoside hydrolases, and a higher number of sulfatases than other members of the same genus. This Polaribacter flavobacterium might repre- sent an ecotype within the genus with a particular adaptation for the degradation of sulfated polysaccharides, known to be major constituents of phytoplankton cell walls. Supporting the hypothesis of Bacteroidetes as particle inhabitants, a spe- cific in situ enrichment of certain bacteroidetal clades in the phycosphere of phy- toplankton cells was proved in the phytoplankton-rich oceanic province. We could establish a link between Bacteroidetes metabolic information, organism identity, and abundance, thus providing hints with respect to the significance of certain metabolic traits. Furthermore, the Bacteroidetes clades delimited in the open ocean were also identified in the coastal systems analyzed in this thesis, giving evidence about the ecological relevance of those bacteroidetal clades in different marine settings. In summary, the combination of genomics and diversity studies allowed us to link main aspects about the Bacteroidetes community, enabling the better understanding of their ecological role in marine systems. Zusammenfassung Ozeane bedecken zwei Drittel der Erdoberfl¨ache, besitzen zentrale Funktionen in den biogeochemischen Stoffkreisl¨aufen und beinhalten eine große Biodiversit¨at. Mikroorganismen sind in den Ozeanen sehr abundant, ihre Zahl wird auf 1029 gesch¨atzt. Sie spielen eine zentrale Rolle im Recycling von organischem Material, dabei beeinflussen sie den Austausch des Kohlendioxids zwischen Luft und Meer, den Kohlenstofffluss in der biologischen Nahrungskette und die Ablagerung von Kohlenstoff durch Absinken von totem Material. Bacteroidetes sind eines der am h¨aufigsten vorkommenden Bakterien–Phyla in marinen Systemen und es wird an- genommen, dass sie Schlusselfunktionen¨ im Recycling von organischem Material besitzen. Allerdings sind die meisten dieser Funktionen von kultivierten Arten ab- geleitet. Bacteroidetes sind phylogenetisch ein sehr diverses Phylum, jedoch gibt es nur wenige kultivierte St¨amme von Bacteroidetes aus marinen Habitaten. Dement- sprechend ist unser Wissen uber¨ ihre ¨okologischen Rolle gr¨oßtenteils unvollst¨andig. In dieser Arbeit wurden Bacteroidetes aus dem offenen Ozean und aus kustennahen¨ Meeren mittels mehrerer molekularbiologischer Methoden untersucht. Es wurde die Diversit¨at und Gruppen–spezifische H¨aufigkeit von Bacteroidetes in verschiedenen ozeanischen Provinzen des Nordatlantischen Ozeans analysiert. Vergleichende Se- quenzanalysen von 16S ribosomalen RNA (rRNA) Genbanken zeigte eine große Vielfalt und eine signifikante r¨aumliche Variabilit¨at. Die vorherrschenden Bacte- roidetes–Gruppen konnten anhand der 16S rRNA Gensequenzierung definiert und durch Fluoreszenz in situ Hybridisierung (FISH) quantifiziert werden. Vorl¨aufige FISH Analysen zeigten, dass bestimmte Entwicklungslinien der Bacteroidetes in ihrer H¨aufigkeit unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze der Methode lagen. Demzufolge wurde das Protokoll zur Quantifizierung von FISH–positiven Zellen modifiziert. Eine Erh¨ohung des filtrierten Probenvolumens erm¨oglichte es mir, auch Popula- tionen von nur 500 Zellen ml−1 zuverl¨assig zu quantifizieren. ix Alle untersuchten Bacteroidetes–Gruppen zeigten ausgepr¨agte regionale Ver- teilungsmuster. Interessanterweise zeigte unsere Analyse, dass die Anordnung der Gemeinschaft der Bacteroidetes gr¨oßtenteils mit der Satelliten–gestutzten¨ Abgren- zung der ozeanischen Provinzen ubereinstimmt.¨ Aus zwei verschiedenen ozeani- schen Provinzen des Nordatlantiks wurden große Fosmid–basierte Metagenomban- ken konstruiert und ein umfassender Genomvergleich erlaubte erste Einblicke in die Anpassung der Bacteroidetes an verschiedene Umweltbedingungen. Die Ge- nomanalysen zeigten, dass marine Bacteroidetes ein deutliches metabolisches Po- tenzial fur¨ den Abbau von Proteinen und Zellwandbestandteilen von Bakterien besitzen, insbesondere in oligotrophen Wassermassen. Meine Ergebnisse erbrach- ten ebenso den Nachweis einer starken Spezialisierung im Abbau von bestimm- ten Polymeren. Das glykolytische Potenzial beschr¨ankte sich auf ein Mitglied der Gattung Polaribacter, das einige Glycosid–Hydrolasen besaß und eine gr¨oßere An- zahl von Sulfatasen aufwies, als andere Mitglieder dieser Gattung. Dieses Flavo- bakterium der Gattung Polaribacter k¨onnte innerhalb der Gattung einen Okotyp¨ darstellen, der sulfathaltige Polysaccharide abbaut. Diese Polysaccharide geh¨oren zu den Hauptbestandteilen der Zellw¨ande des Phytoplankton. Die Hypothese, dass Bacteroidetes Partikel besiedeln, konnte in der spezifischen Anreicherung von bestimmten Gruppen in der Phykosph¨are von Phytoplanktonzellen aus dem Phytoplankton–reichen Wasser des Nordatlantiks in situ best¨atigt werden. In die- ser Arbeit konnte ich zwischen der metabolischen Information, der Identit¨at der Organismen und der H¨aufigkeit der Bacteroidetes eine Verbindung im Hinblick auf die Signifikanz bestimmter metabolischer Merkmale etablieren. Zudem konn- ten die Bacteroidetes–Gruppen des offenen Ozeans auch in kustennahen¨ Systemen identifiziert und ihre ¨okologische Relevanz in verschiedenen marinen Habitaten bestimmt werden. Die Kombination von Genomanalysen und Diversit¨atsstudien erlaubte es mir, wichtige Aspekte der Bacteroidetes-Gemeinschaft zu verknupfen¨ und ihre ¨okologische Rolle in marinen Systemen besser verstehen zu lernen. Contents I Combined Presentation of Results 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1Marineenvironments....................... 3 1.2Marinemicroorganisms...................... 9 1.3 Phylum Bacteroidetes ...................... 17 2 Aims 31 3 Results and Discussion 33 3.1Testofacountingprotocolforrarepopulations........ 33 3.2 Biogeographic provinces in the North Atlantic Ocean ..... 37 3.3 Flavobacteria distribution in the North Atlantic Ocean .... 42 3.4 Genomic potential of marine Bacteroidetes ........... 51 3.5 Bacteroidetes incoastalmarinesites.............. 68 3.6 Comparison between open ocean and coastal Bacteroidetes .. 78 4 Final Remarks 83 References 87 II Manuscripts 119 Flavobacteria distribution in the North Atlantic Ocean 123 Genomic potential of marine Bacteroidetes 155 xi Bacterial diversity of R´ıo de la Plata 213 Bacterioplankton composition
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