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Doktora Tezi (6.291Mb) Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of English Language and Literature English Language and Literature THE DISCORD BETWEEN THE ELEMENTS AND HUMAN NATURE: ECOPHOBIA AND RENAISSANCE ENGLISH DRAMA Zümre Gizem YILMAZ Ph.D. Dissertation Ankara, 2018 THE DISCORD BETWEEN THE ELEMENTS AND HUMAN NATURE: ECOPHOBIA AND RENAISSANCE ENGLISH DRAMA Zümre Gizem YILMAZ Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of English Language and Literature English Language and Literature Ph.D. Disseration Ankara, 2018 v To my loving family... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. A. Deniz Bozer for her invaluable support and guidance. Her extensive knowledge and thought-provoking remarks and questions made me realise my own potentials and achievements. Without her guidance, I may never have wandered into my academic career. Without her wise and insightful comments, it would have been impossible to complete my dissertation. I am also very grateful to Prof. Dr. Burçin Erol, the Chairwoman of the Department of English Language and Literature, for her encouragement, support and positive energy. I would like to extend my special thanks to the members of my dissertation committee, Prof. Dr. Hande Seber, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sıla Şenlen Güvenç, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Şebnem Kaya and Assist. Prof. Dr. Evrim Doğan Adanur for their significant and critical comments and suggestions. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Simon C. Estok whose suggestions contributed immensely to my dissertation. I am very grateful to his encouragement throughout the writing process of my dissertation and beyond. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Serpil Oppermann for her invaluable support, encouragement and for making me believe in my own energy. I am extremely grateful to my friends Dr. Kerim Can Yazgünoğlu, Dr. Fatma Aykanat, Dr. Başak Ağın, Şafak Horzum, Dr. Serhan Dindar, Dr. Rupert Medd, Dr. Martin Locret-Collet and Dr. Alper Bahadır Dalmış who were always there when I needed support especially at moments of crisis. Last but not least, my special thanks are to my family for their remarkable and saintly patience and unconditional love. They never had doubts about my success and never lost their faith in me. Without them, I could not achieve anything in my life. vii ÖZET YILMAZ, Zümre Gizem. Elementler ve İnsan Doğası Arasındaki Uyuşmazlık: Ekofobi ve Rönesans İngiliz Tiyatrosu, Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2018. Rönesans dönemi İngilteresi’nde her ne kadar çevreci bilinç gelişmemiş olsa da, birçok oyunda elementlere (Toprak, Su, Ateş, Hava) gönderme yapıldığı görülmektedir. Bu tezin de amacı söz konusu dönemde yazılmış bazı oyunlardaki tasvirler yoluyla sosyal uygulamalarda yaygın olan ekofobik algıya dikkat çeken bu tez, fiziksel çevrenin söylemsel oluşumlarla nasıl insan kontrolü altına alındığını göstermektir. İnsan bedenini olduğu kadar elementleri de doğanın ayrılamaz bileşenleri olarak ele alan bu tez, Christopher Marlowe’dan Tamburlaine, Part I and Part II (1587), Doctor Faustus (1604) ve The Jew of Malta (1633), Ben Jonson’dan Bartholomew Fair (1614) ve The Devil is an Ass (1616), John Webster’dan The Duchess of Malfi (1623), John Fletcher ve Philip Massinger’dan The Sea Voyage (1647), Thomas Heywood ve William Rowley’den Fortune by Land and Sea (1607), George Chapman’dan May Day (1611), Thomas Dekker ve John Webster’dan Westward Ho (1607) ve Northward Ho (1607) ve George Chapman, Ben Jonson ve John Marston’dan Eastward Ho (1605) oyunlarının incelenmesi yoluyla Rönesans çevre politikasında dört ana elementin insan merkezli bir bakış açısıyla kontrol altına alınma çabasına odaklanmaktadır. Bu oyunlar dönemin önde gelen çevresel kaygılarını dile getirmekle kalmayıp, aynı zamanda insan müdahalesinden kaynaklanan kirliliğin izlerinin analiz edilmesi için sağlam bir zemin oluşturmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, bu oyunlar, hem insanların günlük yaşamlarında hem de edebi betimlemelerde yansımaları görünen elementlerin ekofobik algı sonucu kontrol altına alınmasını açığa çıkarmaktadır. Ayrıca, insan bedeni içindeki maddesel oluşumların altını çizen bu çalışma, insan bedeni tıpkı fiziksel çevre gibi doğal organizmalar ve elementlerden oluştuğundan, insan ve insan olmayan varlıkların birbiri içine geçtiğine işaret etmektedir. Bu yolla, uzun zamandır insan merkezli söylemlere göre birbirinden ayrılmış olan epistemoloji ve ontoloji bir araya getirilmiştir. Bu tezin giriş bölümünde, kadim element felsefesi, Rönesans ideolojisi, element ekoeleştirisi ve ekofobi kuramlarının alt yapısı verilmektedir. Ayrıca giriş bölümü, Rönesans dönemindeki çevresel sorunlara ve kirliliğe dikkat çeken pastoral geleneğin viii yeniden canlanmasıyla Rönesans edebiyatında hali hazırda var olan doğa betimlemelerini de sunmaktadır. Bu durumda, bu çalışma kadim element felsefesinden, yeni maddeciliklerden, element ekoeleştirisinden ve ekofobiden yararlanarak ve nasıl ekofobik algının kültürel ve çevresel kurgularının Rönesans İngiliz tiyatrosunda resmedildiğini göstererek, seçilen oyunların ekoeleştirel bir okumasını sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Seçilen oyunlarda örneklendirildiği üzere, ekofobik kontrol dürtüsünden kaynaklanan çevresel bozulma en temel şekliyle elementsel örneklerle gözlemlenebilmektedir. Bu yüzden elementlerin eyleyiciliği her bir bölümde üç farklı oyunda incelenmektedir, ki böylece Rönesans çevre politikasına ve doğa/kültür ve insan/insan olmayan kavramlaştırmalarına ışık tutulmaktadır. Tezin dört bölümünde (“Toprak,” “Su,” “Ateş” ve “Hava”) seçilmiş oyunların ekoeleştirel analizi adı geçen oyunlar üzerinden gerçekleştirilmektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler Rönesans İngiliz Tiyatrosu, Element Ekoeleştirisi, Ekofobi, Element Eyleyiciliği, İnsan Eyleyiciliği ix ABSTRACT YILMAZ, Zümre Gizem. The Discord Between the Elements and Human Nature: Ecophobia and Renaissance English Drama, Ph.D. Dissertation, Ankara, 2018. Pointing to the ecophobic psyche prominent in social practices by means of the textual portrayals of selected Renaissance plays, this dissertation aims to examine how the physical environment is taken under human control through discursive formations. Taking the elements as well as the human body as the inseparable constituents of nature, this dissertation mainly focuses on the anthropocentric control of the four main elements (earth, water, fire, air) in Renaissance environmental politics through the study of twelve different early modern plays, namely Christopher Marlowe’s Tamburlaine, Part I and Part II (1587), Doctor Faustus (1604) and The Jew of Malta (1633), Ben Jonson’s Bartholomew Fair (1614) and The Devil is an Ass (1616), John Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi (1623), John Fletcher and Philip Massinger’s The Sea Voyage (1647), Thomas Heywood and William Rowley’s Fortune by Land and Sea (1607), George Chapman’s May Day (1611), Thomas Dekker and John Webster’s Westward Ho (1607) and Northward Ho (1607), and George Chapman, Ben Jonson and John Marston’s Eastward Ho (1605). These plays not only express the most pressing environmental concerns of the period but also provide a sturdy base for the analysis of the signs of pollution stemming from human interference. In this vein, these plays expose the ecophobic control of the elemental bodies reverberating both in the daily lives of human beings and in literary presentations. Furthermore, underlining the material formations inside the human body, this study points to the intermeshment of human and nonhuman as the human body is also composed of the natural organisms and elemental bodies just like the physical environment. In this way, epistemology and ontology, long segregated from each other according to human-centred discourses, are interrelated. In the introduction of this dissertation, the theoretical backgrounds of ancient elemental philosophy, Renaissance ideology, elemental ecocriticism, and ecophobia are provided. Moreover, the introduction also presents the portrayals of environmental issues already embedded in Renaissance literature especially with the revival of the pastoral tradition which draws attention to early modern environmental problems and pollution. In this x context, dwelling on ancient elemental philosophy, new materialisms, elemental ecocriticism, and ecophobia, this dissertation aims to provide an ecocritical reading of the selected plays, mirroring how cultural and environmental speculations of the ecophobic psyche are captured in Renaissance English drama. As exemplified in the selected plays, environmental degradation resulting from the ecophobic control impulse is most basically observed in the elemental paradigms. Therefore, each elemental agency is examined in three different plays in each chapter, hence shedding light on Renaissance environmental politics and conceptualisations of nature/culture, and human/nonhuman. The four chapters (“Earth,” “Water,” “Fire,” and “Air”) undertake an elemental and ecocritical analyses of the above-mentioned selected plays. Key Words Renaissance English Drama, Elemental Ecocriticism, Ecophobia, Elemental Agency, Human Agency xi TABLE OF CONTENTS KABUL VE ONAY...........................................................................................................i BİLDİRİM.......................................................................................................................ii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI.................................iii ETİK BEYAN.................................................................................................................iv
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