DOCSLIB.ORG

An Exploration of China's Foreign Policy Motivations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Exploration of China's Foreign Policy Motivations CHINA’S PERCEPTION OF THE US: AN EXPLORATION OF CHINA’S FOREIGN POLICY MOTIVATIONS Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Biwu Zhang, BA., MA ***** The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Approved by: Richard K. Herrmann _____________________ Anthony Mughan Adviser Ted Hopf ABSTRACT “China threat” has been one of hotly debated topics since the early 1990s. But there have been very few systematic attempts to test the relevant propositions in this debate. This dissertation is an effort to test the China threat thesis. The author argues that a test of the China threat thesis requires addressing two fundamental questions: whether China has the capabilities to challenge the international system and whether China has the motivations to do so. As there has been an abundance of scholarly works focusing on the subject of China’s capabilities, and hardly any systematic efforts to address the subject of China’s motivations, this dissertation will offer a systematic study of China’s motivations, i.e. to see whether China is a status quo or a revisionist country. For this purpose, this dissertation resorts to an image approach. The author argues that the formulation of a state’s foreign policy is affected basically by two considerations: the national interest involved in bilateral relations and key characters of a target state. Consequently, image study as an approach to study a state’s foreign policy should ii include these two parts. In terms of the interests involved in the bilateral relations, this project will explore the Chinese perception of threat from the US, namely how interactions with the US are perceived as harming China’s national interests, the Chinese perception of opportunity from the US, namely how relations with the US are perceived as serving China’s national interests, and the Chinese perception of American power/capabilities, namely how Chinese perceive the US as superior, similar, or inferior to China and other countries in various major dimensions of national power. In terms of key characters of the US, this project will explore China’s perceptions of American politics and economy. In doing so, the author will try not only to update the description in the existing literature, which usually focus on the Chinese perceptions before and around 1990, but also to structure the description so as to shed light on China’s foreign policy orientation. The conclusion as to whether China is a status quo or a revisionist country will be reached by exploring how consideration of national interests and how China’s perception of key characters of the US affect China’s foreign policy orientation. A summary of the dominant Chinese images of the US will also contribute to understanding China’s motivations vis-a-vis the US. iii Dedicated to My Parents iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As I look back at the years of study and research in the OSU, my heart is filled with gratitude for all of those who have helped me one way or another throughout this journey. I will be able to mention only some of them here. My most profound gratitude goes to Prof. Richard K. Herrmann, the chair of my dissertation committee, whose theoretical framework, intellectual insights, and frequent advice are essential to my research project. I am equally grateful to Prof. Kevin J. O'Brien, a former member of my dissertation committee, who, together with Prof. Herrmann, helps me solve some of the most difficult problems. Profs. Mughan and Hopf give me indispensable assistance in the process. Profs. Mughan and Herrmann are kind enough even to offer me significant help with the English expressions. During my days as a Ph. D. student in the Department of Political Science, I have learned invaluable lessons and/or received significant help from the following respectable professors: Paul A. Beck, Donald A. Sylvan, David M. Rowe, Chadwick Alger, Judith Kullberg, Margaret Hermann, Brian M. Pollins, and Randall L. Schweller. Years of financial assistance from the OSU, the Department, and a research funding v from the Mershon Center contribute greatly toward the final completion of this dissertation. A special word of thanks is owed to Lianjiang Li who has done for me much more than one would normally expect from a friend. It would have been impossible for me to proceed with this dissertation without the generous and untiring assistance from my parents. Jae, Qinyi, Abby, Stella, and Yingru share with me the ordeal during my extended efforts to earn this degree. vi VITA October 11, 1957 ...................................... Born - Fuzhou, Fujian, China 1982 ......................................................... B.A., Fujian Normal University, China 1984 ......................................................... M.A., Xiamen University, China 1985 - 1992 ............................................... Translator and Researcher, Taiwan Research Institute, Xiamen University, China 1993 - 1994 ............................................... Foreign Affairs Office, Xiamen Municipal Government, China 1994 – 2000 ………………………….…. Graduate Research and Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University 2000 - present ........................................... Working on the Dissertation SELECTED PUBLICATIONS 1. Biwu Zhang “An Analysis of Taiwan’s Application for GATT Membership.” Taiwan Research Quarterly, No. 2, (1992). 2. Biwu Zhang “An Analysis of Factors Affecting US-Taiwan Relations.” Taiwan Research Quarterly, No. 4, (1992). 3. Biwu Zhang Contending Approaches to the Political Economy of Taiwan (translation). Lujiang Publishing House, Xiamen, China, (1992); Renjian Publishing House, Taipei, (1995). vii 4. Biwu Zhang Foreigners in Taiwan (translation). Writers’ Publishing House, China, (1996). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Political Science Areas of Emphasis: International Relations Comparative Politics; and Chinese Politics viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ......................................................................……............…....…................... ii Dedication ..........................................................................…….........….…….............. iv Acknowledgments .....................................................................…….....….....……....... v Vita ..............................................................................................…..……..….…........ vii List of Tables ..........................................................................…....……….………... xviii List of Diagrams …………………………………………………..……..…..……..… xxi Chapters: 1. The Research Question ......................................................................…….….…...... 1 1.1 The Puzzle .........................................................................................…...………. 1 1.2 The Research Question and Literature Review .................................……....…..... 3 2. Methodology .......................................................................................…..…….….. 22 2.1 Image Study as an Approach to Explore China’s Motivations Toward the US ………………………………………………………………….….….. 22 2.2 Key Decisions Regarding Image Study ...........................................…………….. 27 2.2.1 The Perceivers ...............................................................................…..….….... 28 2.2.1.1 Approaches in the Existing Literature .....................................…………... 28 2.2.1.2 The Perceivers in This Dissertation .......................................…..………. 31 ix 2.2.2 Source Materials ..............................……..….........….....…........................… 32 2.2.2.1 Approaches in the Existing Literature …..........................................…....... 32 2.2.2.2 The Source Materials in This Dissertation… ..............................…............ 42 2.2.3 The Perceived .............................................…….....................................…..... 48 2.2.3.1 Approaches in the Existing Literature ............…............…............….…... 48 2.2.3.1.1 Issue Areas .................................................….................…........…...... 49 2.2.3.1.2 Dimensions .....................................................…...........…...............…. 52 2.2.3.2 The Perceived in This Dissertation ...........................….....……............…. 56 2.2.3.2.1 Dimension I: Why Study Capability? ......................…..……..........….. 57 2.2.3.2.2 Dimension II: Why Study Threat and Opportunity? ...…..….........…... 59 2.2.3.2.3 Issue Area I: Why Study Chinese Perception of American Politics? ……………………………………………..…..………..... 63 2.2.3.2.4 Issue Area II: Why Study Chinese Perception of American Economy?..........................................................…........….....…....... 67 3. Chinese Perception of Threat from the US ..........................................….……........ 70 3.1 Methodology ...............................................................................….......……....... 70 3.2 Whether China Perceives Threat from the US? ....................................…....……..73 3.3 The Contents of Chinese Perception of Threat from the US .............…...…....... 74 3.3.1 Threat to China’s National Security ...............................................….……..... 75 3.3.1.1 Territorial integrity .....................................................…..............………... 75 3.3.1.1.1 Taiwan .........................................................................…....……....…..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Spit, Chains, and Hospital Beds: a History of Madness in Republican Beijing, 1912-1938 A
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Spit, Chains, and Hospital Beds: A History of Madness in Republican Beijing, 1912-1938 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Emily Lauren Baum Committee in Charge: Professor Joseph Esherick, Co-Chair Professor Paul Pickowicz, Co-Chair Professor Cathy Gere Professor Weijing Lu Professor Andrew Scull 2013 The dissertation of Emily Lauren Baum is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Co-Chair ___________________________________________________________ Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2013 iii EPIGRAPH It must be admitted that the art of the Story as I see it is a very difficult one… To be stories at all they must be a series of events: but it must be understood that this series – the plot, as we call it – is only really a net whereby to catch something else. The real theme may be, and perhaps usually is, something that has no sequence in it… C. S. Lewis iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature page ……………………………………………………………………………iii Epigraph…………………………………………………………………………………..iv Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………….v List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………….vii List of Images and Tables..……………………………………………………………...viii
    [Show full text]
  • Neoformalistická Analýza Televizního Seriálu Community
    Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Filozofická fakulta Neoformalistická analýza televizního seriálu Community Bakalářská diplomová práce Studijní program: Teorie a dějiny dramatických umění Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Jakub Korda, Ph.D. Autorka práce: Martina Smékalová OLOMOUC 2013 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně pod odborným dohledem vedoucího diplomové práce a uvedla jsem všechny použité podklady a literaturu. V Olomouci dne ………… Podpis ………….. Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala Mgr. Jakubu Kordovi, Ph.D., za odborné vedení a konzultování práce. 1. ÚVOD….………………………………………………………………………...…6 1. 1. Struktura práce……………………………………………………………....8 2. TEORETICKÁ ČÁST…………………………………………………………....9 2. 1. Metodologický postup práce………………………………………………..9 2. 2. Použitá literatura a prameny……………………………………………...10 2. 2. 1. Odborná literatura……………………………………………………10 2. 2. 2. Populární literatura…………………………………………………..11 2. 3. Intermedialita a Intertextualita…………………………………...………12 2. 4. Fikční světy podle Mgr. Radomíra Kokeše……………………………....13 2.5. Poznámka k seriálové terminologii a formě seriality…………………….16 3. ANALYTICKÁ ČÁST…………………………………………………………..18 3. 1. Pozadí vzniku seriálu Community………………………………………...18 3. 2. Ocenění a nominace seriálu………………………………………………..20 3. 3. Žánr a forma seriality……………………………………………………..23 3. 4. Analýza postav……………………………………………………………...26 3. 5. Analýza vybraných fikčních světů seriálu Community………………….29 3. 5. 1. Aletický subsvět……………………………………………………...29 3. 5. 2. Alternativní subsvět………………………………………………….32
    [Show full text]
  • China Data Supplement
    China Data Supplement October 2008 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC ......................................................................... 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC ..................................................................... 29 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership ...................................................................... 36 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries ......................................................................... 42 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations .............................................................................................. 45 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR................................................................................................................ 54 LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR....................................................................................................................... 61 LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan .............................................................................................................................. 66 LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Studies Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 October 2008 The Main National Leadership of the
    [Show full text]
  • SOUHRNNÁ TERITORIÁLNÍ INFORMACE Čína
    SOUHRNNÁ TERITORIÁLNÍ INFORMACE Čína Souhrnná teritoriální informace Čína Zpracováno a aktualizováno zastupitelským úřadem ČR v Pekingu (Čína) ke dni 13. 8. 2020 3:17 Seznam kapitol souhrnné teritoriální informace: 1. Základní charakteristika teritoria, ekonomický přehled (s.2) 2. Zahraniční obchod a investice (s.15) 3. Vztahy země s EU (s.28) 4. Obchodní a ekonomická spolupráce s ČR (s.30) 5. Mapa oborových příležitostí - perspektivní položky českého exportu (s.39) 6. Základní podmínky pro uplatnění českého zboží na trhu (s.46) 7. Kontakty (s.81) 1/86 http://www.businessinfo.cz/cina © Zastupitelský úřad ČR v Pekingu (Čína) SOUHRNNÁ TERITORIÁLNÍ INFORMACE Čína 1. Základní charakteristika teritoria, ekonomický přehled Podkapitoly: 1.1. Oficiální název státu, složení vlády 1.2. Demografické tendence: Počet obyvatel, průměrný roční přírůstek, demografické složení (vč. národnosti, náboženských skupin) 1.3. Základní makroekonomické ukazatele za posledních 5 let (nominální HDP/obyv., vývoj objemu HDP, míra inflace, míra nezaměstnanosti). Očekávaný vývoj v teritoriu s akcentem na ekonomickou sféru. 1.4. Veřejné finance, státní rozpočet - příjmy, výdaje, saldo za posledních 5 let 1.5. Platební bilance (běžný, kapitálový, finanční účet), devizové rezervy (za posledních 5 let), veřejný dluh vůči HDP, zahraniční zadluženost, dluhová služba 1.6. Bankovní systém (hlavní banky a pojišťovny) 1.7. Daňový systém 1.1 Oficiální název státu, složení vlády Čínská lidová republika (Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo; zkráceně Zhongguo) Úřední jazyk čínština (Putonghua, standardní čínština založená na pekingském dialektu), dále jsou oficiálními jazyky kantonština v provincii Guangdong, mongolština v AO Vnitřní Mongolsko, ujgurština a kyrgyzština v AO Xinjiang, tibetština v AO Xizang (Tibet). Složení vlády • Prezident: Xi Jinping (v úřadu od 14.
    [Show full text]
  • Elite Politics and the Fourth Generation of Chinese Leadership
    Elite Politics and the Fourth Generation of Chinese Leadership ZHENG YONGNIAN & LYE LIANG FOOK* The personnel reshuffle at the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party is widely regarded as the first smooth and peaceful transition of power in the Party’s history. Some China observers have even argued that China’s political succession has been institutionalized. While this paper recognizes that the Congress may provide the most obvious manifestation of the institutionalization of political succession, this does not necessarily mean that the informal nature of politics is no longer important. Instead, the paper contends that Chinese political succession continues to be dictated by the rule of man although institutionalization may have conditioned such a process. Jiang Zemin has succeeded in securing a legacy for himself with his “Three Represents” theory and in putting his own men in key positions of the Party and government. All these present challenges to Hu Jintao, Jiang’s successor. Although not new to politics, Hu would have to tread cautiously if he is to succeed in consolidating power. INTRODUCTION Although the 16th Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Congress ended almost a year ago, the outcomes and implications of the Congress continue to grip the attention of China watchers, including government leaders and officials, academics and businessmen. One of the most significant outcomes of the Congress, convened in Beijing from November 8-14, 2002, was that it marked the first ever smooth and peaceful transition of power since the Party was formed more than 80 years ago.1 Neither Mao Zedong nor Deng Xiaoping, despite their impeccable revolutionary credentials, successfully transferred power to their chosen successors.
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual
    CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2016 ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION OCTOBER 6, 2016 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.cecc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 21–471 PDF WASHINGTON : 2016 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Mar 15 2010 19:58 Oct 05, 2016 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 U:\DOCS\AR16 NEW\21471.TXT DEIDRE CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS House Senate CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey, MARCO RUBIO, Florida, Cochairman Chairman JAMES LANKFORD, Oklahoma ROBERT PITTENGER, North Carolina TOM COTTON, Arkansas TRENT FRANKS, Arizona STEVE DAINES, Montana RANDY HULTGREN, Illinois BEN SASSE, Nebraska DIANE BLACK, Tennessee DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California TIMOTHY J. WALZ, Minnesota JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio GARY PETERS, Michigan MICHAEL M. HONDA, California TED LIEU, California EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS CHRISTOPHER P. LU, Department of Labor SARAH SEWALL, Department of State DANIEL R. RUSSEL, Department of State TOM MALINOWSKI, Department of State PAUL B. PROTIC, Staff Director ELYSE B. ANDERSON, Deputy Staff Director (II) VerDate Mar 15 2010 19:58 Oct 05, 2016 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 0486 Sfmt 0486 U:\DOCS\AR16 NEW\21471.TXT DEIDRE C O N T E N T S Page I. Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 5 Recommendations to Congress and the Administration ..............................
    [Show full text]
  • Confucianism, "Cultural Tradition" and Official Discourses in China at the Start of the New Century
    China Perspectives 2007/3 | 2007 Creating a Harmonious Society Confucianism, "cultural tradition" and official discourses in China at the start of the new century Sébastien Billioud Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/2033 DOI : 10.4000/chinaperspectives.2033 ISSN : 1996-4617 Éditeur Centre d'étude français sur la Chine contemporaine Édition imprimée Date de publication : 15 septembre 2007 ISSN : 2070-3449 Référence électronique Sébastien Billioud, « Confucianism, "cultural tradition" and official discourses in China at the start of the new century », China Perspectives [En ligne], 2007/3 | 2007, mis en ligne le 01 septembre 2010, consulté le 14 novembre 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/2033 ; DOI : 10.4000/chinaperspectives.2033 © All rights reserved Special feature s e v Confucianism, “Cultural i a t c n i e Tradition,” and Official h p s c r Discourse in China at the e p Start of the New Century SÉBASTIEN BILLIOUD This article explores the reference to traditional culture and Confucianism in official discourses at the start of the new century. It shows the complexity and the ambiguity of the phenomenon and attempts to analyze it within the broader framework of society’s evolving relation to culture. armony (hexie 和谐 ), the rule of virtue ( yi into allusions made in official discourse, we are interested de zhi guo 以德治国 ): for the last few years in another general and imprecise category: cultural tradi - Hthe consonance suggested by slogans and tion ( wenhua chuantong ) or traditional cul - 文化传统 themes mobilised by China’s leadership has led to spec - ture ( chuantong wenhua 传统文化 ). ((1) However, we ulation concerning their relationship to Confucianism or, are excluding from the domain of this study the entire as - more generally, to China’s classical cultural tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 Road Asset Management
    THE WORLD BANK GROUP WASHINGTON, D.C. TP-32 TRANSPORT PAPERS APRIL 2010 A Review of Institutional Arrangements for Road Asset Management: Lessons for the Developing World Cesar Queiroz and Henry Kerali TRANSPORT SECTOR BOARD A Review of Institutional Arrangements for Road Asset Management: Lessons for the Developing World Cesar Queiroz and Henry Kerali THE WORLD BANK WASHINGTON, D.C. 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This volume is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
    [Show full text]
  • International Security 24:1 66
    China’s Search for a John Wilson Lewis Modern Air Force and Xue Litai For more than forty- eight years, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has sought to build a combat-ready air force.1 First in the Korean War (1950–53) and then again in 1979, Beijing’s leaders gave precedence to this quest, but it was the Gulf War in 1991 coupled with growing concern over Taiwan that most alerted them to the global revolution in air warfare and prompted an accelerated buildup. This study brieºy reviews the history of China’s recurrent efforts to create a modern air force and addresses two principal questions. Why did those efforts, which repeatedly enjoyed a high priority, fail? What have the Chinese learned from these failures and how do they deªne and justify their current air force programs? The answers to the ªrst question highlight changing defense con- cerns in China’s national planning. Those to the second provide a more nu- anced understanding of current security goals, interservice relations, and the evolution of national defense strategies. With respect to the ªrst question, newly available Chinese military writings and interviews with People’s Liberation Army (PLA) ofªcers on the history of the air force suggest that the reasons for the recurrent failure varied markedly from period to period. That variation itself has prevented the military and political leaderships from forming a consensus about the lessons of the past and the policies that could work. In seeking to answer the second question, the article examines emerging air force and national defense policies and doctrines and sets forth Beijing’s ra- tionale for the air force programs in light of new security challenges, particu- larly those in the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (ACP 2020) and International Conference on Information Photonics and Optical Communications
    2020 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (ACP 2020) and International Conference on Information Photonics and Optical Communications (IPOC 2020) Beijing, China 24 – 27 October 2020 Pages 1-449 IEEE Catalog Number: CFP2039B-POD ISBN: 978-1-7281-7656-7 1/3 Copyright © 2020, The Optical Society (OSA) All Rights Reserved *** This is a print representation of what appears in the IEEE Digital Library. Some format issues inherent in the e-media version may also appear in this print version. IEEE Catalog Number: CFP2039B-POD ISBN (Print-On-Demand): 978-1-7281-7656-7 ISBN (Online): 978-1-943580-82-8 Additional Copies of This Publication Are Available From: Curran Associates, Inc 57 Morehouse Lane Red Hook, NY 12571 USA Phone: (845) 758-0400 Fax: (845) 758-2633 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.proceedings.com TABLE OF CONTENTS WORKSHOP INVERSE DESIGN OF NANOPHOTONIC DEVICES USING DEEP NEURAL NETWORKS ..................... 1 Keisuke Kojima, Yingheng Tang, Toshiaki Koike-Akino, Ye Wang, Devesh Jha, Kieran Parsons, Mohammad H. Tahersima, Fengqiao Sang, Jonathan Klamkin, Minghao Qi OPTICAL FIBRES I ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR FIBERS ............................................................................ 4 Lei Wei MULTIELEMENTS DOPED SILICA GLASS BASED SPECIALTY OPTICAL FIBERS FOR HIGH POWER OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS ........................................................................................................... 5 Mukul Chandra Paul, Shyamal Das, Anirban Dhar, Mrinmay Pal, S. K. Bhadra, Ramadas Pillai, Pius Varughese,
    [Show full text]
  • FICHA PAÍS China República Popular (De) China
    OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS China República Popular (de) China La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios, no defendiendo posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. OCTUBRE 2020 los grupos étnicos de usar sus propias lenguas; hay seis lenguas principales China en China, además del Mandarín. Moneda: La moneda oficial de la República Popular China es el Renminbi (RMB), que se traduce como “moneda del pueblo, o Yuan (CNY). Cotización media del euro en 2019, 1 euro/ 7,73. Religión: Las religiones tradicionales de China son el Taoísmo y Budismo; RUSIA el Confucianismo es un sistema de conducta con enorme influencia en la KAZAJISTÁN historia del país. Estimaciones de los practicantes de las distintas creen- cias son difíciles de realizar. No obstante algunos cálculos señalan: Taoísmo MONGOLIA Heilongjlang (aprox. 20 millones); Budismo (aprox. 100 millones); Cristianismo: Católicos Urumchi Mongolia Interior Jilin (aprox. 5 millones), Protestantes, (aprox. 15 millones); Musulmanes: (aprox. KIRGUISTÁN 20 millones). Gansu PEKÍN COREA DEL NORTE Ningxia Hebel Forma de Estado: República. COREA DEL SUR PAKISTÁN Qinghai Presidente: Xi Jinping (desde marzo de 2013). Tibet Henan (Xizang) Vicepresidente: Wang Qishan (desde marzo de 2018). Anhui Sichuan Shanghai Primer Ministro: Li Keqiang (desde marzo de 2013). Zhejiang NEPAL Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores: Wang Yi (desde marzo 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Before the U.S. COPYRIGHT OFFICE, LIBRARY of CONGRESS
    Before the U.S. COPYRIGHT OFFICE, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS In the Matter of Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies Under 17 U.S.C. §1201 Docket No. 2014-07 Reply Comments of the Electronic Frontier Foundation 1. Commenter Information Mitchell L. Stoltz Corynne McSherry Kit Walsh Electronic Frontier Foundation 815 Eddy St San Francisco, CA 94109 (415) 436-9333 [email protected] The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is a member-supported, nonprofit public interest organization devoted to maintaining the traditional balance that copyright law strikes between the interests of rightsholders and the interests of the public. Founded in 1990, EFF represents over 25,000 dues-paying members, including consumers, hobbyists, artists, writers, computer programmers, entrepreneurs, students, teachers, and researchers, who are united in their reliance on a balanced copyright system that ensures adequate incentives for creative work while promoting innovation, freedom of speech, and broad access to information in the digital age. In filing these reply comments, EFF represents the interests of the many people in the U.S. who have “jailbroken” their cellular phone handsets and other mobile computing devices—or would like to do so—in order to use lawfully obtained software of their own choosing, and to remove software from the devices. 2. Proposed Class 16: Jailbreaking – wireless telephone handsets Computer programs that enable mobile telephone handsets to execute lawfully obtained software, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purposes of enabling interoperability of such software with computer programs on the device or removing software from the device. 1 3.
    [Show full text]