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Key to the Siricidae of North America

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Key to the Siricidae of North America Identification of Siricidae of North America (north of Mexico) Draft XI 2016 – Females Only James R. LaBonte Oregon Department of Agriculture Non-Scolytinae Wood Borer Identification Workshop Salem, OR October 24-28, 2016 Introduction: I KEY As a consequence of the detection of the exotic and potentially damaging “European wood wasp”, Sirex noctilio Fabricius, in North America in 2005, the first complete treatment of the Siricidae of North America was published in 2006 (Schiff, N.M, S.A. Valley, J.R. LaBonte, and D.R. Smith. 2006. Guide to the Siricid Woodwasps of North America. FHTET-w006-15, USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, WV. 102 pp.). At the time this fully illustrated (via extended-depth-of-field images) was produced, the authors knew the state of North American siricid taxonomy was in flux but an identification guide for this family was needed to support survey and research efforts. A definitive treatment of the family for the Western Hemisphere was published in 2012 (Schiff, N.M., H. Goulet, D.R. Smith, C. Boudreault, A.D. Wilson, and B.E. Scheffler. Siricidae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Siricoidea) of the Western Hemisphere. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification 21. 270 pp.) Many taxonomic changes were part of this excellent and scholarly revision of the family. This comprehensive treatment can be challenging for non-taxonomists to use. The following identification aid is in no way intended to replace Schiff et al. 2012. It is merely an effort to provide a key to North American Siricidae that will hopefully be less intimidating to non-taxonomists. Introduction: II This aid includes some exotic target species of Siricidae as well as native species. It is designed to be used by individuals with a wide range of taxonomic expertise. Where possible, images of all character states are provided. In general, the most obvious or reliable characters come first in a couplet half, followed by those that are less so. Where possible and efficient, taxonomic jargon has been kept to a minimum. Unfamiliar terms and character states should be explained via the images and associated labels. The first several slides following this introduction illustrate the basic body parts of Siricidae and the terms applied to them. This screening aid functions much like traditional dichotomous keys, with couplets. However, buttons linking non-sequential couplets and enabling return to the originating couplet have been utilized. Names of exotic species are followed by the ☹ symbol. As is true of all insect identification, good illumination is essential. Ring lights are particularly good for assessing punctation, surface texture and features, and vestiture. Many features, especially punctation, are best Introduction: III viewed at an oblique angle or with oblique lighting. It is important to maintain a reference collection of identified specimens (hopefully confirmed by a cooperating taxonomist) to ensure correct understanding of the necessarycharacters. Although the images within this identification aid are of very high quality, there is no substitute for actual specimens. Siricid Morphology: I Precornal plate Modified from Schiff et al. 2006 Siricid Morphology: II occiput temporal frons spot ocelli (simple eyes) genal ridge genae 1 Abdomen with long ovipositor (females) (a)….....................................................2 Abdomen without long ovipositor (males) (b)…...............................................32* *Nothing available beyond couplet 31 at this time! a. b. 2 (1): Part I Head with pale temporal spot (a-b); cornus elongate, narrowed at middle (e) or at base (f), precornal plate pentagonal (e-f).........................................................3 Completely dark behind each eye, without temporal spot (c) or entirely pale behind each eye (d); cornus broad and triangular (sometimes narrower than shown) (g), precornal plate round or oval….....................................................14 a. c. b. d. 2 (1): Part II e. f. g. 3 (2) Cornus narrowed at base, posterior margin of precornal plate shallowly convex (a); hind tibia with two apical spurs (c)….........................................Urocerus 4 Cornus narrowed at middle, posterior margin of precornal plate angulate (b); (b), hind tibia with one apical spur (d)....................................................Xeris 10 a. b. c. d. 4 (3) Antennae bicolored dark and pale (a-b); wings dark, all brown (d) to all black (e)…....................................................................................................5 Antennae all pale-dark brown (scape sometimes darker) (c); wings pale: clear with darker areas (f) or all yellow (g)…..............................................7 d. f. a. b. e. g. c. 5 (4) At least posterior half of abdomen pale (a)…....Urocerus cressoni Norton Abdomen black (sometimes with pale lateral markings) (b-c)…...............6 a. b. c. Urocerus cressoni Norton Urocerus cressoni Norton 6 (5) Cornus black (a); antennae pale in middle (c)…....Urocerus albicornis (Fabricius) Cornus pale (b); antennae pale apically (d)….............Urocerus taxodii (Ashmead) c. a. b. d. Urocerus albicornis (Fabricius) Urocerus albicornis (Fabricius) Urocerus taxodii (Ashmead) Urocerus taxodii (Ashmead) 7 (4) Abdomen without broad pale bands in posterior half, at most only a narrow pale band present (a).....................................................Urocerus californicus Norton Abdomen with broad pale banding in posterior half (b-c)…...............................8 a. b. c. Urocerus californicus Norton Urocerus californicus Norton 8 (7) Head brown except for pale temporal spots (a); pronotum pale (c); apex of abdomen pale (c)............Urocerus sah (Mocsary) ☹ (exotic established in SE Canada and NE U.S.) Head black except for pale temporal spots (b); pronotum dark (d); apex of abdomen dark (d)...................................................................................................9 a. b. c. d. Urocerus sah (Mocsary) Urocerus sah (Mocsary) 9 (8) Abdomen with pale posterior bands only on tergum 7 and at most the anterior half of adjoining tergum 8 (a)..........................Urocerus flavicornus (Fabricius) Abdomen with pale posterior bands on terga 7-8, posterior half of tergum 9, and on tergum 10 (b)....................................................Urocerus gigas (Linnaeus) ☹ *Frequently intercepted exotic not known to be established in North America. 7 8 a. 9 7 8 10 9 b. Urocerus flavicornus (Fabricius) Urocerus flavicornus (Fabricius) Urocerus gigas (Linnaeus) Urocerus gigas (Linnaeus) 10 (3): Part I Upper portion of head coarsely and contiguously punctate and with only narrow medial carinae apunctate, genae not extending beyond lateral margins of eyes, genal carinae not visible from front view (a); ovipositor sheath without lateral longitudinal carina (c)......................................................Xeris tarsalis (Cresson) Upper portion of head with sparse small punctures and with large apunctate areas, genae extending beyond lateral margins of eyes and genal carinae clearly visible from front view (b); ovipositor sheath with lateral longitudinal carina (d).........11 a. b. 10 (3): Part II c. d. Xeris tarsalis (Cresson) Xeris tarsalis (Cresson) 11 (10) Pale temporal spots small (rarely absent), not extending ventrally to contact genal carinae (a)..............Xeris caudatus Cresson and Xeris melancholicus (Westwood) These two species are very difficult to reliably identify except via the CO1 barcode sequence. Confirmed specimens of X. caudatus are from Alberta and South Dakota to the west and confirmed Specimens of X. melancholicus are boreal and eastern from Alberta to the east, but ranges overlap. Pale temporal spots large, extending to contact (or nearly so) genal carinae (b)...12 a. b. Xeris caudatus Cresson *Xeris melancholicus (Westwood) is very similar in appearance Xeris caudatus Cresson *Xeris melancholicus (Westwood) is very similar in appearance 12 (11): Part I Gena narrow, breadth from posterior margin of eye to genal carina about half of greatest eye breadth (a); femora black (c) (known only from the SW U.S.)…..... …..................................................................................Xeris morrisoni (Cresson) Gena narrow, breadth from posterior margin of eye to genal carina at least two- thirds of greatest eye length (b); femora pale (d)…...........................................13 a. b. 12 (11): Part II c. d. Xeris morrisoni (Cresson) Xeris morrisoni (Cresson) 13 (12) Genae below eyes and genal ridge densely punctate and setae on frons long (a) (known only from Arizona)….......................................Xeris chiricahua Smith Genae below eyes and genal ridge with only a few punctures and frons with short setae (b) (throughout much of western North America, including Arizona)…........................................................Xeris indecisus (MacGillivray) a. b. Schiff et al. 2012 Schiff et al. 2012 Xeris chiricahua Smith Schiff et al. 2012 Xeris indecisus (MacGillivray Pale form Dark form Xeris indecisus (MacGillivray Pale form Dark form 14 (2) Hind tibia with one apical spur (a)...............................................................15 Hind tibia with two apical spurs (b)…..............................................Sirex 17 a. b. 15 (14) Dorsum of abdomen, particularly the posterior segments, with dense, long, pale setae, and precornal impression coarsely punctate and rugose (a)..........Eriotremex formosansus (Matsumura) ☹ (exotic established
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