Division 44 Water, Energy and Transport Transportation Demand Management Training Document April 2009 About the authors Andrea Broaddus is a Senior Associate with techniques, and make specialised technical Nelson Nygaard Consulting Associates in concepts accessible to a larger audience. His Portland, Oregon, USA. Her areas of expertise research is used worldwide in transport plan- include transport demand management, multi- ning and policy analysis. modal planning, and urban redevelopment. She Gopinath Menon has 36 years of experience in holds a Master of Public Policy/Urban Planning urban transport. He was the Chief Transporta- from the Kennedy School of Government at tion Engineer of Singapore from 1991 to 2001, Harvard University, and was awarded a German when he was working with the Land Transport Chancellor Fellowship by the Alexander von Authority. During his period with the transport Humboldt Foundation in 2006. Her 12 years agencies in Singapore, he has been instrumental of experience working in the environment and in introducing many new concepts in traffic transport field includes 8 years in the non-profit management such as computerised area traffic sector with environmental policy advocacy control of traffic signals, bus priority measures, groups. While working for the Surface Trans- pedestrian safety programmes and expressway portation Policy Project in Washington, DC, she surveillance systems. He is an Adjunct Associate also served as a local elected official for the city. Professor with the School of Civil and Environ- Todd Litman is founder and executive direc- mental Engineering at the Nanyang Technologi- tor of the Victoria Transport Policy Institute, cal University, Singapore. an independent research organisation dedicated The document also counted with a review to developing innovative solutions to transport of earlier drafts from Mr Michael Replogle problems. His work helps to expand the range from Environmental Defense, who was also of impacts and options considered in transpor- instrumental in developing the concept of this tation decision-making, improve evaluation document. Transportation Demand Management Training Document Authors: Andrea Broaddus, Todd Litman, Gopinath Menon The authors wish to thank Michael Replogle (Environmental Defense) for his comments to early drafts of the document. Editor: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH P. O. Box 5180 65726 Eschborn, Germany http://www.gtz.de http://www.sutp.org Division 44 - Water, Energy and Transport Sector Project “Transport Policy Advisory Services” On behalf of Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ) Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 40 53113 Bonn, Germany http://www.bmz.de Manager: Manfred Breithaupt Editing: Melanie Murphy, Carlosfelipe Pardo, Manfred Breithaupt, Dominik Schmid Cover photo: Singapore ERP Gantry, Manfred Breithaupt Layout: Klaus Neumann, SDS, G.C. Eschborn, April 2009 i ii Preface Cities in developing countries need innovative and effective solutions to solve their transporta- tion problems in the short, medium and long term. Increased economic growth, coupled with a resulting increase in motorisation in recent years, has created greater congestion than has ever been seen in the world. Solutions to these problems are possible, not only through improvement of conditions of public transport and conditions for pedestrians and bicycle users, but also in the implementation of measures which promote a rational use of the automobile by means of Transportation Demand Man- agement (TDM) instruments such as those described in this document. The development of this training document initiated while preparing a training course on TDM in Singapore in partnership with Land Transport Academy (LTA) Singapore and Envi- ronmental Defense, under the Sustainable Urban Mobility for Asia program in March 2008. GTZ has done subsequent training courses on the topic thereafter. Various experts have given their feedback both on the concept of the document as in the initial drafts. The document has been written targeting at developing cities. For those cities which are looking forward to further assist- ance on the topic, GTZ may provide full course material and training courses. Manfred Breithaupt April 2009 iii Table of Contents Preface iii Introduction 1 1. Challenging traffic growth in developing countries 2 1.1 Impacts of car-oriented development 4 1.2 Leapfrogging with TDM 5 2. Developing a comprehensive TDM strategy 8 2.1 Defining TDM 8 2.2 Principles of efficient pricing 10 2.3 Forces driving transport demand 13 2.4 Travel impacts 16 2.5 Types of TDM measures 19 2.6 Developing a comprehensive TDM strategy 23 3. Improving mobility options (“PULL”) 26 3.1 Improving walking and cycling conditions 26 3.2 Improving public transport service 40 3.3 Car sharing 49 4. Economic measures (“PUSH”) 50 4.1 Controlling car ownership growth 53 4.2 Reducing car use 55 4.3 Supportive measures 74 5. Smart growth and land use policies (“PUSH and PULL”) 77 5.1 Integrated land use planning 77 5.2 Roadway prioritization and design 83 References 104 Resources 107 Table of Figures 108 Table of Tables 110 Table of Boxes 111 iv Transportation Demand Management – Training Document Introduction Transportation Demand Management (TDM), measures that make other modes of transport also called Travel Demand Management, more attractive. These are interdependent and aims to maximize the efficiency of the urban need to be paired for maximum effectiveness. transport system by discouraging unnecessary A three-pronged approach, utilizing 1) Improve private vehicle use and promoting more effec- Mobility Options, 2) Economic measures, and tive, healthy and environment-friendly modes of 3) Smart Growth and Land Use Management is transport, in general being public transport and the most effective way to manage demand and non-motorised transport. create a resilient and efficient transport system. TDM can provide many benefits, as summa- This Training Manual is organized as a resource rized in the table below. Conventional transpor- to support comprehensive TDM strategy, help tation planning tends to overlook many of these identify appropriate demand management meas- benefits. For example, transportation agencies ures, and build stakeholder support (Sections 1 tend to evaluate TDM measures primarily on and 2), while providing appropriate examples congestion and pollution emissions, but often (Sections 3 to 5). overlook parking cost savings and safety ben- Section 1 discusses the transport challenges efits. When all impacts (benefits and costs) facing developing countries and the potential are considered, TDM is often the most cost role that TDM measures can play in addressing effective overall transportation improvement these problems. strategy. Moreover, many individual TDM measures may be achieved at relatively low cost, Section 2 gives a theoretical background and so making them especially affordable for cities defines important TDM concepts and terms. with limited financial resources. Experience has Section 3 describes ways to improve efficient trans- shown that various TDM options and measures portation options, including walking, cycling, should be designed and implemented in a com- ridesharing, public transport and telecommunica- prehensive manner to make sure that the maxi- tions that substitutes for physical travel. mum benefits can be achieved. Section 4 describes various incentives that There are two basic types of measures that encourage the use of efficient mobility options. achieve the goal of improving transport system Section 5 describes smart growth land use poli- efficiency: “Push” measures that make pri- cies that create more accessible, multi-modal vate vehicles less attractive to use, and “Pull” communities. Table 1: Potential TDM planning benefits Benefits Definition Reduced traffic congestion to motorists, bus users, pedestrians and Congestion reduction cyclists Road cost savings Reduced costs to build, maintain and operate roadway systems Parking savings Reduced parking problems and parking facility costs Consumer savings Transportation cost savings to consumers Improved mobility options Improved mobility options, particularly for non-drivers Road safety Reduced per capita traffic crash risk Energy conservation Reduced per capita energy consumption Emission reductions Reduced per capita pollution emissions Efficient land use More accessible community design, reduced per capita land consumption Public fitness and health Increased physical activity and associated health benefits Transportation demand management can help achieve a wide variety of planning objectives. Not all strategies achieve all of these benefits, but most strategies provide multiple benefits, all of which should be considered in TDM evaluation. 1 Transportation Demand Management – Training Document harm poor people overall. For example, motor- 1. Challenging traffic growth in way expansion can destroy neighbourhoods developing countries and create a barrier to the mobility of people on foot and bicycle. Increased motor vehicle traffic TDM is particularly appropriate in develop- ing countries where resources are limited and a major portion of residents rely on walking, cycling, ridesharing and public transport, Road improvements are important for economic development allowing a region to participate in the global economy. However, poorly planned roadway investments can create problems that Figure 1 High travel demand Figure 3 causes congestion on