DOCSLIB.ORG

The Javanese Origin of the Syair Seribu Masalah and Its Bantenese Spelling

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Javanese Origin of the Syair Seribu Masalah and Its Bantenese Spelling E. Wieringa Dotting the dal and penetrating the letters; The Javanese origin of the Syair seribu masalah and its Bantenese spelling In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 159 (2003), no: 4, Leiden, 499-518 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 11:08:39PM via free access E.P. WIERINGA Dotting the dal and penetrating the letters The Javanese origin of the Syair seribu masalah and its Bantenese spelling In memoriam JJ. Ras (1926-2003), an exemplary philologist, convinced of the importance of Javanese for Malay studies A remarkable spelling A number of years ago, Drewes (1986:324-5) drew attention in this journal to a versified Malay version of the so-called 'Book of the Thousand Questions', that is, the well-known story of the Jewish scholar 'Abd Allah bin Salam of Khaybar who questioned the Prophet Muhammad about a wide spectrum of theological matters, ultimately embracing Islam after the Prophet had been able to answer all his questions in a satisfactory way.1 Drewes 'discovered' this text in Leiden University Library Cod. Or. 3343, belonging to the Van der Tuuk bequest. As Drewes duly noted, the Syair seribu masalah* in this manuscript is incomplete, consisting of two fragments, namely sheaf M, pp. 13-24 and sheaf N, pp. 1-10. The opening stanza of the first fragment reads (see Figure 1): 1 On the half-historical, half-legendary figure of 'Abd Allah b. Salam, see the entry in the first or second edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam (Horovitz 1987:30-1 or Horovitz 1960:52). For an overview of bibliographical references, see Wieringa (1998a:187-8). A first version of this essay was presented at a meeting of Malaysian linguists at the KITLV, 1 November 2002. I am grateful to Julian Millie, Willem van der Molen, Titik Pudjiastuti, and Jan van der Putten for their suggestions on an earlier draft of this article. I also wish to thank J.J. Witkam, keeper of the Oriental printed books and manuscripts in the library of Leiden University, for his kind help in furnishing the illustrations. E.P. WIERINGA currently teaches Malay and Indonesian language and literature at the University of Leiden, where he also obtained his doctorate (on a Javanese subject). The second volume of his major Catalogue of Malay and Minangkabau manuscripts in the library of Leiden University is forthcoming. Dr Wieringa may be contacted at TCZOAO, PO Box 9515, NL-2300 RA Leiden, <[email protected]>. Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 11:08:39PM via free access Figure 1. First fragment of the Syair seribu masalah in Leiden University Library Cod. Or. 3343, sheaf M, p. 13. Line 10a reads: 'dan yang mangikut jalan bënër pada Tuhannya'. The dotted dal in the word duduq can be found in line 3b (second word). Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 11:08:39PM via free access Dotting the dal and penetrating the letters 501 Bahuwa Rasulüllah salla 'llahu 'alaihi wa-sallam Pasuruh Allah pada sakalian Islam Dan barkata pada 'All 'alaihi as-salam Ini surat kita kapir suruh Islam2 In translation: The fact is that the Apostle of God, may God bless him and grant hitn peace, is God's Messenger to all Muslims. And he said to 'All, upon him be peace: 'This is our letter to the infidels, ordering them to embrace Islam'. After a few pages, however, we find a new beginning - not mentioned by Drewes (1986) - with the typical opening formula wa bi-hi nasta'ïnu bi-llahi (al-)'aliya (see Figure 2).3 The first fragment ends with the dimensions of the sky (roughly comparable to the Malay prose version in Djamaris 1994: 30), while the second piece starts with the question about the second langu (see Drewes 1986:325). This second part ends with questions pertaining to eschatology (see Drewes 1986:324-5 for a transliteration of the final two quat- rains). Drewes (1986:326) concluded that this syair could not be based upon a Malay prose version, but must have gone back to a Javanese rendition. His argument was that the occurrence of 'Alï in the syair could also be found in Javanese accounts, but not in the Malay ones, as stated by Pijper (1924:41, 68). Furthermore, he noted that 'Abd Allah confirmed the correctness of the Prophet's answers by declaring sadaqta, 'It is as you said', whereas Malay manuscripts use the corrupt term sidiq.4 There are, however, at least two more intratextual reasons in favour of assuming a Javanese origin. First, the name of the Jewish scholar in the Syair seribu masalah is given as Samud ibnu/ibni Salam or simply as Samud, fol- lowing Javanese tradition (Pijper 1924:69). Second, the number of questions is not one thousand, but 1,404, as in Javanese manuscripts (Pijper 1924:69- 2 Leiden University Library Cod. Or. 3343, sheaf M, p. 13. 3 Leiden University Library Cod. Or. 3343 M, p. 16, line 7a, where the last word seems to be spelled as alif-lam-'ain-lam-ya, but it looks as if the initial alif-lam was crossed out. On the prob- lematic interpretation of this invocation, especially the last word which constitutes its crux, see Braginsky (1993:37), who also refers to earlier explanations. 4 According to Drewes (1986:326), in Leiden University Library Cod. Or. 4001, the only Javanese rendering mentioned by Pijper (1924), 'Abd Allah's stereotypical reaction to the Prophet's answers is always couched in Javanese terms. The brief catalogue descriptions of Javanese manuscripts in other collections, such as in Poerbatjaraka (1950:68-74), Behrend (1990: 526, 542-3) or Behrend and Pudjiastuti (1997:196, where other manuscripts are also mentioned), do not allow a conclusion to be drawn on this point. Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 11:08:39PM via free access Figure 2. New beginning of the Syair seribu masalah, opening with the conventional formula wa W-fci nasta'inu bi-llahi (al-)'aliya. Leiden University Library Cod. Or. 3343, sheaf M, p. 16. Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 11:08:39PM via free access Dotting the dal and penetrating the letters 503 70).5 The orthography, too, points to a Javanese milieu. The purpose of this brief paper is to examine the spelling in the text somewhat more closely in order to examine its possible place of origin. Apparently, Van der Tuuk had mainly become interested in this text because of what he called its 'remarkable spelling'.6 The original manuscript, of which Cod. Or. 3343 sheafs M-N are a copy, belonged to the Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, and is nowadays kept in the National Library of the Indonesian Republic at Jakarta, where it is registered as ML 420.7 Van der Tuuk made an autograph copy of two poems from this manuscript, while he left the copying of the Syair seribu masalah to someone else with a more expert hand. The first poem is a religious text, featuring the warring kings Raja Lawwamah of Medina and Sultan Mutmainah of Mecca, but, contrary to what might be expected, it is not a Javanistic allegory of the so-called napsu termed Lawwamah (Arabic an-nafs al-lawwama, 'the blaming soul') and Mutmainah (Arabic an-nafs al-mutma'inna, 'the soul at peace').8 It is, rather, a vehicle for presenting a brief discussion of a number of religious subjects, focussing in the beginning on dhikr. The latter topic constitutes the main theme of the next poem, which Van der Tuuk himself also copied, namely an untitled syair on the performance of dhikr at various occasions. A third religious poem of six folios, situated in between them, in which the words were not 'penetrated' (read: vocalized), was not copied.9 For practical reasons, I will limit myself to a discussion of the Leiden copy. As Sutaarga et al. (1972:250) already noted more than thirty years ago, o 5 See, for example, Leiden University Library Cod. Or. 3343 M, p. 14, line 5: 'yaitu parkara yang ada dalem kitab kalam / saribu empat ratus ampat parkara kalam', and on p. 16, line 8a: 'mangataken saribu ampat ratus ampat parkara'. On p. 14, line 27b, however, we read 'saribu ampat ratus parkara adanya', which must be a mistake. 6 In Leiden University Library Cod. Or. 3343, sheaf M, p. 1, Van der Tuuk briefly described it as 'een 4to h[an]ds[chrift] toebehoordende aan het Bat[aviaasch] Genootsch[ap]', commenting that he copied its contents, because of the remarkable orthography ('hetwelk wij in zijn geheel overnemen wegens de opmerkelijke spelling'). 7 lts contents are rather inaccurately described in Sutaarga et al. (1972:250) as: 'Peperangan antara sultan Mutmainan [sic] melawan raja Lauamah di Madinah. Kemudian Mutmainah mengajarkan: sifat 20, iman kepada Tuhan, tauhid, dzikir. Terdapat pula petikan percakapan Rasulullah dengan kaum Tsamud [sic]'. It is omitted in Van Ronkel (1909), while it is merely listed in Behrend (1998:290) as 'Syair-syair Melayu'. 8 For the genre of Javanese allegories featuring Luwamah and Mutmainah, see Pigeaud (1970:294-295 (under Luwamah), 316 (under Mutma'inah), 319 (under napsu), and 332 (under Pafica Driya)). Iskandar (1999:170) wrongly identified this poem as a copy of the Syair sifat dua puluh, perhaps because he was misled by the line 'jadi syarat sifat dua puluh yang safi' (Leiden University Library Cod. Or. 3343, sheaf M, p. 3, line 17b). 9 Van der Tuuk writes: 'Hierop volgt een godsdienstig] Mal[eisch] gedicht van 6 inllandsche] blad- zijden, waarin echter de woorden niet gepenetreerd zijn.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ka И @И Ka M Л @Л Ga Н @Н Ga M М @М Nga О @О Ca П
    ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3319R L2/07-295R 2007-09-11 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal for encoding the Javanese script in the UCS Source: Michael Everson, SEI (Universal Scripts Project) Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Replaces: N3292 Date: 2007-09-11 1. Introduction. The Javanese script, or aksara Jawa, is used for writing the Javanese language, the native language of one of the peoples of Java, known locally as basa Jawa. It is a descendent of the ancient Brahmi script of India, and so has many similarities with modern scripts of South Asia and Southeast Asia which are also members of that family. The Javanese script is also used for writing Sanskrit, Jawa Kuna (a kind of Sanskritized Javanese), and Kawi, as well as the Sundanese language, also spoken on the island of Java, and the Sasak language, spoken on the island of Lombok. Javanese script was in current use in Java until about 1945; in 1928 Bahasa Indonesia was made the national language of Indonesia and its influence eclipsed that of other languages and their scripts. Traditional Javanese texts are written on palm leaves; books of these bound together are called lontar, a word which derives from ron ‘leaf’ and tal ‘palm’. 2.1. Consonant letters. Consonants have an inherent -a vowel sound. Consonants combine with following consonants in the usual Brahmic fashion: the inherent vowel is “killed” by the PANGKON, and the follow- ing consonant is subjoined or postfixed, often with a change in shape: §£ ndha = § NA + @¿ PANGKON + £ DA-MAHAPRANA; üù n.
    [Show full text]
  • Suspicious Identity of U+A9B5 JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TOLONG
    L2/19-003 Suspicious identity of U+A9B5 JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TOLONG Liang Hai / 梁海 <[email protected]> Aditya Bayu Perdana / <[email protected]> ꦄꦢꦶꦠꦾ ꦧꦪꦸꦥꦢꦤ 4 January 2019 1 Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Ilham Nurwansah and the Script Ad Hoc group for their feedback. Ilham Nurwansah also kindly provided the Sundanese samples (Figure 2, 3, 4, and 5). 2 Background In the original Unicode Javanese proposal L2/08-015R Proposal for encoding the Javanese script in the UCS, the character tolong (U+A9B5 JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TOLONG) was described as a vowel sign that is used exclusively in the Sundanese writing system with three major use cases: 1. Used alone as the vowel sign o 2. As a part of the vowel sign eu: <vowel sign ĕ, tolong> 3. As a part of the letters and conjoined forms of reu/leu: <letter / conjoined form rĕ/lĕ, tolong> Table 1. Sundanese tolong usage according to the original proposal Written form ◌ ◌ꦵ ◌ꦼ ◌ꦼꦵ ◌� ◌�ꦵ A9C0 PANGKON A9BC PEPET Encoding (A9B5 TOLONG) A989 PA CEREK (A9B5 TOLONG) (A9B5 TOLONG) Transcription a o ĕ eu rĕ reu Pronunciation [a] [o] [ə] [ɤ] [rə] [rɤ] See also the note under Table 2. However, tolong appears to be merely a stylistic variant of tarung (U+A9B4 JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TARUNG), therefore the disunification of tolong from tarung is likely a mistake. 3 Proposal The Unicode Standard needs to recommend how the inappropriately disunified character U+A9B5 JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TOLONG should be handled. 1 In particular, clarification in the names list and the Core Specification is necessary for explaining the background of the mis-disunification and recommending how both the tarung and tolong forms for both the Javanese and Sundanese languages should be implemented.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal to Encode Balinese Archaic Jnya 1. Introduction
    Proposal to encode Balinese Archaic Jnya Ben Yang 楊�� Aditya Bayu Perdana ꦄꦢꦶꦠꦾꦧꦪꦸꦥ�ꦢꦤ Director of Technology Typographer PanLex — The Long Now Foundation [email protected] [email protected] July 10, 02019 (most recent revision) 1. Introduction Balinese is an Austronesian language spoken on the island of Bali in Indonesia. It is currently written in two scripts, Latin and Balinese. The island of Bali has a long literary history, with extensive traditional literature in Sanskrit, Kawi (Old Javanese), and Balinese all written in the Balinese script. The Balinese script is currently well-supported in Unicode, and nearly all traditional literature can be accurately encoded. However, in the process of researching some older documents, we have discovered one character that is not currently covered by the existing encoding model. The character, from now on referred to as "ARCHAIC JNYA", is not found in modern Balinese documents, but is found in older documents. It represents the sound /dʒɲa/, which in modern Balinese is depicted using the sequence BALINESE LETTER JA+BALINESE ADEG (virama) ADEG +BALINESE LETTER NYA, forming the stacking conjunct ⟨ᬚ �⟩. The output of this sequence is an as-expected Balinese conjunct form, with the second consonant subjoined on to the first consonant. On the other hand, the ARCHAIC JNYA is not visually decomposable into separate JA and NYA glyphs. In some documents both forms of JNYA are found. It does not appear that they represent a specific semantic distinction, but the ability to encode both is necessary for the accurate transcription of older Balinese documents. Interestingly, the Javanese cognate grapheme to ARCHAIC JNYA is already encoded, as JAVANESE LETTER NYA MURDA .
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifier in Javanese Reduplication
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 108 Social Sciences, Humanities and Economics Conference (SoSHEC 2017) The Unique Vowel-Play for “Negative” Quantifier in Javanese Reduplication Slamet Setiawan Ayunita Leliana English Language and Literature Department English Language and Literature Department Universitas Negeri Surabaya Universitas Negeri Surabaya Surabaya, Indonesia Surabaya, Indonesia [email protected] [email protected] types of reduplication, there is a phenomenon that needs to Abstract—Native speakers of a given language, including be revealed. The fact that there is somewhat melody for this Javanese, may not be aware of their detail language system. This reduplication is worth investigating. Study the following is due to the fact that they are able to use their first language examples as in (1a, 1b, and 1c). Note to be made that all Javanese through natural process of language transmission from care givers words have been consulted to Javanese dictionary written by [5]. and members of community. Furthermore, it seems that they are The base is mlaku ‘walk’. The possible reduplications are: given a talent to produce “strange” expressions automatically, for instances, mloka-mlaku vs. mlaku-mlaku, ngguya-ngguyu vs. (1a) mlaku-mlaku ‘go sightseeing' ngguyu-ngguyu. This paper is intended to reveal how the (1b) mlaka-mlaku* - reduplication system for “negative” quantifier works in Javanese language when phonology is taken into account. Descriptive (1c) mloka-mlaku ‘walk repeatedly within short period qualitative is applied with documentation and interview. The of time’ findings suggest that the occurrence of reduplication system for “negative” quantifier is predictable. Firstly, the words are Reduplication form in (1) shows that one word of mlaku can reflected regressively from the source of the word.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Old Javanese Language and Literature: a Kawi Prose Anthology
    THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN CENTER FOR SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES THE MICHIGAN SERIES IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS Editorial Board Alton L. Becker John K. Musgrave George B. Simmons Thomas R. Trautmann, chm. Ann Arbor, Michigan INTRODUCTION TO OLD JAVANESE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE: A KAWI PROSE ANTHOLOGY Mary S. Zurbuchen Ann Arbor Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies The University of Michigan 1976 The Michigan Series in South and Southeast Asian Languages and Linguistics, 3 Open access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities/ Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 76-16235 International Standard Book Number: 0-89148-053-6 Copyright 1976 by Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies The University of Michigan Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-0-89148-053-2 (paper) ISBN 978-0-472-12818-1 (ebook) ISBN 978-0-472-90218-7 (open access) The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ I made my song a coat Covered with embroideries Out of old mythologies.... "A Coat" W. B. Yeats Languages are more to us than systems of thought transference. They are invisible garments that drape themselves about our spirit and give a predetermined form to all its symbolic expression. When the expression is of unusual significance, we call it literature. "Language and Literature" Edward Sapir Contents Preface IX Pronounciation Guide X Vowel Sandhi xi Illustration of Scripts xii Kawi--an Introduction Language ancf History 1 Language and Its Forms 3 Language and Systems of Meaning 6 The Texts 10 Short Readings 13 Sentences 14 Paragraphs..
    [Show full text]
  • ANCIENT JAVANESE RECORDING of the PAST , ,YOLUMEN Quoddam Javanicum Ex Remotissimo Orbe Cum Aliis Mercibus Huc Per Mercatores An
    ANCIENT JAVANESE RECORDING OF THE PAST By F. H. VAN NAERSSEN* , ,YOLUMEN quoddam Javanicum ex remotissimo orbe cum aliis mercibus huc per mercatores anno nonagesimo sexto (read: septimo) adlatum. Quid contineat, prorsus ignoratur. Sunt qui leges esse Sinarum volunt, nonnulli Alcoranum censent, alii alia divinant. Character nostris hominibus numquam est visus. Folia sunt Palmae Indicae oblonga, numero LXXV, utrimque quatuor lineis sculpta. Tempus certius quid docebit." This was the description by Merula, the first librarian of Leyden University's Oriental Manuscripts Collection, of the first manuscript originating from Indonesia. It came from Java in 1597 with the first fleet which left the Netherlands in 1595 to explore the Far East under the command of Cornelis de Houtman. The com­ mercial profit which was the main purpose of the expedition was disappointing. However, the fact that this "Merces litterae", the above mentioned seventy-five inscribed palm leaves, was placed at the disposal of the University by an Amsterdam "cruydenier", a merchant in spices and condiments, shows how learning could be benefited by trade and commerce.1 The co-operation between scholarship and trade did not end with this case. After that, the Dutch East India Company favoured the University several times with gifts of "rare books", acquired during the voyages to far-away countries. Later (in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries) tpe relation between research in the Netherlands and fieldwork in the Colonies was maintained particularly by missionaries and civil servants. However, Indonesian and Malayan Studies were still in the pioneering stage of their development. The part played by the participants of the early voyages of discovery is well known, as far as descriptive accounts of the countries that these Portuguese, Spaniards, Englishmen and Dutchmen visited are concerned.
    [Show full text]
  • Encoding Diversity for All the World's Languages
    Encoding Diversity for All the World’s Languages The Script Encoding Initiative (Universal Scripts Project) Michael Everson, Evertype Westport, Co. Mayo, Ireland Bamako, Mali • 6 May 2005 1. Current State of the Unicode Standard • Unicode 4.1 defines over 97,000 characters 1. Current State of the Unicode Standard: New Script Additions Unicode 4.1 (31 March 2005): For Unicode 5.0 (2006): Buginese N’Ko Coptic Balinese Glagolitic Phags-pa New Tai Lue Phoenician Nuskhuri (extends Georgian) Syloti Nagri Cuneiform Tifinagh Kharoshthi Old Persian Cuneiform 1. Current State of the Unicode Standard • Unicode 4.1 defines over 97,000 characters • Unicode covers over 50 scripts (many of which are used for languages with over 5 million speakers) 1. Current State of the Unicode Standard • Unicode 4.1 defines over 97,000 characters • Unicode covers over 50 scripts (often used for languages with over 5 million speakers) • Unicode enables millions of users worldwide to view web pages, send e-mails, converse in chat-rooms, and share text documents in their native script 1. Current State of the Unicode Standard • Unicode 4.1 defines over 97,000 characters • Unicode covers over 50 scripts (often used for languages with over 5 million speakers) • Unicode enables millions of users worldwide to view web pages, send e-mails, converse in chat- rooms, and share text documents in their native script • Unicode is widely supported by current fonts and operating systems, but… Over 80 scripts are missing! Missing Modern Minority Scripts India, Nepal, Southeast Asia China:
    [Show full text]
  • Unicode Character Properties
    Unicode character properties Document #: P1628R0 Date: 2019-06-17 Project: Programming Language C++ Audience: SG-16, LEWG Reply-to: Corentin Jabot <[email protected]> 1 Abstract We propose an API to query the properties of Unicode characters as specified by the Unicode Standard and several Unicode Technical Reports. 2 Motivation This API can be used as a foundation for various Unicode algorithms and Unicode facilities such as Unicode-aware regular expressions. Being able to query the properties of Unicode characters is important for any application hoping to correctly handle any textual content, including compilers and parsers, text editors, graphical applications, databases, messaging applications, etc. static_assert(uni::cp_script('C') == uni::script::latin); static_assert(uni::cp_block(U'[ ') == uni::block::misc_pictographs); static_assert(!uni::cp_is<uni::property::xid_start>('1')); static_assert(uni::cp_is<uni::property::xid_continue>('1')); static_assert(uni::cp_age(U'[ ') == uni::version::v10_0); static_assert(uni::cp_is<uni::property::alphabetic>(U'ß')); static_assert(uni::cp_category(U'∩') == uni::category::sm); static_assert(uni::cp_is<uni::category::lowercase_letter>('a')); static_assert(uni::cp_is<uni::category::letter>('a')); 3 Design Consideration 3.1 constexpr An important design decision of this proposal is that it is fully constexpr. Notably, the presented design allows an implementation to only link the Unicode tables that are actually used by a program. This can reduce considerably the size requirements of an Unicode-aware executable as most applications often depend on a small subset of the Unicode properties. While the complete 1 Unicode database has a substantial memory footprint, developers should not pay for the table they don’t use. It also ensures that developers can enforce a specific version of the Unicode Database at compile time and get a consistent and predictable run-time behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Translation As Commentary in the Sanskrit-Old Javanese Didactic and Religious Literature from Java and Bali Andrea Acri and Thomas M
    Translation as Commentary in the Sanskrit-Old Javanese Didactic and Religious Literature from Java and Bali Andrea Acri and Thomas M. Hunter* This article discusses the dynamics of translation and exegesis documented in the body of Sanskrit-Old Javanese Śaiva and Buddhist technical literature of the tutur/tattva genre, composed in Java and Bali in the period from c. the ninth to the sixteenth century. The texts belonging to this genre, mainly preserved on palm-leaf manuscripts from Bali, are concerned with the reconfiguration of Indic metaphysics, philosophy, and soteriology along localized lines. Here we focus on the texts that are built in the form of Sanskrit verses provided with Old Javanese prose exegesis – each unit forming a »translation dyad«. The Old Javanese prose parts document cases of linguistic and cultural »localization« that could be regarded as broadly corresponding to the Western categories of translation, paraphrase, and commen- tary, but which often do not fit neatly into any one category. Having introduced the »vyākhyā-style« form of commentary through examples drawn from the early inscriptional and didactic literature in Old Javanese, we present key instances of »cultural translations« as attested in texts composed at different times and in different geo- graphical and religio-cultural milieus, and describe their formal features. Our aim is to do- cument how local agents (re-)interpreted, fractured, and restated the messages conveyed by the Sanskrit verses in the light of their contingent contexts, agendas, and prevalent exegeti- cal practices. Our hypothesis is that local milieus of textual production underwent a pro- gressive »drift« from the Indic-derived scholastic traditions that inspired – and entered into a conversation with – the earliest sources, composed in Central Java in the early medieval period, and progressively shifted towards a more embedded mode of production in East Java and Bali from the eleventh to the sixteenth century and beyond.
    [Show full text]
  • Syllabic Category of Balinese Surang, Javanese Layar, and Sundanese
    Syllabic category of Balinese Surang, Javanese Layar, ꧁ and Sundanese Panglayar ꧂ Aditya Bayu Perdana / ꦄꦢꦶꦠꦾꦧꦪꦸꦥæꦢꦤ Ilham Nurwansah Norbert Lindenberg 2020-06-05 Proposal We propose: To change the Indic Syllabic Category of the characters U+1B03 BALINESE SIGN SURANG (◌ᬃ ), U+A982 JAVANESE SIGN LAYAR ( ), and U+1B81 SUNDANESE SIGN PANGLAYAR (◌ᮁ) to Consonant_Final. ◌ꦂ To change the annotations for these three characters in the code charts for Balinese, Javanese, and Sundanese from “= repha” to “= fnal r”, and for BALINESE SIGN SURANG and JAVANESE SIGN LAYAR to add “• also used for repha in transliteration of Kawi”. To update the text in the paragraph “Behavior of ra” as well as Figure 17.2 in section 17.3 of The Unicode Standard to use the code sequence 1B25, 1B28, 1B03 for the Kawi word dha-rma, the same code sequence as for the Balinese word dha-mar, and explain that the same code sequence is used because of the identical rendering, despite the diferent pronunciation. To mention in the same section that positioning of surang as repha to the left of other above-base marks can be implemented as a font feature. Error reports This proposal takes up two error reports that Richard Wordingham and R.S. Wihananto sent to the Unicode Consortium. Richard Wordingham on 2015-03-31: While the current candidates for category Consonant_Succeeding_Repha may descend from repha, only one of them, U+17CC KHMER SIGN ROBAT is clearly still a repha. Reading the script descriptions in TUS makes it abundantly clear that U+1B03 BALINESE SIGN SURANG and U+A982 JAVANESE SIGN LAYAR are actually fnal consonants.
    [Show full text]
  • Repha Representation for Kawi
    L2/20-283 Repha representation for Kawi Norbert Lindenberg 2020-12-06 This document discusses the options for representing the repha in the Kawi script, which is proposed for encoding in L2/20-284 Proposal to encode Kawi in the UCS. The option chosen is to encode the repha as a separate character with the general category Lo and the Indic syllabic category Consonant_Preceding_Repha, which implies placing this character immediately before the base consonant of the cluster. Repha In Unicode parlance, repha is a special presentation form of a cluster-initial dead consonant ra, which is rendered as a mark above or to the right of a subsequent consonant that serves as the base of the cluster. An extension of the repha concept is the Myanmar kinzi, which applies the same idea to a cluster-initial dead consonant nga for the Burmese language, and to some other consonants in other languages written in the script. In the Balinese, Javanese, and Kawi scripts, marks that originally were a repha have also been used as fnal -r. In these three scripts, the repha or fnal -r is usually positioned above the base consonant. Repha representations for already encoded scripts The Unicode Standard has used a bewildering variety of approaches to representing repha and repha-like marks: 1. An initial ra followed by a dependent vocalic liquid may be rendered as repha above the corresponding independent vocalic liquid, or in the original form, under conditions not specifed in the Unicode Standard. This approach is used for the Bhaiksuki, Devanagari, Gujarati, Kannada, Oriya, and Telugu scripts, although it is only mentioned in the specifcation for Devanagari.
    [Show full text]
  • 17.4 Javanese
    The Unicode® Standard Version 14.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see https://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2021 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at https://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 14.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-29-0 (https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode14.0.0/) 1.
    [Show full text]