DOCSLIB.ORG

Studies on Factors Affecting Behavior, Ecology, and Reproductive Success of the Indianmeal Moth, Plodia Interpunctella

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Studies on Factors Affecting Behavior, Ecology, and Reproductive Success of the Indianmeal Moth, Plodia Interpunctella STUDIES ONFACTORS AFFECTING BEHAVIOR, ECOLOGY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF THE INDIANMEAL MOTH, PLODIA INTERPUNCTELLA (HÜBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) By KISHANRAO SAMBARAJU Master of Science (Agriculture) West Texas A&M University Canyon, Texas 2003 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY July, 2007 STUDIES ONFACTORS AFFECTING BEHAVIOR, ECOLOGY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF THE INDIANMEAL MOTH, PLODIA INTERPUNCTELLA (HÜBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) Dissertation Approved: Thomas W. Phillips Dissertation Adviser Kristopher L. Giles Committee Member Jack W. Dillwith Committee Member Mark E. Payton Committee Member A. Gordon Emslie Dean of the Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my wife, Madhavi Dhulipala, for all her support during my dissertation research. Her encouragement and strong belief in my abilities greatly helped me in completing my research. I thank all my family members, especially my mother Satyavathi Chilukuri, for their constant support and blessings. I sincerely thank my dissertation advisor, Dr. Tom Phillips for providing me financial support throughout my Ph. D. program, for his expert scientific advice, and for his time spent on reviewing my dissertation. I am grateful to my committee members, Dr. Kristopher Giles, Dr. Jack Dillwith, and Dr. Mark Payton for their suggestions and comments. My special appreciation for Dr. Mark Payton for his valuable suggestions regarding data analysis. I am grateful to the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology for providing me an opportunity to serve as a teaching assistant, which was a very good learning experience, during spring 2007. My sincere appreciation to the office personnel in the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology including Gerry Smith, Diana Ward, and Michelle Kuehn for their help in official paper work and travel arrangements during annual entomology meetings. My sincere gratitude to our laboratory manager, Edmond Bonjour, for purchasing supplies and efficiently supervising insect requirements for my research. I am thankful to iii Randy Beeby for his help during conduct of my experiments at the Stored Product Research and Extension Center in Stillwater. I would like to thank my friends and colleagues Mukti Ghimire, Dr. Rizana Mahroof, Paul Morton, Barrett Robertson, and Andrew Puckette for their company in our laboratory. Finally, I am very grateful to the United States Department of Agriculture for providing funding for my dissertation research under Risk Avoidance and Mitigation Program (RAMP). iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….…1 Grain Storage: A Brief History and Current Statistics.......................................2 Damage Caused by Arthropod Pests to Stored Grain........................................2 Arthropod Diversity in a Stored Grain Ecosystem ...........................................3 Distribution and Description of P. interpunctella ..............................................4 Copulation Behavior of P. interpunctella ..........................................................5 Host Finding and Oviposition Behavior of P. interpunctella ............................7 Immature Development of P. interpunctella...................................................11 Population Control Strategies for P. interpunctella ..……...............................13 Physical Control………...........…………………………………….…….13 Biorational Control…...........………………………………….....………15 Biological Control.....................................................................................16 Chemical Control.......................................................................................17 Rationale and Justification...............................................................................19 Research Objectives.........................................................................................20 Manuscripts for Publication………………………………………………….20 References Cited..............................................................................................22 II. EFFECT OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS ONOVIPOSITION BY THE INDIANMEAL MOTH, PLODIA INTERPUNCTELLA (H ÜBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)...................................................................31 Abstract............................................................................................................33 Key Words.................................................................................................33 Materials and Methods.....................................................................................35 Insects........................................................................................................35 Artificial Substrates...................................................................................35 Wheat Extracts...........................................................................................36 General Bioassay Procedure......................................................................36 Experiment 1a and 1b. Effect of Substrate Physical and Chemical Stimuli on P. interpunctella Oviposition...................................................37 Experiment 2. Effect of Different Textures of Artificial Substrates on P. interpunctella Oviposition...............................................................38 Experiment 3. Effect of Substrate Number on P. interpunctella Oviposition................................................................................................38 v Chapter Page Experiment 4. Effect of Substrate Size on P. interpunctella Oviposition.................................................................................................39 Experiment 5. Effect of Different-Sized Substrates Offering the Same Total Surface Area for P. interpunctella Oviposition................................39 Experiment 6. Effect of Substrate Shape on P. interpunctella Oviposition................................................................................................ 39 Statistical Analysis...........................................................................................40 Results..............................................................................................................40 Experiment 1a and 1b. Effect of Substrate Physical and Chemical Stimuli on P. interpunctella Oviposition...................................................40 Experiment 2. Effect of Different Textures of Artificial Substrates on P. interpunctella Oviposition................................................................41 Experiment 3. Effect of Substrate Number on P. interpunctella Oviposition.................................................................................................41 Experiment 4. Effect of Substrate Size on P. interpunctella Oviposition.................................................................................................42 Experiment 5. Effect of substrate size relative to constant surface area on P. interpunctella oviposition.................................................................42 Experiment 6. Effect of Substrate Shape on P. interpunctella Oviposition.................................................................................................43 Discussion........................................................................................................43 Acknowledgments............................................................................................48 References Cited..............................................................................................49 III. OVIPOSITIONAL PREFERENCES AND LARVAL PERFORMANCES OF TWO POPULATIONS OF INDIANMEAL MOTH, PLODIA INTERPUNCTELLA (HÜBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE).............61 Abstract............................................................................................................63 Key Words.................................................................................................64 Materials and Methods.....................................................................................67 Laboratory Insects.....................................................................................67 Field Moths................................................................................................68 Diets...........................................................................................................68 Larval Performance Study.........................................................................69 Oviposition Preferences for Different Diets..............................................70 No Choice Studies......................................................................................70 Four Choice Studies...................................................................................71 Statistical Analysis..........................................................................................72 Results.............................................................................................................73 Larval Survivability...................................................................................73 Development Time.....................................................................................73 Adult Weight..............................................................................................74 No Choice Oviposition Bioassays.............................................................75
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Attract-And-Kill Methods for Control of Indianmeal Moth
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by SHAREOK repository ATTRACT-AND-KILL METHODS FOR CONTROL OF INDIANMEAL MOTH, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), AND COMPARISONS WITH OTHER PHEROMONE-BASED CONTROL METHODS By MANUEL CAMPOS-FIGUEROA Bachelor of Science in Entomology and Plant Pathology Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Chapingo, State of México, México 1996 Master of Science in Entomology Colegio de Postgraduados Montecillos, State of México, México 1999 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May, 2009 ATTRACT-AND-KILL METHODS FOR CONTROL OF INDIANMEAL MOTH, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), AND COMPARISONS WITH OTHER PHEROMONE-BASED CONTROL METHODS Dissertation Approved: Dr. Thomas W. Phillips Dissertation Adviser Dr. Mark E. Payton Dr. Jack W. Dillwith Dr. Brad Kard Dr. A. Gordon Emslie Dean of the Graduate College ii PREFACE I want to extend my gratitude to my major advisor and mentor Dr. Thomas W. Phillips for his time and support given to me during my Ph.D. studies. Also, I appreciate Dr. Phillips for considering me part of your research team. You are an example to follow, a great scientist, a great person and always looking for a solution. I am grateful with Dr. Jack W. Dillwith for being an excellent professor and committee member. Dr. Dillwith has always been very helpful and gave me good suggestions that improved this research. Thank you for being such a great support during all this time.
    [Show full text]
  • ON CRYPTOBLABES GNIDIELLA and ALIENA1 (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae : Phycitinae)
    Pacific Insects 14 (2) : 433 20 August 1972 ON CRYPTOBLABES GNIDIELLA AND ALIENA1 (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae : Phycitinae) By Elwood C. Zimmerman2 In Insects of Hawaii 8 : 363, 1958, I wrote that Cryptoblabes aliena Swezey is an "Im­ migrant, but source not determined. First noticed in Hawaii by Swezey in 1905." The problem of the source of the moth in Hawaii is solved by the following synonymy and details : Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere). Ephestia Gnidiella Milliere, Iconographie et Description de chenilles et LSpidopteres inSdits 2: 308, pl. 83, figs. 4-9, 1867 (sometimes wrongly cited as 1864, which is the date on the title page but which applies only to part of the work). Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere) Ragonot, Monographie des Phycitinae et des Galleriinae. In: N. M. Romanoff's Memoires sur les LSpidopteres 7 : 16, 1893. Heinrich, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 207: 10, figs. 1, 132, 639, 1956. Cryptoblabes aliena Swezey, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assoc. Exp. Sta., Ent. Bull. 6: 24, pl. 4, figs. 4-7, 1909. Zimmerman, Insects of Hawaii 8: 360, figs. 298-300, 1958. New synonym. Cryptoblabes gnidiella was described from France, and it is now widely dispersed about the warmer parts of the world. It has been reported from Eurasia, Africa, Malaysia and America, whence it was first recorded by Dyar in 1915 (Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 3 : 88) from specimens collected in Bermuda. My manuscript for the pyralid volume of Insects of Hawaii was mostly written before the appearance of Heinrich's 1956 monograph, and although I added various details from his publication before my book was published, the fact that Heinrich (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy of Pheromones for Managing of the Mediterranean Flour Moth
    12th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection (IWCSPP) in Berlin, Germany, October 7-11, 2018 HOSSEININAVEH, V., BANDANI, A.R., AZMAYESHFARD, P., HOSSEINKHANI, S. UND M. KAZZAZI, 2007. Digestive proteolytic and amylolytic activities in Trogoderma granarium Everts (Dermestidae: Coleoptera). J. Stored Prod. Res., 43: 515-522. ISHAAYA, I. UND R. HOROWITZ, 1995. Pyriproxyfen, a novel insect growth regulator for controlling whiteflies. Mechanism and resistance management. Pestic. Sci., 43: 227–232. ISHAAYA, I., BARAZANI, A., KONTSEDALOV, S. UND A.R. HOROWITZ, 2007. Insecticides with novel mode of action: Mechanism, selectivity and cross-resistance. Entomol. Res., 37: 148-152. IZAWA, Y., M. UCHIDA, T. SUGIMOTO AND T. ASAI, 1985. Inhibition of Chitin Biosynthesis by buprofezin analogs in relation to their activity controlling Nilaparvata lugens. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 24: 343-347. KLJAJIC, P. UND I. PERIC, 2007. Effectiveness of wheat-applied contact insecticide against Sitophilus granarius (L.) originating from different populations. J. Stored Prod. Res., 43: 523-529. KONNO, T., 1990. Buprofezin: A reliable IGR for the control of rice pests. Soci. Chem. Indus., 23: 212 - 214. KOSTYUKOVSKY, M. UND A. TROSTANETSKY, 2006. The effect of a new chitin synthesis inhibitor, novaluron, on various developmental stages ofTribolium castaneum (Herbst). J. Stored Prod. Res., 42: 136-148. KOSTYUKOVSKY, M., CHEN, B., ATSMI, S. UND E. SHAAYA, 2000. Biological activity of two juvenoids and two ecdysteroids against three stored product insects. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 30: 891-897. LIANG, P., CUI, J.Z., YANG, X.Q. UND X.W. GAO, 2007. Effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and carboxylesterase activity in Bemisia tabaci biotype B and greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum.
    [Show full text]
  • Persistence of Mating Suppression of the Indian Meal Moth Plodia Interpunctella in the Presence and Absence of Commercial Mating Disruption Dispensers
    insects Article Persistence of Mating Suppression of the Indian Meal Moth Plodia interpunctella in the Presence and Absence of Commercial Mating Disruption Dispensers Leanage K. W. Wijayaratne 1 and Charles S. Burks 2,* 1 Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Puliyankulama, Anuradhapura 50000, Sri Lanka; [email protected] 2 USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 September 2020; Accepted: 10 October 2020; Published: 14 October 2020 Simple Summary: A novel assay system was used to facilitate replicated studies examining the impact of commercial mating disruption dispensers on Plodia interpunctella. Both direct and indirect exposure to passive mating disruption dispensers for as little as 2 h suppressed mating throughout the rest of a 10 h scotophase. This is the first direct evidence that for P. interpunctella, transient exposure to commercial mating disruption dispensers is sufficient to suppress male orientation to females without re-exposure to the mating disruption dispensers. An improved understanding of mechanisms for mating disruption can improve both development of future products and how current products are used. Abstract: The Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is controlled by commercial mating disruption dispensers using passive release to emit high concentrations (relative to females or monitoring lures) of their principal sex pheromone component, (9Z,12E)-tetradecadienyl acetate. Since P. interpunctella is sexually active throughout the scotophase, an assay system was developed to determine the importance of direct interaction of the male with the dispenser, and whether exposure to mating disruption early in the night is sufficient to suppress mating throughout the night.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dietetics of the Caterpillars of Three Ephestia Species, E. Kuehniella, E. Elutella, and E. Cautella, and of a Closely Related Species, Plodia Interpunctella
    [ 162] THE DIETETICS OF THE CATERPILLARS OF THREE EPHESTIA SPECIES, E. KUEHNIELLA, E. ELUTELLA, AND E. CAUTELLA, AND OF A CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES, PLODIA INTERPUNCTELLA BY G. FRAENKEL AND M. BLEWETT, Department of Zoology and Applied Entomology, Imperial College, London, S'.W. 7 {Received 14 November 1945) (With Twelve Text-figures) In the course of a previous analysis of the dietetics of great number of individual tests it was not found several insects found on dried foods (Fraenkel & practicable to grow each caterpillar singly. Each test Blewett, 1943 a), it was discovered that the larva of was performed with twenty larvae. When the larvae Ephestia kuehnieUa, which normally feeds on flour, were fully grown and started wandering, a strip of grew badly, unlike the larvae of several beetles, 00 corrugated paper, about 2x1 in., was inserted into artificial diets consisting of casein, glucose, cholesterol each tube. Most larvae of the three Ephestia species, and salts and the moths failed to emerge. Later the but not of Plodia, pupated in the folds of the corru- investigation was extended to E. elutella, which is gated paper. By holding the papers toward the light known to infest such divergent materials as grain, it was possible to distinguish the darker and shorter tobacco, cacao beans and dried fruit. E. elutella grew pupa from the larva, and this method had also the fairly well on artificial diets, but again the moths additional advantage that the dates of pupation could failed to emerge from the pupae. Here the work was be marked on the papers. Plodia pupated inside the held up until it was discovered that Ephestia required, food and not in papers, which made it impossible to for successful growth and metamorphosis, fat- observe the date of pupation.
    [Show full text]
  • Ephestia Welseriella and Delplanqueia Inscriptella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Phycitinae), New to the Belgian Fauna
    Ephestia welseriella and Delplanqueia inscriptella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Phycitinae), new to the Belgian fauna Dan Slootmaekers, Chris Snyers & Steve Wullaert Abstract. In 2015 and 2016 several specimens of Ephestia welseriella (Zeller, 1848) were trapped in Rochefort and three specimens of Delplanqueia inscriptella (Duponchel, 1837) were found at Han-sur-Lesse (both Namur, Belgium). These are the first records of these species in Belgium. Information on the geographical distribution and biology of both species is provided as well as an examination of the genitalia of D. inscriptella. Samenvatting. In 2015 en 2016 werden enkele exemplaren van Ephestia welseriella (Zeller, 1848) gevangen te Rochefort (Namen, België) en drie exemplaren van Delplanqueia inscriptella (Duponchel, 1837) werden gevonden te Han-sur-Lesse (beide Namen, België). Het is de eerste keer dat deze soorten in België werden waargenomen. Informatie over de geografische verspreiding en de biologie van beide soorten wordt gegeven samen met een beschrijving van de genitalia van D. inscriptella. Résumé. En 2015 et 2016 quelques exemplaires d’Ephestia welseriella (Zeller, 1848) ont été capturés à Rochefort et trois exemplaires de Delplanqueia inscriptella (Duponchel, 1837) ont été trouvés à Han-sur-Lesse (les deux Namur, Belgique). Il s'agît des premières mentions de ces espèces en Belgique. Des informations concernant la distribution géographique et la biologie des deux espèces sont fournies ainsi qu’une investigation des genitalia de D. inscriptella. Key words: Ephestia welseriella – Delplanqueia inscriptella – Faunistics – Lepidoptera– New record – Belgium. Slootmaekers D.: Kinderwelzijnstraat 41, 2920 Kalmthout. [email protected] Snyers C.: Rendierstraat 14/2, 2610 Wilrijk. [email protected] Wullaert S.: Sint-Jorisstraat 24, 3583 Paal.
    [Show full text]
  • Inter and Intraspecificity of Chemical Communication - A
    CHEMICAL ECOLOGY – Inter and Intraspecificity of Chemical Communication - A. Guerrero INTER AND INTRASPECIFICITY OF CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION A. Guerrero Department of Biological Organic Chemistry, Jordi Girona Barcelona, Spain Keywords: Chemical communication, pheromones, interspecificity, intraspecificity, allomones, kairomones, synomones, apneumones. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Terms used in chemical communicaton 2.1 Allelochemics 2.2 Pheromones 3. Interspecific chemical communication 3.1 Allomones 3.2 Kairomones 4. Intraspecific chemical communication 4.1 Lepidoptera pheromones 4.1.1 Bioassays 4.1.2 Biosynthesis 4.2 Male pheromones. The queen butterfly: A case study 4.3 Coleoptera pheromones 4.4 Pheromones of social insects 4.5 Practical uses of pheromones 4.5.1 Monitoring 4.5.2 Mass trapping 4.5.3 Mating disruption Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch 1. IntroductionUNESCO – EOLSS Chemical ecology comprises the study of the interactions of organisms with their environment that are mediated by the chemicals they produce. An important part of these interactionsSAMPLE relates to chemical communication CHAPTERS in animals, the primary mode of information transfer in most groups of organisms. Even in the non-social animals, such as protozoans, annelids, molluscs, nematodes and many arthropods, chemical communication is used for a variety of purposes such as location of prey, avoidance of predators, sending signals to the same or different species for mating or aggregation, etc. The sophistication of this communication system is particularly high in those social insects and mammals that live as interacting groups of individuals in colonies or societies. In fact, the diversity of behavioral and physiological responses induced in many insects upon reception of chemical messages emitted by other insects of the same species may have been in large part the main factor for the evolution of high levels of ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) CHEMICAL ECOLOGY – Inter and Intraspecificity of Chemical Communication - A.
    [Show full text]
  • Intraguild Predation of Orius Niger (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on Trichogramma Evanescens (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGYENTOMOLOGY ISSN (online): 1802-8829 Eur. J. Entomol. 114: 609–613, 2017 http://www.eje.cz doi: 10.14411/eje.2017.074 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Intraguild predation of Orius niger (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on Trichogramma evanescens (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) SERKAN PEHLİVAN, ALİCAN KURTULUŞ, TUĞCAN ALINÇ and EKREM ATAKAN Department of Plant Protection, Agricultural Faculty, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Key words. Hemiptera, Anthocoridae, Orius niger, Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae, Trichogramma evanescens, intraguild predation, Ephestia kuehniella, biological control Abstract. Intraguild predation of a generalist predator, Orius niger Wolff (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on Trichogramma evane- scens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), was determined in choice and no-choice experiments using a factitious host, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), under laboratory conditions. Choice and no-choice experiments were conducted in order to assess the level of intraguild predation of O. niger on E. kuehniella eggs parasitized by T. evanescens. In no-choice experiments, approximately 50 sterile (1) non-parasitized, (2) 3-day-old parasitized, or (3) 6-day-old parasitized E. kuehniella eggs were offered to 24-h-old females of O. niger in glass tubes. In choice experiments approximately 25 eggs of two of the three groups mentioned above were offered to 24-h-old O. niger females. In both choice and no-choice experiments, O. niger consumed more non-parasitized eggs of E. kuehniella. However, intraguild predation occurred, especially of 3-day-old para- sitoids, but very few 6-day-old parasitized eggs were consumed. The preference index was nearly 1 indicating O.
    [Show full text]
  • 4 Biology, Behavior, and Ecology of Insects in Processed Commodities
    4 Biology, Behavior, and Ecology of Insects in Processed Commodities Rizana M. Mahroof David W. Hagstrum Most insects found in storage facilities consume Red flour beetle, Tribolium commodities, but some feed on mold growing castaneum (Herbst) on stored products. Others may be predators and parasitoids. Insects that attack relatively dry pro- Red flour beetle adults (Figure 1) are reddish brown. cessed commodities (those with about 10% or more Eggs are oblong and white. Adults show little moisture content at 15 to 42oC) can cause signifi- preference for cracks or crevices as oviposition sites. cant weight losses during storage. Insects occur in Eggshells are coated with a sticky substance that aids flour mills, rice mills, feed mills, food processing in attaching the eggs to surfaces and causes small facilities, breakfast and cereal processing facilities, particles to adhere to them (Arbogast 1991). Larvae farm storages, grain bins, grain elevators, bakeries, are yellowish white with three pair of thoracic legs. warehouses, grocery stores, pet-food stores, herbari- ums, museums, and tobacco curing barns. Economic Typically, there are six to seven larval instars, losses attributed to insects include not only weight depending on temperature and nutrition. Larvae loss of the commodity, but also monitoring and pest move away from light, living concealed in the food. management costs and effects of contamination on Full-grown larvae move to the food surface or seek product trade name reputation. shelter for pupation. Pupae are white and exarate, which means that appendages are not fused to the body. External genitalic characters on pupae can be Life Histories used to differentiate males and females (Good 1936).
    [Show full text]
  • Indianmeal Moth, Plodia Interpunctella (Hübner) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)1 Thomas R
    EENY-026 Indianmeal Moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)1 Thomas R. Fasulo and Marle A. Knox2 Introduction Larvae The Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), is a There are five to seven larval instars. Their color is usually very common household pest, feeding principally on stored off-white, but has been observed to be pink, brown, or food products. In fact, it has been called the most impor- almost greenish, depending on the food source. The mature tant pest of stored products commonly found in American larvae are about 1.27 cm in length. They have five pairs of homes or grocery stores. The larvae are general feeders, well-developed prolegs that help them move considerable which may feed on grain products, seeds, dried fruit, dog distances to pupate. food, and spices. The Indianmeal moth received its com- mon name from the United States where it was found to be a pest of meal made of “Indian corn” or maize. Distribution This insect is found in a wide range of climates in stored products and food storage facilities around the world. It is very common in Florida, where it also lives successfully outdoors. Description Eggs Eggs of the Indianmeal moth appear grayish-white and range in length from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. Eggs are oviposited singly or in clusters, and are generally laid directly on the larval food source. Figure 1. Larva of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). Credits: Lyle Buss, UF/IFAS 1. This document is EENY-026, one of a series of the Department of Entomology and Nematology, UF/IFAS Extension.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of the Biology of Ephestia Cautella and Tribolium Castaneum on Fermented Stored Cocoa Beans
    https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjas.v55i1.214 Aspects of the biology of Ephestia cautella and Tribolium castaneum on fermented stored cocoa beans E. A. OYEWO* & B. O. AMO (E.A.O & B.O.A.: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi) *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidotera: Pyralidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) are pests associated with dried fermented stored cocoa beans that cause extensive damage. The biology of these pests on cocoa beans in Ghana has not been well documented, especially on T. castaneum. Due to climate changes and improved/hybrid seedlings being released to farmers, it has become necessary to re-evaluate the biology and damage of these pests on fermented stored cocoa beans. The experiments were conducted in the Insectary laboratory of the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. Paired 0-1 day old E. cautella adults were placed in Petri dishes and covered with Kilner jars. The eggs laid daily by each female were carefully transferred onto 15 g cocoa beans in Petri dishes. The egg incubation period was four days, 31 days larval period and the pupal period of seven days. Unmated adult males lived for 12.1 days and females 7.9; mated males lived for 10.9 days and females 5.5. Paired T. castaneum were introduced on 2.0 g broken cocoa beans in Petri dishes. The average incubation period was nine days, 40 days larval period, and pupal period of five days.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Padil Species Factsheet Scientific Name: Common Name Image
    1. PaDIL Species Factsheet Scientific Name: Cadra cautella (Walker, 1863) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae: Phycitini) Common Name Almond Moth Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/maf-border/Pest/Main/141601 Image Library New Zealand Biosecurity Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/maf-border/ Partners for New Zealand Biosecurity image library Landcare Research — Manaaki Whenua http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/ MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries) http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/ 2. Species Information 2.1. Details Specimen Contact: MAF Plant Health & Environment Laboratory - [email protected] Author: MAF Plant Health & Environment Laboratory Citation: MAF Plant Health & Environment Laboratory (2011) Almond Moth(Cadra cautella)Updated on 3/20/2014 Available online: PaDIL - http://www.padil.gov.au Image Use: Free for use under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY- NC 4.0) 2.2. URL Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/maf-border/Pest/Main/141601 2.3. Facets Commodity Overview: Horticulture Commodity Type: Stored product Distribution: 0 Unknown Status: NZ - Exotic Groups: Moths Host Family: 0 Unknown Pest Status: 0 Unknown 2.4. Other Names Cadra defectella Walker, 1864 Cryptoblabes formosella Wileman & South, 1918 Dried Currant Moth Ephestia cautella (Walker, 1863) Ephestia irakella Amsel, 1959 Ephestia passulella Barrett, 1875 Ephestia pelopis Turner, 1947 Ephestia rotundatella Turati, 1930 Fig Moth Nephopterix passulella (Barret, 1875) Nephopteryx desuetella Walker, 1866 Pempelia cautella Walker, 1863 Tropical Warehouse Moth 2.5. Diagnostic Notes **Adult** Forewing greyish brown; postmedian and antemedian fasciae darker brown, often indistinct; discal spot faint; terminal line whitish. Hindwing white; veins, terminal line and cilia greyish brown.
    [Show full text]