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Indagini Sulle Infestazioni Di Lepidotteri Ficitini in Vigneti Del Veronese

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Indagini Sulle Infestazioni Di Lepidotteri Ficitini in Vigneti Del Veronese ATTI Giornate Fitopatologiche, 2016, 1, 347-356 INDAGINI SULLE INFESTAZIONI DI LEPIDOTTERI FICITINI IN VIGNETI DEL VERONESE E. MARCHESINI1, N. MORI2, I. MARTINEZ-SAÑUDO2 1Agrea Centro Studi, Via Garibaldi 5/16, 37057 San Giovanni Lupatoto (VR) 2DAFNAE – sez. Entomologia, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD) [email protected] RIASSUNTO Nelle più importanti aree viticole della provincia di Verona, nel corso del quinquennio 2011- 2015, sono state condotte indagini su presenza, diffusione e biologia dei lepidotteri con attitudine carpofaga. I risultati confermano la presenza della tignoletta della vite, Lobesia botrana come carpofago chiave a scapito della tignola della vite Eupoecilia ambiguella, che risulta invece assente o confinata in piccole aree circoscritte caratterizzate da microclima fresco e umido. Tra i carpofagi “secondari”, diffusa e talora consistente è la presenza del tortricide Argyrotaenia ljungiana, ma soprattutto di vari lepidotteri appartenenti alla famiglia Pyralidae, sottofamiglia Phycitinae, le cui popolazioni larvali sono sempre più invasive in prossimità della vendemmia. La specie più diffusa e abbondante è risultata Ephestia unicolorella woodiella con il 59% sul totale delle larve di ficitini raccolti, seguita da Ectomyelois ceratoniae con il 29%, Ephestia elutella con l’8% e Cadra figulilella e Cadra furcatella con il 2%. Le osservazioni nei vigneti hanno permesso di confermare che le infestazioni riguardano non solo gli acini già colpiti da tignoletta, ma che le larve di ficitini sono in grado di arrecare danni diretti sull’uva. Parole chiave: vite, carpofagi, Pyralidae Phycitinae SUMMARY SURVEYS ON THE INFESTATIONS OF LEPIDOPTERA PHYCITINAE IN VINEYARDS IN THE PROVINCE OF VERONA Surveys on presence, distriBution and Biology of Lepidoptera carpophagous were conducted in the most important grape growing areas in the province of Verona during the period 2011- 2015. The results showed that, among the “main pests”, the grape berry moth Lobesia botrana is widely spread, on the contrary, Eupoecilia ambiguella is confined only to small areas characterized by cool and humid microclimate. Among the "minor pests", Argyrotaenia ljungiana is fairly widespread and sometimes harmful, but the most invasive carpophagous infesting berries during the ripening period are the species belonging to the family Pyralidae, suBfamily Phycitinae. The most prevalent and abundant Phycitinae species was Ephestia unicolorella woodiella which represents 59% of the total amount of the Phycitinae larvae collected, followed by Ectomyelois ceratoniae, 29% of the total sampled larvae, Ephestia elutella, 8% and Cadra figulilella and Cadra furcatella, 2%. These larvae were mainly observed in the clusters already infested By L. botrana and E. ambiguella, but the larvae of Phycitinae can cause direct damage on grapes. Keywords: grape, carpophagous, Pyralidae Phycitinae INTRODUZIONE In viticoltura, i lepidotteri che colpiscono i grappoli sono particolarmente temuti perché compromettono sia la quantità che la qualità delle produzioni. Le specie più diffuse e dannose appartengono alla famiglia dei tortricidi: in particolare la tignoletta della vite, Lobesia botrana (Den & Schiff.), e la tignola della vite, Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hb.) rappresentano i carpofagi chiave nelle regioni del nord Italia. Inoltre in talune situazioni anche l’eulia, Argyrotaenia ljungiana (Thunberg) (=pulchellana (Haw.) è in grado di raggiungere livelli di presenza preoccupanti. In questi ultimi anni altre specie appartenenti alla famiglia Piralidae, sottofamiglia Ficitinae risultano sempre più invasive soprattutto in prossimità della vendemmia. Le larve di queste specie sono spesso frettolosamente confuse con quelle delle comuni tignole della vite. La presenza di ficitini su uva è stata segnalata già da Silvestri (1943) che riportava attacchi di Ephestia sp. e Cryptoblabes a seguito di attacchi di tignoletta. Anche Deseö (1980a, 1980B) ha segnalato per alcuni vigneti emiliani la presenza di Euzophera bigella (Zeller) ed Ephestia parasitella ssp. unicolorella Richard & Thomson. Più recentemente, Bagnoli et al. (2009), riscontrano consistenti popolazioni larvali di Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Millière) ed Ephestia parasitella in prossimità della vendemmia in alcune aree viticole del centro Italia. In Veneto la problematica è stata oggetto di studi riguardanti l’identificazione delle specie con indagini di genetica molecolare (Martinez-Sañudo et al., 2011; Mori et al., 2011). Lo scopo del presente lavoro è stato quello di indagare su presenza, diffusione e biologia dei lepidotteri ficitini nei vigneti veronesi. MATERIALI E METODI Le indagini sono state condotte nel quinquennio 2011-2015 e hanno interessato le più importanti aree viticole della provincia di Verona: a nord, nella zona del Valpolicella e Valdadige: a est, nella zona del Soave; a ovest, nell’areale di produzione del vino Custoza. I rilievi sugli stadi giovanili sono stati eseguiti per tutto il periodo d’indagine a cadenza settimanale dai primi di aprile fino alla metà di ottobre. Per ogni rilievo sono stati presi in considerazione 100 grappoli sui quali sono state contate e prelevate le larve presenti. Inoltre, a fine inverno, è stato ricercato materiale riparato sotto il ritidoma delle viti allo scopo di indagare sulle forme svernanti. Tutto il materiale biologico raccolto è stato portato in laboratorio per la successiva identificazione delle specie. Questo impegnativo protocollo di lavoro è stato seguito in tre vigneti non trattati con insetticidi, dove la presenza delle tignole risulta storicamente consistente: un vigneto di cv Corvina nell’area del Valpolicella, uno di cv Garganega e l’altro di cv Chardonnay nell’area del Soave. Inoltre un numero significativo di larve è stato reperito anche nell’ambito di progetti sulla difesa sostenibile dalla L. botrana che hanno interessato interi comprensori viticoli veronesi. I rilievi sono stati condotti a conclusione di ognuna delle tre generazioni di tignoletta; tutte le larve presenti nei grappoli sono state separate e identificate. Per ogni anno d’indagine sono stati controllati complessivamente circa 200.000 grappoli. Il monitoraggio degli adulti è stato condotto utilizzando trappole a feromoni sessuali disponibili sul mercato normalmente impiegate per i fitofagi della vite e per i ficitini infestanti le derrate alimentari. In venti punti sparsi nelle diverse aree viticole considerate sono state installate sei diverse trappole innescate con i feromoni sessuali di: Ephestia spp., Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller), Ephestia cautella (Walker), Ephestia elutella (HüBner), Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller), Cadra figulilella (Gregson). Gli esemplari adulti catturati, sono stati identificati tramite lo studio dei caratteri morfo-anatomici, compresa l’estrazione e l’analisi dei genitali maschili. Per la conferma delle specie è stato fatto ricorso alle moderne tecniche di biologia molecolare (Barcode). RISULTATI Le indagini condotte confermano la presenza della tignoletta della vite (L. botrana) come carpofago chiave a scapito della tignola della vite (E. ambiguella) che risulta invece assente o confinata in piccole aree circoscritte caratterizzate da microclima fresco e umido. Tra i 348 carpofagi “secondari”, diffusa e talora consistente è risultata la presenza del tortricide ricamatore eulia (A. ljungiana), ma soprattutto sono stati rilevati lepidotteri appartenenti alla famiglia Pyralidae, sottofamiglia Phycitinae le cui popolazioni larvali sono state osservate diffuse e consistenti in prossimità della vendemmia (tabella 1). Nel corso dell’indagine diverse sono state le specie di ficitini riscontrate direttamente su grappolo: Ephestia unicolorella woodiella (=parassitella) Richard & Thomson, Ephestia elutella (HüBner), Cadra (=Ephestia) figulilella (Gregson), Cadra (=Ephestia) furcatella (Herrich-Schäffer), Ectomyelois (=Apomyelois) ceratoniae (Zeller). Tra queste la più diffusa e abbondante è risultata E. u. woodiella con il 59,6% sul totale delle larve di ficitini raccolti, seguita da E. ceratoniae con il 28,8%, E. elutella con l’7,7% e infine C. figulilella e C. furcatella entramBe con il 1,9% (taBella 2). Il monitoraggio degli adulti con le trappole a feromoni ha rilevato inoltre la presenza nei vigneti di altri lepidotteri ficitini come Ephestia kuehniella Zell. e Plodia interpunctella HB., ma non sono mai state trovate larve di queste specie nei grappoli colpiti. Di seguito sono riportate le principali caratteristiche biologiche osservate per le specie di lepidotteri ficitini di cui sono state rilevate larve nei grappoli. Ephestia unicolorella woodiella Specie cosmopolita, già segnalata su uva matura e secca in diverse aree viticole del centro Italia (Deseö, 1980; Bagnoli et al., 2009), è presente pure in Spagna, sud della Francia e Nord Africa (Corley et al., 2008); da diversi anni è ben nota in Russia tanto da esser nominata Ephestia vitivora (Deseö, 1980a). È stata rinvenuta in tutte le località veronesi indagate ed è risultata la specie più diffusa e numericamente consistente in tutti gli anni d’indagine. Le larve di questo ficitino si riparano frequentemente all’interno di acini già colpiti da tignoletta, ma sono in grado di provocare anche consistenti danni diretti a prescindere dalla presenza di altri carpofagi. È possibile distinguere il danno causato da tignoletta rispetto a quello da ficitini in quanto, mentre le larve di tignoletta penetrano direttamente all’interno degli acini, quelle dei ficitini provocano un’ampia rosura con disfacimento
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