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Antarctic Bdelloid Rotifers: Diversity, Endemism and Evolution See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282653445 Antarctic bdelloid rotifers: diversity, endemism and evolution Article in Hydrobiologia · October 2015 Impact Factor: 2.28 · DOI: 10.1007/s10750-015-2463-2 CITATIONS READS 2 258 11 authors, including: Iryna A Kozeretska Michael Plewka National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv 2 PUBLICATIONS 5 CITATIONS 48 PUBLICATIONS 171 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Miloslav Devetter Biology Centre of the ASCR 26 PUBLICATIONS 149 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Karel Janko Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic 44 PUBLICATIONS 623 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Nataliia Iakovenko Retrieved on: 28 June 2016 Antarctic bdelloid rotifers: diversity, endemism and evolution N. S. Iakovenko, J. Smykla, P. Convey, E. Kašparová, I. A. Kozeretska, V. Trokhymets, I. Dykyy, M. Plewka, M. Devetter, Z. Duriš, et al. Hydrobiologia The International Journal of Aquatic Sciences ISSN 0018-8158 Hydrobiologia DOI 10.1007/s10750-015-2463-2 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by European Union. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Hydrobiologia DOI 10.1007/s10750-015-2463-2 BIOLOGY OF THE ROSS SEA Antarctic bdelloid rotifers: diversity, endemism and evolution N. S. Iakovenko . J. Smykla . P. Convey . E. Kasˇparova´ . I. A. Kozeretska . V. Trokhymets . I. Dykyy . M. Plewka . M. Devetter . Z. Durisˇ . K. Janko Received: 9 March 2015 / Revised: 17 July 2015 / Accepted: 25 July 2015 Ó European Union 2015 Abstract Antarctica is an isolated continent whose reveals the extreme levels of bdelloid endemism in conditions challenge the survival of living organisms. Antarctica. Sixty-six bdelloid morphospecies are now High levels of endemism are now known in many confirmed from the continent, and 83–91 putative Antarctic organisms, including algae, tardigrades, species are identified using molecular approaches nematodes and microarthropods. Bdelloid rotifers (depending on the delimitation method used). Twelve are a key, widespread and abundant group of Antarctic previously unknown species are described based on microscopic invertebrates. However, their diversity, both morphology and molecular analyses. Molecular regional distribution and endemism have received analyses indicate that only two putative species found little attention until recently. We provide the first in Antarctica proved to be truly cosmopolitan. The authoritative review on Antarctic Bdelloidea, based on level of endemism based on the available data set published data and new collections. Our analysis (95%) is higher than that in any other continent, with many bdelloid species occurring only in maritime or continental Antarctica. These findings are consistent Guest editors: Diego Fontaneto & Stefano Schiaparelli / with the long-term presence of Bdelloidea in Antarc- Biology of the Ross Sea and Surrounding Areas in Antarctica tica, with their considerable isolation facilitating intraregional radiation, providing further evidence Electronic supplementary material The online version of that does not support the microbial global ubiquity this article (doi:10.1007/s10750-015-2463-2) contains supple- mentary material, which is available to authorized users. hypothesis that ‘‘everything is everywhere.’’ N. S. Iakovenko Á Z. Durisˇ Á K. Janko Present Address: Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, J. Smykla University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 71000 Ostrava, Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of Czech Republic North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Rd., Wilmington, NC, USA N. S. Iakovenko (&) Department of Invertebrate Fauna and Systematics, P. Convey Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Bogdana Khmelnits’kogo Str. 15, Kiev 01601, Ukraine Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK e-mail: [email protected] E. Kasˇparova´ Á K. Janko J. Smykla Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Nature Physiology and Genetics AS Cˇ R, Rumburska´ 89, Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 27721 Libeˇchov, Czech Republic 31-120 Krako´w, Poland 123 Author's personal copy Hydrobiologia Keywords Bdelloidea Á DNA taxonomy Á Molecular particular Acari, Collembola, Nematoda and Tardi- biogeography Á 49 rule Á Generalized mixed Yule grada (Pugh & Convey, 2008; Convey et al., 2012). coalescent Á Poisson tree processes The continent of Antarctica is ice-bound, and surrounded and isolated from the other Southern Hemisphere landmasses by the vastness of the South- ern Ocean. The 1000-km Drake Passage separates it Introduction from South America and distances of 4–5000 km from Australia/New Zealand and South Africa. Terrestrial Antarctica’s ecosystems are characterized by the ecosystems reach their greatest development in the challenges of extreme environmental stresses, includ- coastal regions, where most of the continent’s biodi- ing low temperatures, desiccation and high levels of versity is found, most evidently along the Antarctic solar radiation, all of which have led to the evolution Peninsula and parts of the coastline of East Antarctica. and expression of well-developed stress tolerance Terrestrial communities are also present on isolated features in the native terrestrial biota (Convey, 1996; nunataks and the major mountain ranges inland, as Peck et al., 2006). The availability of liquid water, as well as in the ‘dry valleys’ of southern Victoria Land, well as its predictability, is considered to be the most which are the single largest ice-free areas of the important driver of biological and biodiversity pro- continent (Convey, 2013). However, most ice-free cesses in the terrestrial environments of Antarctica areas are small and isolated by tens to hundreds of (Block et al., 2009; Convey et al., 2014). Antarctica’s kilometers from neighboring areas. extreme conditions and isolation combined with the Bdelloids, microscopic water-dwelling inverte- over-running of many, but importantly not all, terres- brates belonging to the Subclass Bdelloidea of the trial and freshwater habitats by ice during glacial Phylum Rotifera, account for 11–100% of all rotifer cycles underlie the low overall levels of diversity that species recorded in Antarctic waterbodies and for characterize the contemporary faunal, floral and 40–100% of species from terrestrial habitats (e.g., microbial communities of the continent (Convey, Dougherty & Harris, 1963; Sudzuki, 1964; Everitt, 2013). Nevertheless, in recent years it has become 1981; Sohlenius et al., 1996; Smykla et al., 2010). The increasingly clear that these communities contain evolutionary success of Bdelloidea in the extreme many, if not a majority of species that have survived Antarctic environment is underlain by their partheno- multiple glacial cycles over many millions of years genetic mode of reproduction and their ability to and undergone evolutionary radiation on the continent survive drying and/or freezing in an anabiotic state itself rather than recolonizing from extra-continental (cryptobiosis). Populations of bdelloids usually con- refugia (Convey & Stevens, 2007; Convey et al., 2008; sist of a mix of reproductively isolated clonal lineages, Fraser et al., 2014). With this background, high levels often apparently morphologically uniform, but which of endemism characterize the majority of groups that are genetically distinguishable evolutionary entities dominate the Antarctic terrestrial fauna, including in (Birky et al., 2005). At least some clonal lineages can be identified by detailed examination of external I. A. Kozeretska Á V. Trokhymets morphological characteristics (Birky et al., 2011) and/ Educational and Scientific Centre ‘‘Institute of Biology’’, or by the size and shape of hard parts of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev, masticatory apparatus (Fontaneto et al., 2007). To Volodymyrs’ka Str. 64, Kiev 01033, Ukraine date only seven bdelloid morphospecies have been I. Dykyy recognized as being endemic to the Antarctic and sub- Department of Zoology, Ivan Franko National University Antarctic (Segers, 2007), although a recent prelimi- of Lviv, Grushevs’kogo Str. 4, Lviv 79005, Ukraine nary molecular analysis has suggested that this M. Plewka number should be considerably greater (Velasco- Department of Biology, State Gymnasium, Ochsenkamp 100, Castrillo´n et al., 2014a). Unfortunately, many studies 58285 Gevelsberg, Germany (including recent) use only superficial identification of rotifers, often incomplete or misleading when based M. Devetter Biology Centre, Institute of Soil Biology AS Cˇ R, on identification keys (Donner, 1965; Kutikova, 2005) Na Sa´dka´ch 7, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic for mostly European fauna. Much of the early 123 Author's personal copy Hydrobiologia literature on Antarctic Bdelloidea is inevitably
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