Speaking Abruptly I Gave Them a Parable. I Said, It's the Planet
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A Statistical Analysis of Mountaineering in the Nepal Himalaya
The Himalaya by the Numbers A Statistical Analysis of Mountaineering in the Nepal Himalaya Richard Salisbury Elizabeth Hawley September 2007 Cover Photo: Annapurna South Face at sunrise (Richard Salisbury) © Copyright 2007 by Richard Salisbury and Elizabeth Hawley No portion of this book may be reproduced and/or redistributed without the written permission of the authors. 2 Contents Introduction . .5 Analysis of Climbing Activity . 9 Yearly Activity . 9 Regional Activity . .18 Seasonal Activity . .25 Activity by Age and Gender . 33 Activity by Citizenship . 33 Team Composition . 34 Expedition Results . 36 Ascent Analysis . 41 Ascents by Altitude Range . .41 Popular Peaks by Altitude Range . .43 Ascents by Climbing Season . .46 Ascents by Expedition Years . .50 Ascents by Age Groups . 55 Ascents by Citizenship . 60 Ascents by Gender . 62 Ascents by Team Composition . 66 Average Expedition Duration and Days to Summit . .70 Oxygen and the 8000ers . .76 Death Analysis . 81 Deaths by Peak Altitude Ranges . 81 Deaths on Popular Peaks . 84 Deadliest Peaks for Members . 86 Deadliest Peaks for Hired Personnel . 89 Deaths by Geographical Regions . .92 Deaths by Climbing Season . 93 Altitudes of Death . 96 Causes of Death . 97 Avalanche Deaths . 102 Deaths by Falling . 110 Deaths by Physiological Causes . .116 Deaths by Age Groups . 118 Deaths by Expedition Years . .120 Deaths by Citizenship . 121 Deaths by Gender . 123 Deaths by Team Composition . .125 Major Accidents . .129 Appendix A: Peak Summary . .135 Appendix B: Supplemental Charts and Tables . .147 3 4 Introduction The Himalayan Database, published by the American Alpine Club in 2004, is a compilation of records for all expeditions that have climbed in the Nepal Himalaya. -
Escalating Commitment in the Death Zone New Insights from the 1996 Mount Everest Disaster ⁎ Juan Felipe Aegerter Alvarez, Aferdita Pustina, Markus Hällgren
JPMA-01298; No of Pages 15 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com International Journal of Project Management xx (2011) xxx–xxx www.elsevier.com/locate/ijproman Escalating commitment in the death zone New insights from the 1996 Mount Everest disaster ⁎ Juan Felipe Aegerter Alvarez, Aferdita Pustina, Markus Hällgren Umeå School of Business, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden Received 28 July 2010; received in revised form 11 January 2011; accepted 27 January 2011 Abstract The procession of people and organisations that pour resources into evidently failing causes is surprising and seemingly never-ending. This phenomenon, which is called “escalating commitment” (Staw, 1976), refers to situations in which people are incapable of turning future disasters into sound current decisions. The purpose of this paper is to use the, in project management literature (Kloppenborg and Opfer, 2002), non-traditional case of the 1996 Mt Everest disaster to explain and analyse escalating commitment determinants and processes. Not only does the paper identify and add a determinant to escalation but it also treats determinants and processes in a novel and intertwined fashion. The conceptual developments and findings suggest that escalating commitment strives on conditions that are inherent to any project, which consequently project managers should be aware of. Based on the results project failures could be better explained and understood by examining several explanatory levels simultaneously. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. and IPMA. All rights reserved. Keywords: Escalating commitment; Temporary organizations; Mount Everest; Processes 1. Introduction The runaway tendencies found in IT can be assumed to apply to other industries as well. Outside IT, however, neither The procession of people and organisations that pour resources traditional nor non-traditional project industries have paid a into evidently failing causes is surprising and seemingly never- great deal of attention to escalating commitment. -
Bulletin Vol 14. No. 2, JUNE 1996 Antarctic
AMBIMK Bulletin Vol 14. No. 2, JUNE 1996 Antarctic Contents Page # Editor's Note. International Rob Hall: Eminent Adventurer. Russian Expedition Cover: Rob Hall atop Vinson Cape Roberts Update Massif looking towards the West Antarctic ice sheet. National Programs Photo courtesy of Hall and Ball Collection. Hedgehog House. New Zealand Australia United States of America Sub Antarctic Tourism Report General Volume 14, No. 2, The Ozone Depletion: A Reply Jim Collins Award Issue No. 157 An Antarctic.Bibliography Footnote to Byrd Salvage Attempt... ANTARCTIC is published quar terly by the New Zealand Tributes Antarctic Society Inc., ISSN Newly Named Features 0003-5327, Editor: Greg Williamson Commemorate Society Members Please address all editorial inquiries and contributions to the Editor, I' O Box 404, Book Reviews Christchurch or Books by Phillip Law, telephone 03 365 0344, facsimile 03 365 4255, David Harrowfield, Gerald Doorly e-mail and Shelagh Robinson [email protected]. Antarctic Editor's Note Antarctic would like to express our grati return a copy of the March issue to the tude for the many messages of support National Secretary. He has some replace and appreciation received subsequent to ments that may be of slightly better qual recent content and presentation changes. ity. We will endeavour to continue improv A further apology is due for the late ing the appearance and content of the ness of this issue which was held back to publication and welcome any feedback. include breaking news on "Antarctica We would also like to apologise for the New Zealand", the Crown entity that poor print quality of the March 1996 will manage New Zealand's Antarctic issue, particularly its cover. -
Mount Everest – 1996 – Case Analysis by Alban
Mount Everest – 1996 – Case Analysis by Alban. A. Zeka Executive Summary The case revolves around the disaster tragedy that happened on Mount Everest on May 11, 1996, making it one of the deadliest days on Mount Everest up to the years 2014 and 2015, when 16 and 18 fatalities occurred during each year, respectively. On May 10, the summit of Mount Everest was reached by 23 climbers. During their descent, unfortunately, 5 climbers, including expedition leaders Rob Hall and Scott Fischer, lost their lives as they were caught in a blizzard. Different conclusions have been drawn regarding this tragedy from different people, including the climbers themselves. This assertion is an analysis of the whole situation, paying meticulous attention to the decisions made during the ascent and descent, leaders’ role on this expedition, team management, and process management, thus, trying to provide answers on what led to this tragedy and could it be avoided. Mount Everest With a height of 8848 meters above the sea level, Mount Everest is the world’s highest mountain. As such, it is no surprise that the reach of Mount Everest’s summit became a major goal for almost all climbers. Expeditions to this mountain started as early as 1922, when George Mallory and his team unsuccessfully made an attempt to reach the summit for the first time. On the second attempt, two years after the first one, to reach the highest point on Earth, Mallory and his climbing partner disappeared never to be heard from again. Finally, the Mount Everest summit was successfully reached on May 29, 1953 by both Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay. -
Mount Everest—1996
9-303-061 REV: JANUARY 6, 2003 MICHAEL A. ROBERTO GINA M. CARIOGGIA Mount Everest—1996 Incredible achievement and great tragedy unfolded on the treacherous slopes of Mount Everest in the spring of 1996. Ninety-eight men and women climbed successfully to the summit, but sadly, 15 individuals lost their lives. On May 10 alone, 23 people reached the summit, including Rob Hall and Scott Fischer, two of the world’s most experienced high-altitude climbers. Unfortunately, Hall, Fischer, and three others died as a storm enveloped the mountain during their descent. Others escaped with their lives after many hours wandering in the dark while braving sub-zero temperatures. Since then, many have sought to understand what happened that day. History of Everest Mount Everest stands 8,850 meters above sea level, and its summit ridge separates Nepal and Tibet.1 While working in Calcutta, India, in 1852, Radhanath Sikhdar first calculated that this peak in the Himalayan range stood taller than any other mountain in the world. Several years later, Sir Andrew Waugh, the British surveyor general of India, renamed the mountain after his predecessor, Sir George Everest.2 Not surprisingly, the native residents of the region already had a name for the majestic peak. The Nepali people referred to the summit as Sagarmatha, which means goddess of the sky, and Tibetans used the name Chomolungma, which means mother goddess of the universe.3 The first expedition set out to climb Everest in 1922, but that British team led by George Mallory did not reach the summit. In 1924 Mallory and his climbing partner disappeared during another attempt. -
KRAKAUER JON - INTO THIN AIR.TXT Into Thin Air by Jon Krakauer
KRAKAUER JON - INTO THIN AIR.TXT Into thin air by Jon Krakauer Copyright (c) 1997 by Jon Krakauer All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Villard Books, a division of Random House, Inc New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. ViLLard Books is a registered trademark of Random House, Inc. Portions of this work were originally published in Outside. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for permission to reprint previously published material: BATON WICKS PUBLICATIONS: Excerpts from Upon That Mountain by Eric Shipton (Hodder, London, 1943). This title is now collected in the omnibus Eric Sbipton The Six Mountain Travel Books (Diadem, London, and the Mountaineers, Seattle, 1995). Reprinted by permission of Nick Shipton and Baton Wicks Publications, Macclesfield, Cheshire, England. HAYNES PUBLISHING: Excerpts from Everest by Walt Unsworth. Published by Oxford Illustrated Press, an imprint of Haynes Publishing, Sparkford, Nr Yeovil, Somerset, BA22 7jj. Reprinted by permission of the author and publisher. SIMON AND SCHUSTER AND A. P. WATT LTD: Six lines from 'The Second Coming" by William Butler Yeats, from The Collected Works of W B. Yeats, Volume 1: The Poems revised and edited by Richard J. Finneran. Copyright 1924 by Macmillan Publishing Company. Copyright renewed 1952 by Bertha Georgie Yeats. Reprinted by permission of Simon and Schuster and A. P. Watt Ltd. on behalf of Michael Yeats. For Linda; and in memory of Andy Harris, Doug Hansen, Rob Hall, Yasuko Namba, Scott Fischer, Ngawang Topche Sherpa, Chen Yu-Nan, Bruce Herrod, and Lopsang jangbu Sherpa Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Krakauer, Jon. -
Seasonal Stories for the Nepalese Himalaya 1985-2014
Seasonal Stories for the Nepalese Himalaya 1985-2014 by Elizabeth Hawley © 1985-2014 by Elizabeth Hawley 3 Contents Spring 1985: A Very Successful Season ......................................................................... 5 Autumn 1985: An Unpropitious Mountaineering Season ............................................ 8 Winter 1985-86: Several First Winter Ascents ........................................................... 11 Spring 1986: A Season of Mixed Results ..................................................................... 14 Autumn 1986: The Himalayan Race Is Won ............................................................... 17 Winter 1986-87: First Winter Ascent of Annapurna I ................................................ 22 Spring 1987: High Tension on Cho Oyu ...................................................................... 25 Autumn 1987: “It Was Either Snowing or Blowing” ................................................... 29 Winter 1987-88: Some Historic Ascents ...................................................................... 33 Spring 1988: A Contrast in Everest Climbing Styles ................................................. 36 Autumn 1988: Dramas in the Highest Himalaya ....................................................... 44 Winter 1988-89: Two Notable Achievements, ............................................................. 51 Spring 1989: A Dramatic Soviet Conquest .................................................................. 56 Autumn 1989: A Tragic Death on Lhotse ................................................................... -
204 the AMERICAN ALPINE JOURNAL 1994 That I Am the Only Person Over 80 Years of Age to Reach the Lake
204 THE AMERICAN ALPINE JOURNAL 1994 that I am the only person over 80 years of age to reach the lake. The climbers crossed to Nepal Gap Glacier, on which they placed Camps I and II at 5200 and 5800 meters on September 25 and 27. Camp III was on the ridge between Gimmigela II and Sugarloaf at 6500 meters. Camp IV was placed just below the top of Gimmigela II at 6900 meters on October 9. Japanese Hideo Koike, Masanori Sato, Taroh Tanigawa and Indian Sherpas Phurba, Chuldin and Pasang Nima reached the summit of the east peak, Gemmigela II, (7005 meters, 22,982 feet) on October 13. At five A.M. on October 18, the final assault team left Camp V on the ridge between the main and east peaks for the main peak, Gemmigela I (7350 meters, 24,144 feet). A 7:30 A.M., the climbing leader, Masanori Sato, fell 35 meters into a hidden crevasse and was instantly killed. Despite all efforts, the others could not recover the body. Out of consideration for our lost friend, the expedition was terminated. The expedition leader was Tsuguyasu Itami. Ko YOSHIDA, Japanese Alpine Club Kokthang Attempt. An Indian team led by Dilip Kolhatkar had the dubious distinction of being the first Indian expedition to run into trouble with the new Government of Sikkim rules for mountaineers. They were stopped at a local police check point and extra payment was demanded even though they had full clearance from the Government of India and the Indian Mountaineering Foundation. The authorities in Sikkim were highly uncooperative and they lost too many days there to make progress. -
Finalizing Our Studies
Escalation of Commitment in Temporary Organisations: A Case Study of the 1996 Mt. Everest Disaster AUTHORS: Afërdita Pustina; Juan Felipe Aegerter Alvarez SUPERVISOR: Markus Hällgren, PhD LEVEL: MASTERS IN STRATEGIC PROJECT MANAGEMENT (EUROPEAN) MSPME Umeå School of Business Autumn semester 2009 Master Thesis, two‐year, 30hp Escalation of Commitment in Temporary Organisations __________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT In an organisation, escalation of commitment represents behaviour of decision makers who become committed to failing courses of action. This behaviour usually derives from the decision makers’ reluctance to acknowledge their failed action in the initial allotment of time and resources, and thus taking actions to manifest their prior decision were correct and they will be achieving the planned goal. In a single day of 1996 during a climbing expedition destined to summit Mt Everest, eight people lost their lives, including the climbing team leaders, in part due to the decision made that led to the teams to engage in escalation behaviour. The climbing teams in the 1996 Mt Everest expedition serve as examples of temporary organisations in an extreme setting. The purpose of the research is to explore insights on the aspects promoting escalation on the Mt Everest tragedy and shed some light into how escalation manifests in temporary organisations. The factors that might be found will be applicable only to this particular case; nevertheless they might contribute on the overall development of how escalation comes about in temporary organisations. The research question of this study is how aspects promoting escalation where present in the 1996 Mt. Everest expedition? For many years different theories attempted to explain the factors that promote escalation behaviour. -
213 JAMES WILLIAMS GEOFFREY TABIN. M.D. ASIA Nepal
CLIMBS AND EXPEDITIONS, I989 213 members were Canadians Martyn Williams, leader, and Stuart Hamilton, Briton Mike Sharp, Chilean Alejo Contreras Stacding, Indian J.K. Bajaj, and Ameri- cans Victoria Murden, Jerry Corr, Sherly Metz, Ron Milnarek, Joseph E. Murphy Jr. and I. JAMES WILLIAMS l)ree, Shim and the Vinson Muss$ Mugs Stump made an impressive solo first ascent of the SOOO-foot-high west face of Mount Tyree. He feels that it is “perhaps the hardest route yet accomplished by man.” This was the second ascent of Tyree. On the same day, New Zealander Rob Hall repeated the Chouinard route on Mount Shinn, adding a direct line to the summit, solo, in eleven hours. Mugs Stump, Ed Stump and New Zealanders Hall and Paul Fitzgerald also repeated the standard route on Vinson in December. Their group was independent of mine. Officially they were in Antarctica to carry out geological research. Mugs Stump returned to Antarctica in January 1990 and guided several clients up the normal route on Vinson. I went to Antarctica with Canadian Rob Mitchell, German Klaus Wengen, American Ken Kammler and Netherlander Peter Kinchen. On December 9, we all ascended an unnamed mountain of about 12,000 feet at the head of the valley north of the standard Base Camp. On December 14, Wengen. Kammler and I climbed to the summit of Vinson by a variant of the normal route. We avoided the icefall below the co1 between Vinson and Shinn by following the very prominent first ridge to the north. Future parties should consider this slightly more difficult but much safer alternative.