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Maps of Poland: Dates, States, and Provenances

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Maps of Poland: Dates, States, and Provenances Polish Cartographical Review Vol. 51, 2019, no. 1, pp. 39–46 DOI: 10.2478/pcr-2019-0002 Received: 09.02.2019 Accepted: 10.03.2019 ZBIGNIEW PAPROTNY Rybnik, Poland [email protected] “Carte-á-figure” maps of Poland: dates, states, and provenances Abstract. After short introduction to carte-á-figure genre of maps discussed are three maps of Poland belonging to this category: the first state of Hondius’ Nova POLONIAE delineatio”, Visscher’s “Haec Tabula nova POLONIAE et SILESIAE, and Speed’s A NEWE MAPE OF POLAND. For the origin of the Hondius’ map a more precise range of dates is proposed. Question of the Visscher map’s order of states is clarified, supported by evidence from the author’s research. Finally, line of reasoning is presented and arguments quoted dis- proving widely held belief in priority of the Speed’s map over the Visscher’s. Also, dissimilarities between images of Silesia on Hondius’ and Visscher’s maps together with possible reasons of these are considered. Keywords: carte-á-figure maps, maps of Poland 1. Introduction located within the frames. As the new style spread to smaller format maps, the panels, Maps called “carte-á-figure”, surrounded by probably due to lack of enough free space within a border composed of panels with vedutes of frames, were moved beyond the map area. towns portraits of rulers, battle plans, costumes After some time, specific ways of arranging them characteristic for the mapped lands, etc., are into logical and usually symmetrical sequences possibly the most eye-catching works from the were developed. Due to the differing content cartographical past. Seen on the walls of the (and sometimes originating workshops) the state buildings or law firms they emphasize decorative borders were often printed from prestige and historical tradition of the decorated separate plate(s) than the map itself (J.A. Welu institutions. A prosaic consequence of their visual 1987). Fantastic images of anthropophagi or appeal are high market prices, far exceeding one-eyed monsters present on earlier maps those of equally rare but less attractive maps. soon gave way to the views of distant towns Carte-á-figure maps appeared in the Nether- and images of exotic people, not only raising lands at the turn of the 16th and 17th century. the visual charm (and commercial value) of the Jodocus Hondius (father), author of the earliest maps, but also enriching them with aspects map of this kind NOVA TOTIUS EUROPAE which they alone could not provide. DESCRIPTIO (1595, wall map), is widely reco- Another reason making the carte-á-figure gnized as inventor of this cartographical genre maps attractive is their rarity. They were printed (G. Schilder 1985). Until the end of the 16th from copper plates which originated, and in century, cartographers and engravers, perhaps principle were used, only in the first half of the motivated by some kind of the “fear of vacuum”, 17th century. Cartobibliography of the Dutch used to fill empty spaces within map frames single-sheet folio maps lists only 107 “proto- with purely graphic or fantastic elements, such types” (including two with the map of Poland as sea monsters or personifications of winds. which are discussed below), known in several Panels containing illustrative material seen on hundred states, the latest one being dated for the first carte-á-figure wall maps were also 1660 (G. Schilder and K. Stopp 2000). Out of 40 Zbigniew Paprotny this group (smaller than the average number mental work, mostly into vol. VI published for of sheets in the atlases issued at that time) the first time in 1617. most maps are signed by Jodocus Hondius As far as dating of the maps is concerned father and son (25 in total), Claes Janszoon figures in outfits typical of Poland, Gdańsk and Visscher (24), Petrus Kaerius (16), Guilielmus Silesia seen on the maps’ border panels are of Blaeu (12), Joannes Janssonius (7), Frederik little help. Models for these engravings were de Wit (7) and several other authors. Apart available already in the second half of the 16th from the works of the Dutch artists, the biblio- century1 while doubts regarding dating of the graphy lists 33 maps created outside the Ne- maps concern the first decades of the 17th therlands between 1633 and 1670, all being century. copies of the Amsterdam originals. Migration One more element that enables dating of the of the centre of European cartography from map is date of its publication in the atlas (if any), Amsterdam to Paris in the second half of the provided the map was a genuine part of the 17th century, signalled the end of the “golden atlas, not a later addition (what used to happen age” of the Dutch cartography together with its quite often). most appealing product: carte-á-figure maps. Publication date of the source atlas may then Few examples of original production which be considered, after adequate scrutiny, as ter- appeared later outside the Netherlands did not minus ante quem of the map’s origin. aesthetically match their Dutch predecessors. The last maps of this kind were issued in the 2.1. The Hondius map2 second half of the 19th century. Instead of de- corative elements they usually display more or This undated map with empty verso is re- less extensive geographic, statistical or icono- corded in two states of which the second, with its graphic information. decorative borders removed, does not belong to carte-á-figure category. The first state of the 2. Poland (and Silesia) on carte-á-figure Hondius map was part of two atlases: Atlantis maps Maioris Appendix issued in Amsterdam by Jo- annes Janssonius in 1630 (P. van der Krogt 1997, Three maps belonging to the discussed cat- 1:202, map no. 9 in the “Tabularum Appendicis egory are devoted to Poland. Two were publi- Index”), and Theatrum Imperii Germanici pub- shed in Amsterdam, the third in London. These lished also by Janssonius in 1632 (P. van der are: Krogt 1997, 1:221, map no. 82 in “Catalog Ta- • The first state of Nova POLONIAE deline- bularum”). atio by Jodocus Hondius (the father), hereinafter Though the map is signed by Jodocus Hon- referred to as the “Hondius map”, dius it is not clear whether its author was the • Haec Tabula nova POLONIAE et SILESIAE father or the son of the same name. Basing on by Claes Janszoon Visscher (the “Visscher the analysis of the engraving style G. Schilder map”), suggested hand of Jodocus father and years • A NEWE MAPE OF POLAND by John Speed ​​ 1606-1607 as the time of the map’s origin (the “Speed map”). (G. Schilder and K. Stopp 2000, 97.1). However, These three maps were given enough atten- this dating is in obvious contradiction with the tion in the cartographic literature (see e.g. J. Łu- date of publication of the sixth volume of Civi- czyński 2011) so it is unnecessary to describe tates (1617), the source of Cracow, Sandomierz, them in detail. However, some issues like dates Krosno and Biecz vedutes and of Poznań of their origin or relation between the Visscher map, unquestionable prototypes of engravings and Speed ​​maps still remain unclear. Dating of carte-á-figure maps is facilitated by vedutes and city plans placed on them, most 1 E.g., Omnium pene Europae, Asiae, Aphricae atque often modelled after those published in Civitates Americae gentium habitus, Antwerp, 1581; Cesare Vecellio, Habiti antichi et moderni di tutto il Monde, Venezia, 1598. Orbis Terrarum by Georg Braun and Frans Ho- 2 genberg. Images of the cities located within G. Schilder and K. Stopp 2000, 97/1; P. van der Krogt 1997, 1900 : 1B; K. Kozica and J. Pezda 2002, K77/1; T. Paćko present borders of the state of Poland were et al. 1992, 102 and 103; U. Timann and H. Kott 1988, included into four of six volumes of this monu- 540a. “Carte-á-figure” maps of Poland: dates, states, and provenances 41 on the Hondius map. Two other views from its other display dates 1630, 1633, 1650, 1653 and decorative border are irrelevant: the axonome- 1657. Literature sources differ as to the loca- tric plan of Wrocław and the vedute of Gdańsk tion of the non-dated edition on the list of states. appeared in the earlier volumes of “Civitate” Kozica recognized this edition as the sixth state (Wrocław in the 1588 fourth volume, Gdańsk (“without a date, with traces of scratches”), in the 1575 second). Trying to resolve this con- adopting as the first state the 1630 edition tradiction Schilder speculates that several (K. Kozica and J. Pezda 2002, K79/5; also K. Ko- years before publication of the sixth volume zica and J. Pezda 2004, G76/5); Schilder main- (1617) the older Jodocus (died 1612) “may have tains that the undated edition is the first state and acquired copies of the unpublished original dates it before 1630 (G. Schilder and K. Stopp drawings”, serving later as models for vedutes 2000, 97.1). While there seems to be no argu- in Civitates. Equally unprovable is Schilder’s ment for the first opinion, a few unobvious and alternative hypothesis, that Jodocus father’s work indirect arguments can be presented in favour on the map, interrupted by his death, was finished of the second: by Jodocus son “in his father’s engraving style” (A) Of 24 known carte-á-figure maps by Claes (explanation supported later by Kozica, see Janszoon Visscher half (12) is dated. The first K. Kozica and J. Pezda 2004, G74.1). regional map of this author is dated 1621 (Ger- An example of the Hondius map preserved mania).
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