NO. ISBN: 978-602-14103-4-9

Mini Dictionary Of 5 Languages NO. ISBN: 978-602-14103-4-9

Lembaga Kajian Aset Budaya Tonggak Tuo

Mini Dictionary

Padang, 12 Mei 2017

PENERBIT Lembaga Kajian Aset Budaya Indonesia Tonggak Tuo 2017 NO. ISBN: 978-602-14103-4-9

Penulis: Mac Aditiawarman Editor: Raflis Foto sampul: Muhammad Ikhsan

Copyright ©2017 pada Tonggak Tuo Hak Cipta © dilindungi Undang-undang pada pengarang Hak penerbitan pada Tonggak Tuo Cetakan Pertama : April 2017

ISBN : 978-602-14103-4-9

Diterbitkan oleh: Lembaga Kajian Aset Budaya Indonesia

Tonggak Tuo

ii NO. ISBN: 978-602-14103-4-9

PREFACE

This Mini Dictionary is a limited number of vocabularies if we compare to common dictionary. The aim of present the dictionary is to help the people who want to know the vocabularies from US, , British, Indonesian, and Minangkabau language. The people who know many vocabularies from many countries will enrich their knowledge about language and also expand their world. The Mini Dictionary is completed by English slang, time, numbers, weather, day, and year. Besides that, this book can help the students in studying the five languages vocabulary. The three countries (US, Canada, and British) use the English language, but they still have the differences among the vocabularies. Some of the vocabularies are the same and some of them are different although their language originated from the same source.

iii NO. ISBN: 978-602-14103-4-9

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 B ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 C ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 D ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18 E ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 F ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 24 G ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28 H ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31 I ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 34 J ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36 K ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38 L ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39 M ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 42 N ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44 O ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 46 P ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47 Q ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 50 T ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 61 U ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65 V ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 66 W ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 67 Y ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 70 Z ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 71

English Slang …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 72 Slang Money Words, Meanings and Origins ………………………………………… 72 A To Z of Money Slang ……………………………………………………………………….. 72 Day and Night …………………………………………………………………………………….… 93 Learn to Talk about Time and Ask the Time in English ………………………… 94 Prepositions Used with Time ……………………………………………………………….… 97 Work Time ……………………………………………………………………………………….… 98 Writing the Time ….………………………………………………………………………………… 99 Days of the Week ………………………………………………………………………………….. 100 Months of the Year ……………………………………………………………………………….. 100 Writing the Date …………………………………………………………………………………… 101 Days of the Month ………………………………………………………………………………… 102 AD and BC …………………………………………………………………………………………… 103 Cardinal Points of the Compass ……………………………………………………………… 105 Points of the Compass …………………………………………………………………………… 106 Numbers Vocab ……………………………………………………………………………………. 107 North, South, East & West – Usage ………………………………………………………… 108 Tertiary Colours are Neutral Colours …………………………………………………… 116 References …………………………………………………………………………………………… 118

iv A British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau abattoir slaughterhouse, slaughterhouse rumah jagal, rumah potong abattoir rumah potong abominable sasquatch, abominable sejenis makhluk sejenis makhluk snowman, yeti bigfoot, snowman, big seperti manusia bantuak manusia abominable foot besar berbulu gadang babulu, snowman dan berjalan bajalan tagak tegak diemukan ditamuan di di pegunungan gunuang himalaya himalaya abseil rappel Rappel Meluncur Maluncua absolutely, absolutely absolutely benar Batua absobloodylutel y (sl) accelerator gas pedal, gas pedal, pedal gas pedal gas accelerator accelerator accommodation accommodation, accommodation akomodasi akomodasi accommodations s, accommodation accumulator (in ? ? akumulator (di - horse racing) balap kuda) accumulator battery Battery baterai baterai (car) action replay instant replay instant replay saat pengulangan pengulangan addictive addictive, addictive, ketagihan mancandu, addicting addicting katagiahan advertisement commercial, addictive, iklan iklan (TV) advertisement advertisement adverts commercial commercial jeda iklan istirahat iklan break break aerial (TV) antenna antenna antena antene afters, sweet, dessert pencuci mulut parabuang pudding, dessert agony aunt, advice advice kolom nasihat kolom nasihaik agony column columnist, columnist, advice column advice column air host(ess), air air host(ess), flight attendant pramugari pramugari steward, air flight attendant stewardess, flight attendant airing cupboard linen closet linen closet lemari linen lamari linen aisle, gangway aisle Aisle lorong lorong alcohol, spirits, alcohol, liquor, alcohol, liquor, alkohol, alkohol, minuman booze, cargo booze Daddy's juice minuman keras kareh (Glasgow only), (Northern plonk Virginia), Daddy's soda

1 (East Texas) alcoholic, alkie, alcoholic, booze Alcoholic beralkohol baalkohol alky, piss-artist pig alco-pops coolers Coolers pendingin pandingin alligator alligator, gator alligator, gator buaya buayo allotment vegetable garden vegetable kebun sayur Kabun sayua plot garden plot almost almost almost, most hampir ampia alsatian German German gembala gambalo jerman shepherd shepherd jerman amber (traffic yellow, amber yellow kuning kuniang light) ambulanceman EMT (emergency paramedic paramedis paramedis medical technician), paramedic, ambulance technician American (American/Cana football, NFL sepak bola bola kaki football dian) football, NFL, CFL anaesthetist anaesthetist anesthesiologist ahli anestesi ahli anestesi , anesthetist angry, cross, angry, upset, angry, upset, marah berang upset mad, cross, mad mad as a wet hen ankle socks (for ankle socks ankle socks, kaos kaki kaos kaki girls) anklets, bobby sox anorak geek geek kutu buku kutu buku anorak, parka parka, anorak parka - - antenatal prenatal prenatal sebelum sabalun malahiaan melahirkan antenatal class prenatal class, prenatal class, kelas sebelum kelas sabalun lamaze class lamaze class melahirkan malahiaan anti-abortion pro-life, anti- pro-life antiaborsi antiaborsi abortion anti-clockwise anti-clockwise counterclockwis berlawanan balawanan e, withershins, widdershins anyway, any anyway, anyways anyway, bagaimanapun baapun road (sl) anyways anywhere anywhere anywhere, di manapun di sajolah anyplace apron, pinny apron apron celemek celemek area code, area code area code kode area kode area dialling code (phone) "Are you "Are you smarter "Are you Apakah Anda Apokah waan/kau smarter than a than a fifth smarter than a lebih pintar dari labiah pandai dari 10 year old?" grader?" fifth grader?" anak kelas anak kalaih limo?

2 (TV show) lima? argument, row, argument, argument, argumen, argumen, quarrel, quarrel, spat, quarrel, spat pertengkaran, patangkaran, slanging match, row meludah maludah barney, ding- dong, scrap Arse ass, arse (Nfld) Ass pantat ikua arse-licker ass-kisser, suck- ass-kisser, pencium pangadu, panjilek up brown-noser, pantat, kiss-ass, toady pengadu, menjilat articulated tractor-trailer, tractor-trailer, traktor trailer, traktor trailer, truk lorry, artic, semi, semi- semi, semi- truk gandeng gandeng juggernaut trailer, rig, trailer, rig, trailer truck trailer truck athletics track and field, track and field, trek dan trek dan lapangan, athletics athletics lapangan, atletik atletik attack (game) offence, offense offense pelanggaran palanggaran aubergine eggplant terong taruang autumn fall, autumn fall, autumn musim gugur musim gugur

3 B British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau baby, babby baby baby Bayi paja ketek back alley, back lane back alley, back alley gang belakang gang balakang back lane, alleyway backhander backhander, kickback pembayaran pambaian kickback kembali kambali back to front, arse back to front back to front kembali ke balik ka muko about face depan badge badge, pin pin lencana,pin lencana,pin bagsie call dibs on call dibs on panggilan panggilan kapado kepada baked potato, jacket baked potato baked potato kentang kantang panggang potato panggang bakery bakery, bakery, , toko roti roti, toko roti bakeshop bakeshop baking tin baking pan baking pan loyang loyang balaclava balaclava, ski ski mask topeng ski topeng ski mask, skidoo mask balcony (house) balcony, deck balcony, deck balkon balkon (although are different things. Deck doesn't exist in BE) ballpoint pen, biro, ballpoint pen, ballpoint pen, pulpen,pena pena pen pen pen balti, Indian Indian Indian restoran India restoran India restaurant, restaurant restaurant house, Indian banger, sausage, link, sausage, link, sosis sosis sausage, chipolata, wiener, wiener, saveloy, frankfurter, frankfurter, frankfurter, sausage frank, steamie frank (Que), smokie bank holiday, public holiday, holiday, libur, libur libur, libur holiday national national nasional nasional holiday, holiday public holiday, statutory holiday, stat bap, bun, batch, roll, roll, bun roll, bun gulungan, guluangaan, cob sanggul saanggua barbecue, barbie, barbecue, barbecue, panggang panggang have a BBQ host a BBQ cookout, have

4 a BBQ barbed wire barbed wire, barbed wire, kawat berduri kawek barduri barbwire barbwire barber’s barbershop barbershop tukang potong tukang karek ramb abuak, tukang cukua abuak Barbie, Sindy Barbie Barbie berdosa badoso bargain bargain, bargain menawar maago bargoon (sl) barmaid bar tender, bar tender, bar tender, jago bar tender slinger, slinger slinger barman bartender, bartender, bar tender, jago bar tender beer slinger, slinger slinger batch, roll, bap, bun, roll, bun roll, bun menggulung, mangggukuang, cob sanggul sanggua bath bath, bathtub, bathtub, tub bak , bak bak mandi, bak tub bathing trunks, Speedos, swim trunks, celana renang sarawa ranang trunks, swimming trunks speedos trunks (male) beauty contest beauty beauty kontes kontes kecantikan contest, contest, kecantikan beauty beauty pageant pageant bed-settee hide-a-bed, hide-a-bed, persembunyian tampekmanyurua hideaway bed, hideaway, k sofa bed sofa bed bedsit, bedsitter bachelor studio apartemen apartemen apartment, apartment, berkamar satu babiliak ciek studio efficiency, apartment, kitchenette kitchenette beefburger, , hamburger, roti isi daging roti baisi dagiang hamburger, burger burger burger beer, , , beer, ale, abeer, bir bir , , , brew, lager, brewski, ale, bock beer, dry stout, porter, brew (different types of bock, bock beer) beer, dry, brewski beer belly beer belly, beer belly bir bir molson muscle beer mat coaster coaster peluncur paluncua beetroot beet beet bit bit beggar panhandler panhandler pengemis paminta sadakah bellboy bellboy, bellboy, pelayan pelayan bellhop, bellhop,

5 bellman bellman bent, queer, nancy gay, fag, gay, fag, homoseks homoseks boy, pansy, fairy, faggot, homo, faggot, bent, gay, poof, poofta, fairy, queer, queer, homo, (all offensive, except lesbo, nancy, fairy, lesbo, for `gay`) (all offensive, (all offensive, except for except for `gay`) `gay`) bespoke, made-to- custom-made, custom-made dibuat khusus dibuek khusus measure, custom- bespoke made (suit) best man best man, best man, orang terbaik urang tabaik groomsman groomsman bickie (sl), biscuit cookie cookie kering kue kariang bicycle, bike, push- bicycle, bike bicycle, bike sepeda sepeda bike bill (restaurant) bill, check check tagihan, cek tagihan, cek Billion trillion trillion triliun triliun bin, rubbish bin, garbage can, garbage can, tong sampah, tong sampah, wastepaper trashcan trashcan tempat sampah tempat sampah basket/bin bird, chick, bit of chick chick anak ayam anak ayam fluff, bit of skirt (woman) biro, ballpoint pen, ballpoint pen, ballpoint pen, pulpen pulpen pen pen pen biscuit, bickie (sl) cookie cookie kue kering Kue kariang bitch, cow, dog bitch bitch menggerutu mamete-mete dark beer dark beer Bir hitam bir itam black (person) black, black, person kulit hitam, kulik itam, Carribean- of color, Africa-Amerika Africa-Amerika Canadian African- American blackboard blackboard, blackboard, papan tulis papan tulih chalkboard chalkboard (horse) blinders penutup mata panutuik mato block of flats apartment apartment building, building, apartment apartment block house, apartment complex bloke, guy, chap, lad, guy guy orang orang geezer Bloody hell!, Blinkin' Oh my God! Oh my God! ya Tuhan ya Tuhan heck!, Blinkin' hell!, (and?) (and?) Oh my God!, Crikey!, Blimey!, Flippin' 'eck!, Get away! Shitting hell!, Sodding hell!

6 Christ! blue riband blue ribbon blue ribbon biru pita biru blusher blusher, blush blush merah muka merah muka blu tack poster putty, sticky tack, taktik lengket sticky tack, poster putty fun tack bobbin, reel, spool bobbin, reel, kumparan kumparan spool bobby, cop, police police officer, police officer, polisi constable (PC), Mountie, cop policeman/woman, patrolman, patrolman, copper, PC Plod cop trooper, state trooper bobsleigh bobsled bobsled gerobak luncur gerobak luncua body clock biological biological jam biologis jam biologis clock clock bogey booger booger momok momok bogeyman bogeyman, bogeyman, hantu hantu boogeyman boogeyman boiled sweet hard candy hard candy permen keras permen kareh boiling boiling, broiling mendidih mendidih broiling Bollocks!, Bullshit! Bullshit! Bullshit! omong kosong omong kosong Bonfire Night, Guy Bonfire Night n/a malam api malam api Fawkes' (Nfld) unggun unggun bonnet (on a car) hood hood kap kap book (into a hotel), book make a membuat membuat book a room reservation, reservasi reservasi book booking reservation, reservation memesan memesan booking booking office ticket office ticket office tempat tempat penjualan penjualan karcis karcis bookstall newsstand newsstand kios koran kios koran boot (of car) trunk trunk booze, alcohol, alcohol, alcohol, alkohol, alkohol, minuman spirits, cargo liquor, booze liquor, minuman keras keras (Glasgow only), Daddy's juice plonk (Northern Virginia), Daddy's soda (East Texas) booze cruise (going n/a n/a minuman keras minuman keras over the English cruise cruise Channel for the day or weekend to purchase cheap alcohol) booze-up, piss-up, ? ? minuman keras minuman keras bender boozer, pub, bar bar, pub bar, pub bar, pub bar, pub

7 borstal reform school reform school sekolah anak- sekolah anak- anak nakal anak nakal boss, gaffer, boss boss bos bos governor, guv, guv'ner, head honcho bottom drawer hope chest hope chest laci bawah laci bawah Boxing Day Boxing Day n/a hari pertarungan hari pertarungan braces (to hold up suspenders, suspenders suspender suspender trousers) braces brackets brackets, parentheses tanda kurung tanda kurung parentheses breadbin breadbox breadbox peti untuk roti peti untuk roti break (play time at recess recess istirahat istirahat school) breakfast, brekkie breakfast, breakfast sarapan sarapan brekkie breeze-block cinder block cinder block angin-blok angin-blok bricklayer, brickie bricklayer bricklayer tukang batu tukang batu bridesmaid (child) flower girl, fl(take an gadis pengiring gadis pengiring bridesmaid inventory?)er pengantin pengantin girl, bridesmaid bring up (children) ? raise menaikkan menaikkan brit, briton, british brit, briton, brit, briton, orang Inggris orang Inggris person british person british person, limey (offensive) brits, brit awards junos grammys penghargaan penghargaan broad bean broad bean, fava bean fava bean brolly, umbrella umbrella umbrella payung payuang Brooch pin, brooch pin, brooch pin, bros pin, bros broody (to describe ? ? sering merenung sering merenung a young woman desiring a baby) brook, stream creek, stream, creek, stream, sungai sungai brook brook brown , brown bread, whole wheat roti gandum roti gandum wholemeal bread whole wheat bread bread brown sauce, HP HP sauce HP sauce saus cokelat saus cokelat sauce Bugger! Shit! Damn! Shit! Damn! bangsat bangsat Buggeration! Shit! Damn! Bloody hell! Bugger-it! bugger, sodomite sodomite sodomite bersetubuh bersetubuh buggy, pushchair stroller, buggy stroller, buggy kereta kereta building site building site, construction lokasi konstruksi lokasi konstruksi construction site

8 site building society, credit union credit union, bank koperasi, bank koperasi, credit union, cooperative tabungan dan tabungan dan cooperative bank bank, savings asosiasi asosiasi pinjaman and loan pinjaman association bullshit, codswallop hogwash, hogwash, omong kosong omong kosong baloney, BS, baloney, BS, bullshit bullshit bum, bottom, butt, tush, butt, tush, pantat pantat backside, behind, bum, duff, fanny, rear-end, arse, botty, fanny, keister, derriere, rear- jacksie rear-end, end, caboose, buns, ass buns, duff, keister, ass bum bag fanny pack fanny pack tas gelandangan tas gelandangan bumper (of car) fender, fender spatbor spatbor bumper bun, batch, roll, bap, roll, bun roll, bun tongkol tongkol cob bunches pigtails pigtails kuncir kuncir bunk off, skive off, skip, play skip, play lompat, lompat, (school/work) hooky hooky membolos membolos bungalow rancher, bungalow, bungalow, bungalow, rumah bungalow ranch house, rumah peternakan single-storey peternakan house Burgle burgle, burglarize membongkar membongkar burglarize untuk mencuri untuk mencuri burns unit (in a burn unit burn unit Unit luka bakar Unit luka bakar hospital) busker street busker street penghibur penghibur jalanan entertainer jalanan busybody, nosey busybody, busybody orang yg suka orang yg suka parker nosy parker campur tangan campur tangan dlm urusan dlm urusan orang orang lain lain butter bean lima bean lima bean kacang lima kacang lima butty, , sandwich sandwich sandwich sandwich sarni bye, cheerio, ta-ta, bye, see ya, bye, see ya, sampai jumpa sampai jumpa see ya later, later later, later skater (any skater (any more?) more?!)

9 C British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau cable car cable car, Gondola kereta gantung kareta gantuang gondola café, caff café, d kereta café, , kafe kafe gantung sidewalk café iner, sidewalk café calgary calgary, cow calgary kota sapi kota jawpi town call box, phone phone booth phone booth bilik telepon biliak talepon box camp bed cot cot pondok pondok campsite campground, campground perkemahan perkemahan campsite can, tin tin, can can bisa, timah bisa, timah Canada Canada, Great Canada, Great Kanada Kanada White North, White North Hollywood North Canadian Canadian, Canadian, Kanada Kanada Canuck, Canuck Johnny Canuck, Snowbird (if you go south for the winter) candy floss candy floss, cotton candy permen kapas gulo-gulo kapeh cotton candy canteen, refectory, cafeteria, cafeteria kafetaria kafetaria cafeteria canteen capital capital death penalty, hukuman mati hukuman mati punishment punishment, capital death penalty punishment capsicum, pepper pepper, bell pepper, paprika paprika capsicum, bell sweet pepper pepper car car, auto, car, auto, mobil mobil automobile automobile caravan, mobile trailer, mobile trailer, mobile trailer, rumah trailer, rumah home home, motor home, motor mobil, rumah mobil, rumah home, fifth home, fifth motor motor wheel wheel, Winnebago car boot sale, garage sale, rummage sale, pasar loak pasar loak jumble sale yard sale, flea garage sale, market yard sale, flea market, swap meet caretaker janitor, janitor, pesuruh pesuruh

10 custodian, custodian caretaker car mechanic car mechanic, car mechanic, mekanik mobil mekanik mobil auto mechanic auto mechanic carnival parade parade parade parade car park parking lot, parking lot tempat parkir tampek parkir car park carpenter, joiner carpenter carpenter tukang kayu tukang kayu car pool car pool, HOV car pool, HOV pul mobil pul mobil (high (high occupancy occupancy vehicle) vehicle) cash dispenser, ABM, ATM, ATM, bank ATM, mesin ATM, mesin bank, cashpoint, hole- bank machine, machine, bank, teller teller instan, in-the-wall instant teller, instant teller, instan, mesin mesin ATM cash machine cash machine ATM cashpoint, hole- ABM, ATM, ATM, bank ATM, mesin ATM, mesin bank, in-the-wall, cash bank machine, machine, cash bank, mesin mesin ATM, teller dispenser cash machine, machine, ATM, teller instan instant teller instant teller instan caster , berry sugar superfine sugar gula super gula super castor sugar casualty emergency, ER emergency, ER keadaan darurat keadaan darurat (hospital), accident & emergency catapult catapult, slingshot ketapel katapel slingshot cater for cater for, cater cater to melayani malayani to cat’s eyes cat's eyes, road road reflectors reflektor jalan reflektor jalan (embedded in reflectors road) cattery (cat) kennel (cat) kennel kandang kuncing kandang kunciang caving, potholing caving, spelunking - - spelunking centenary centennial, centennial seratus tahun saratuih tahun centenary central reservation median median rata-rata rata-rata (road) CEO, managing CEO CEO direktur direktur director pelaksana pelaksana change down shift down shift down bergeser ke manggarik ka (gears) bawah bawah chap, lad, bloke, guy, buddy guy pria, sobat pria, sobat guy charge (officially, charge, indict charge, indict biaya, mendakwa biaya, mendakwa

11 with a crime) charity shop, thrift store, thrift store, toko barang toko barang Oxfam, second- thrift shop, second-hand bekas bakeh hand shop, Sally Value Village, store, Value Anne Sally Anne Village chat show talk show talk show acara bercakap- acara bercakap- cakap cakap chav (England), trailer trash trailer trash trailer sampah trailer sampah ned (Scotland), scanger (Ireland) chemist pharmacist, druggist, apoteker apoteker druggist pharmacist chemist’s pharmacy, drugstore, toko obat toko obat drugstore pharmacy chequerboard, checkerboard checkerboard papan main dam papan main dam chessboard chest of drawers chest of bureau, biro biro drawers, dresser, chest dresser of drawers chewing gum, gum, chewing gum, chewing gusi, permen gusi, permen gum, chuddy gum gum karet karet chick, bird, bit of chick chick, dame cewek cewek fluff (woman) chickory chickory, endive, Belgian - - endive, endive Belgian endive chickpea chickpea garbanzo bean, buncis buncih chickpea chief bridesmaid maid of maid of honor, penggiring pairiang padusi honour, matron of wanita matron of honor honour chimney (factory) smokestack smokestack cerobong Lubang asok Chinese meal, a Chinese meal, Chinese meal, makanan Cina makanan Cino Chinese Chinese Chinese chip van chip wagon, ? ? ? chip truck chiropodist podiatrist, podiatrist ahli penyakit kaki ahli panyakik kaki chiropodist Chips French kentang goreng kantang goreang fries/chips choc-ice ice cream bar ice cream bar es krim batang es krim batang chocolate bar chocolate bar candy bar permen batang permen batang Christmas, Christmas Christmas hari Natal hari Natal Crimbo, Chrimbo Christmas cake Christmas n/a kue Natal kue Natal cake Christian name, first name, first name, nama depan namo muko first name, given given name, given name, name Christian Christian name

12 name (unusual) Christmas present Christmas Christmas hadiah Natal hadiah Natal present, present Christmas box (Nfld) cigarette, ciggy, cigarette, cigarette, rokok, asap rokok, asok ciggie, fag, cancer smoke smoke, stick, coffin nail, cigarette faggerette cinema, pictures, movie theatre, movie theater, bioskop bioskop picture house, theatre, theater, movie flicks cinema house circular saw circular saw, circular saw, gergaji gergaji buzz saw buzz saw city centre city centre, downtown pusat kota pusat kota downtown clever clogs, clever smart ass, smart ass, wise sok pintar, sok sok pandai, sok dick, smart arse, smart aleck, guy, smart tahu, orang tahu, orang ongeh smart alec smarty aleck congkak cling film cling plastic wrap, bungkus plastik, bungkuih saran wrap bungkus palastik, bungkuih cloakroom checkroom, checkroom, ruang penitipan, ruang panitipan cloakroom, coat check mantel cek coat check closing down sale closing out closing out sale menutup manutuik sale penjualan panjualan clothes horse drying rack, drying rack rak pengeringan rak pangaringan clothes horse clothes peg clothespin clothespin jepitan sapikan coach (long- bus, bus, bus bus distance) Greyhound, Greyhound coach coach station bus station, bus station terminal terminal bus depot cob, bun, batch, roll, bun roll, bun gulungan guluangan roll, bap cock, cockerel cock, rooster rooster, cock ayam ayam cockroach cockroach, cockroach, kecoa kapuyuak roach roach codswallop, hogwash, hogwash, omong kosong gadang ota bullshit baloney, BS, baloney, BS, bullshit bullshit Coffee coffee, java, coffee, java, joe kopi kopi joe, timmy's coffee break, tea coffee break coffee break istirahat minum istirahat minum break kopi kopi Coffin coffin, casket casket, coffin peti mati peti mati colleague co-worker, co-worker, rekan kerja, rekan kerja, colleague colleague kolega kolega

13 Comic comic book comic book buku komik buku komik compere emcee emcee pembawa acara pembawa acara comprehensive high school high school SMA SMA school, secondary school, high school condom, Durex, condom, condom, kondom, karet kondom, karet johnny, rubber rubber, rubber johnny, French Trojan, safe, letter, nodder French safe cone, cornet (ice cone cone kerucut kerucut cream) conscription conscription, draft konsep konsep draft Conservative Progressive Republican Partai Republik Partai Republik Party, Tories Conservative Party Party, Canadian Alliance Party, Tories constituency riding, (electoral) daerah pemilihan daerah pemilihan constituency district continental quilt, duvet, quilt quilt selimut kapas salimuik kapeh duvet, quilt cooker stove stove, range kompor, kisaran kompor, kisaran copper, PC Plod, police officer, police officer, polisi polisi bobby, cop, police Mountie, patrolman, constable (PC), patrolman, smokey policeman/woman smokey (dated), state (dated), cop trooper, cop, trooper cops, the Old Bill, police, RCMP, cops, police, polisi polisi pigs, the law, the cops, pigs, the pigs (dated), fuzz, police fuzz, the the fuzz Mounties, the (dated), the law, five-o, po- law, the heat po cordial, squash concentrated concentrated minuman minuman drink berkonsentrat berkonsentrat cilantro, cilantro ketumbar ketumbar coriander corn corn, grain grain gandum gandum corner shop, Spar convenience convenience toko serba-ada toko serba-ada store, store, 7-11, dépanneur mini-mart, (), 7-11, variety store milk store, mini-mart, variety store compere emcee emcee pembawa acara pembawa acara

14 comprehensive high school high school SMA SMA school, secondary school, high school condom, Durex, condom, condom, kondom kondom johnny, rubber rubber, rubber johnny, French Trojan, safe, letter, nodder French safe cone, cornet (ice cone cone kerucut karucuik cream) conscription conscription, draft konsep konsep draft Conservative Progressive republican partai republik partai republik Party, Tories Conservative party Party, Canadian Alliance Party, Tories corn flour corn starch corn starch pati jagung pati jagung cot crib crib boks bayi boks bayi cot death crib death, crib death, Sindrom Sindrom SIDS (Sudden SIDS (Sudden Kematian Bayi Kematian Bayi Infant Death Infant Death Mendadak Mendadak Syndrome) Syndrome) cotton thread thread benang benang cotton buds Q-tips Q-tips korek kuping cukia talingo cotton wool cotton balls cotton balls, bola kapas bola kapeh cotton couch, settee, sofa sofa, couch, sofa, couch sofa sofa chesterfield council estate housing housing proyek proyek project project, the perumahan perumahan projects council housing social housing, public housing perumahan perumahan rakyat public housing rakyat councillor councillor, councilman, anggota majelis anggota majelis alderman councilwoman, alderman country bumpkin, country hillbilly, yokel orang udik urang kampuang yokel bumpkin, yokel country's capital nation's nation's capital ibukota negara ibukota negara capital courgette zucchini timun Jepang timun Japang court shoes pumps pumps pompa pompa counterfoil stub stub puntung puntuang (cheque) court courthouse, courthouse, gedung gedung courtroom courtroom pengadilan, pengadilan, ruang ruang sidang sidang

15 cover charge, cover cover penutup penutup entrance fee covering letter cover letter cover letter sampul surat sampul surat cowboy cowboy, cowboy, koboi koboi buckaroo, buckaroo, wrangler wrangler cram, swot (for cram cram menjejalkan menjejalkan exams) (v) crayfish crayfish crayfish, udang karang udang karang crawfish crazy, daft, barmy, crazy, wacko, crazy, wacko, gila gila batty, bonkers, wacky, nutty, wacky, nutty, crackers, doolally, batty, bonkers, batty, bonkers, daft as a brush, loony, nutty, loony, nutty, loony, loopy, off one’s off one’s rocker nutty, off one's rocker head, off one's rocker, one sandwich short of a picnic, out to lunch, round the twist, wacko, wacky, off one's trolley crazy golf miniature golf, miniature golf, miniatur gol miniatur gol minigolf, mini- putt-putt putt cream cracker soda cracker, soda cracker, asin asin saltine saltine creature creature, creature, critter makhluk makhluk critter creche, day care, day care day nursery, perawatan sehari perawatan sehari nursery day care hari hari creepy-crawly, insect, bug, insect, bug serangga serangga insect creepy-crawly crew cut (hair) crew cut, crew cut, brush gunting papan gunting papan brush cut, cut, buzz cut buzz cut Crisps (potato) chips (potato) chips keripik keripik crooked, skew- crooked crooked bengkok bengkok whiff crossroads intersection, intersection, persimpangan persimpangan four way four way cupboard (in the closet closet kabinet kabinet bedroom, or general storage) cupboard (in the cupboard cupboard lemari lemari kitchen) cup of tea, cuppa cup of tea cup of tea secangkir teh secangkir teh curling tongs curling iron curling iron alat pengeriting alat pengeriting

16 rambut rambut current account chequing checking rekening giro rekening giro account account curriculum vitae, résumé, résumé, daftar riwayat daftar riwayat CV curriculum curriculum hidup iduik vitae, CV vitae, CV curry house, balti, Indian Indian restoran India restoran India Indian restaurant, restaurant restaurant Indian curtains drapes, drapes, tirai, gorden tirai, gorden curtains curtains cutlery cutlery, silverware, perak, sendok perak, sendok flatware flatware garpu garpu cystitis urinary tract urinary tract Infeksi saluran Infeksi saluran infection infection kemih kemih

17 D British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau dad, daddy dad, daddy dad, daddy, ayah ayah poppa, pops, pa daddy long daddy long legs daddy longlegs, derek derek legs crane fly dale, valley valley valley lembah lambah day care, day care day nursery, day penitipan anak penitipan anak nursery, creche care daypack, knapsack, knapsack, uncang uncang knapsack daypack, daypack (small packsack backpack for day hikes or for carrying books) dd/mm/yy dd/mm/yy, mm/dd/yy mm/dd/yy mm/dd/yy (date) mm/dd/yy dear, expensive expensive mahal maha expensive denim jacket denim jacket, jean jacket, jaket jean jaket jean jean jacket denim jacket deposit savings account savings account rekening rekening account tabungan tabuangan dessert, dessert dessert pencuci mulut parabuang pudding, sweet, afters dessicated shredded shredded diparut diparut (coconut) detached single-family single-family rumah satu house home/house, home/house keluarga detached dialling code, area code area code kode area kode area area code dialling tone dial tone dial tone nada panggil nada panggil diamanté rhinestone rhinestone diary, appointment appointment jadwal janji, jadwal janji, buku appointment diary, schedule, calendar, buku harian harian diary datebook, schedule, daybook, datebook, agenda, planner daybook, agenda, journal diary (personal diary journal, diary jurnal, buku jurnal, buku harian account) harian dinner, lunch lunch lunch, dinner makan siang , makan siang , makan malam makan malam dinner, tea, dinner, supper dinner, supper makan malam makan malam supper dinner jacket, tuxedo tuxedo pakaian pakaian setengah DJ, tuxedo setengah resmi resmi untuk pria

18 untuk pria dish up serve dinner serve dinner melayani makan melayani makan malam malam dived dived, dove dived, dove menyelam, menyelam, merpati merpati diversion diversion, detour jalan memutar jalan memutar detour docker longshoreman longshoreman buruh pelabuhan buruh pelabuhan doctor, GP, doctor, GP, doctor, dokter dokter general general physician practitioner practitioner, physician doctor’s doctor’s office doctor’s office kantor dokter kantor dokter surgery, surgery dog, mutt dog, pooch, mutt dog, pooch, mutt anjing anjiang dog end, fag cigarette butt cigarette butt puntung rokok puntung rokok end do-it-yourself do-it-yourself, remodelling renovasi renovasi (DIY) remodelling dole pogey unemployment pengangguran Pengangguran dole queue unemployment unemployment baris baris line line pengangguran pengangguran doner donair, donair, gyro - - double cream heavy cream heavy cream krim kental krim pakek double-glazing double-glazing, storm windows jendela badai jendela badai storm windows doughnut doughnut, doughnut, donat donat bismarck, donut, bismarck, Burlington bun Dutchie, long (NS), donut, john Dutchie, jambuster (Man & On), long john drainpipe drainpipe drainspout pipa pipa pambuangan pembuangan draught weather weather cuaca cuaca excluder stripping stripping draughts checkers checkers dam dam drawing-pin thumb tack thumb tack, paku payung paku payuang push-pin, tack drawing room, living room, living room ruang keluarga ruang keluarga reception front room room, living (Maritimes) room, sitting room, lounge dress, frock dress dress gaun gaun dressing gown bathrobe, bathrobe, kimono kimono housecoat, housecoat dressing gown dressing table dresser dresser lemari rias lamari rias

19 drink driving drunk driving, drunk driving, mengemudi mangamudi dalam impaired driving DWI, DUI dalam keadaan keadaan mabuk mabuk dish up serve dinner serve dinner melayani makan melayani makan malam malam diversion diversion, detour jalan memutar jalan memutar detour docker longshoreman longshoreman buruh pelabuhan buruh pelabuhan doctor, GP, doctor, GP, doctor, dokter dokter general general physician practitioner practitioner, physician dog, mutt dog, pooch, mutt dog, pooch, mutt anjing anjiang dog end, fag cigarette butt cigarette butt puntung rokok puntuang rokok end do-it-yourself do-it-yourself, remodelling melakukan karajoan surang (DIY) remodelling sendiri dole pogey unemployment pengangguran pangangguran dole queue unemployment unemployment baris baris angangguran line line pengangguran donair, gyro donair, gyro giro giro double cream heavy cream heavy cream krim kental krim pakek double-glazing double-glazing, storm windows jendela badai jendela badai storm windows doughnut doughnut, doughnut, donat donat bismarck, donut, bismarck, Burlington bun Dutchie, long (NS), donut, john Dutchie, jambuster (Man & On), long john drainpipe drainpipe drainspout pipa pipa pambuangan pembuangan draught weather weather cuaca buruk cuaca buruak excluder stripping stripping draughts checkers checkers pemeriksa pemareso drawing-pin thumb tack thumb tack, push-pin, tack drawing room, living room, living room ruang keluarga ruang kaluarga reception front room room, living (Maritimes) room, sitting room, lounge dress, frock dress dress gaun gaun dressing gown bathrobe, bathrobe, mantel mandi mantel mandi housecoat, housecoat dressing gown dressing table dresser dresser lemari rias lamari hias

20 drink driving drunk driving, drunk driving, mengemudi mangamudi dalam impaired driving DWI, DUI dalam keadaan keadaan mabuak mabuk driving licence driver's licence driver's license surat izin surek izin (c for noun, s (c for noun, s for (s for noun or mengemudi mangamudi for verb) verb) verb) drugs test (in drug test drug test tes narkoba tes narkoba sport) drunk, drunk, pissed, drunk, ripped, mabuk mabuak plastered, ripped, wasted, smashed, smashed, hammered, shit- slaughtered, plastered, faced, and? arse-holed, wasted, stoned sozzled, pissed, (old-fashioned), pissed as a fart, shit-faced, pissed as a hammered, newt, pissed three sheets to up, battered, the wind, falling bevvied, shit- down drunk, faced, bevvied and? up, caned, bladdered, blitzed, blootered, blotto, cabbaged, drunk as a skunk, gatted, lagered (up), lashed up, leathered, legless, ripped, mortalled, off one's chump, off one's face, off one's tits, out of it, paralytic, pickled, pie- eyed, rat- arsed, ratted, steaming, stewed, three sheets to the wind, trashed, trolleyed, trousered, twatfaced, twatted, sloshed, wankered,

21 wasted, well gone, tanked up dry-stone wall, drywall, drywall, dindiang papan dindiang papan plasterboard gypsumboard, gypsumboard, wallboard wallboard dual divided divided highway, jalan raya dibagi jalan raya dibagi carriageway highway, divided road divided road dummy (for pacifier, soother pacifier dot dot babies) dump, tip garbage dump garbage dump, tempat tempek landfill pembuangan pambuangan sampah sampah dungarees overalls, bib overalls, bib celana jengki sarawa jengki overalls overalls durex, johnny, condom, rubber, condom, rubber kondom, karet kondom, karet French letter, Trojan condom dusk, twilight dusk, twilight, dusk, twilight senja sanjo duckish (Nfld) dustbin garbage can, garbage can, tempat sampah tampek sampah trash can trash can dustman, garbageman, garbage pemulung pamuluang binman garbage collector, collector garbageman duvet, quilt, duvet, quilt quilt selimut kapas selimuik kapeh continental quilt

22 E British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau earthworm earthworm, night earthworm, cacing tanah, caciang tanah, crawler night crawler, sambil tidur sambia lalok nightwalker easy, piece of easy easy mudah murah piss, piss easy economy, second economy, coach coach pelatih pelatiah class edgeways edgewise edgewise dgn jalan dgn jalan miring miring educationalist, educator educator pendidik pendidik educationist eh? eh? huh? hah? hah? eiderdown comforter comforter penghibur penghibur elastic band elastic band, rubber band gelang karet galang karet rubber band electricity (at hydro electricity listrik listrik home), lecky emulsion paint latex paint latex paint cat lateks cat lateks end-of-year party prom prom pesta akhir pesta akhir tahun (school) tahun endorsement endorsement, endorsement dukungan dukungan endorsation engaged (phone) busy busy sibuk sibuk engaged tone busy signal busy signal sinyal sibuk sinyal sibuk engine engine motor, engine motor, mesin motor, mesin entrance fee, cover cover penutup, biaya penutuik, biaya cover charge masuk, biaya masuak, biaya tambahan tambahan essex girls surrey girls (BC) valley girls gadis lembah gadih lambah estate agent realtor, real estate realtor, real makelar, agen makelar, agen real agent estate agent real estate estate estate car station wagon station wagon kereta umu kareta umum everywhere everywhere everywhere, di mana-mana di ma-ma everyplace setiap tempat setiok tampek exclamation mark exclamation mark, exclamation tanda seru tanda seru exclamation point point ex-directory unlisted unlisted tidak terdaftar tidak terdaftar (phone) exhaust pipe tailpipe tailpipe pipa knalpot pipa knalpot expensive, dear expensive expensive mahal maha expiry date expiry date, expiration tanggal tanggal expiration date date kadaluarsa kadaluarsa ex- ex- veteran, vet veteran veteran serviceman/wom serviceman/woma an n, vet, veteran extra time (game) overtime overtime lembur lembur

23 F British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau fag, cigarette, cigarette, smoke, cigarette, smoke, rokok rokok ciggy, ciggie butt cigarette fag end, dog end cigarette butt cigarette butt puntung rokok puntuang rokok faggots balls meat balls bakso fairy, poofta, gay, fag, faggot, gay, fag, faggot, gay, homo gay, homo, paranak pansy, gay, homo, fairy, homo, fairy, jawi bent, queer, queer, lesbo, queer, lesbo, (all poof, nancy boy, nancy, (all offensive, except woofta (all offensive, except for `gay') offensive, except for `gay') for `gay') fairy cake cupcake cupcake kue kue fancy dress costume party costume party pesta kostum pesta kostum party fair fair, carnival fair, carnival adil, karnaval adil, karnaval fairy lights Christmas lights Christmas lights lampu Natal lampu Natal family child benefit, baby child tax benefit manfaat pajak manfaat pajak anak allowance bonus, child tax anak benefit fantastic, ace, fantastic fantastic fantastis fantastis blinding, brill, brilliant, the dog's bollocks, smashing, mega, fab, wicked, dead good fanny, vagina vagina vagina vagina, kemaluan vagina, kemaluan perempuan padusi farm (small, for hobby farm hobby farm hobi pertanian hobi batani pleasure) fart, fluff, trump, fart fart kentut kantuik break wind, blow off, bottom burp, botty burp, guff, let off, let one go, let (one) rip Father Santa Claus Santa Claus Sinterklas Sinterklas Christmas, Santa Claus fell (a ) fell, fall fell, fall jatuh jatuah feller feller, faller feller, faller penebang panabang female coed (dated) coed (dated) mahasiswi mahasiswi undergraduate film movie, film movie, motion filem filem picture, film

24 financial year financial year, fiscal year tahun fiskal taun fiskal fiscal year finger (the) Trudeau salute, the finger, one- jari jari the finger, one- fingered salute, fingered salute, highway salute highway salute fire brigade, fire fire department fire department pemadam pamadam kabakaran service kebakaran fire engine fire truck, fire fire truck, fire truk pemadam truk pamadam engine engine kebakaran, mobil kabakaran, oto pemadam pamadam kabakaran kebakaran fire station fire hall fire station, fire stasiun pemadam stasiun pamadam house kebakaran kabakaran first name, given first name, given first name, given nama depan namo muko name, Christian name name name fish fingers fish sticks fish sticks stik ikan stik ikan fishing boat fishing boat, fishing boat perahu untuk parahu untuak fishboat (esp BC) mmancing mamancing fit (epileptic) seizure, fit seizure, fit cocok cocok fitted carpet wall-to-wall wall-to-wall karpet dipasang karpet dipasang carpet carpet fizzy drink, pop pop, soft drink soda, soft drink, minuman ringan minuman ringan pop (Midwest), soda pop, etc. flannel face cloth, face cloth, kain lap kain lap washcloth washcloth flat apartment, condo, apartment, condo, apartemen, apartemen, condominium condominium kondominium kondominium flatmate, roommate, roommate teman sekamar kawan sakamar housemate housemate flat tyre, flat tire flat (tire) ban kempes ban kampih puncture flavoursome flavoursome, flavorsome, beraroma baaroma flavourful flavorful flex cord cord tali tali flick-knife switchblade switchblade pisau lipat pisau lipek flip-flops flip-flops, thongs thongs, flip-flops sandal jepit tarompa japang flirt flirt, make out flirt, make out main mata main mato with someone, with someone, make a move on make a pass at someone, make someone, make moves on time with someone someone, make eyes at someone, make a play for someone floor floor, storey storey tingkat Tingkek flyer (advert) flyer, shopper flyer, shopper pembelanja Pambalanjo flyover flyover, overpass overpass jembatan jembatan

25 penyeberangan panyabarangan football, soccer, soccer soccer sepak bola sepak bola togger footballer soccer player soccer player pemain sepak bola pamain sepak bola fortnight, two two weeks two weeks dua minggu duo minggu weeks fortnightly, biweekly biweekly dua kali seminggu dua kali seminggu biweekly 4x4 (not a pick- SUV, Sports SUV, Sports olahraga mobil olahraga oto up truck), Utility Vehicle Utility Vehicle Discovery four-poster bed four-poster bed, canopy bed payung tempat payuang tampek canopy bed berlindung dari balinduang dari panas matahari paneh matoari four-wheel drive four-wheel drive, four-wheel drive, tarikan pada empat tarikan pado ampek all-wheel drive, all-wheel drive, roda roda AWD AWD foyer foyer, lobby lobby lobi lobi freefone toll-free toll-free bebas pulsa bebas pulsa French beans, string beans, string beans, kacang panjang kacang panjang runner beans, green beans green beans green beans French- French-Canadian, French-Canadian Perancis-Kanada Perancis-Kanada Canadian pepsi (derog), Franco, frog (derog) Franco- Canadian, francophone, Quebecer, Quebecois, Quebecoise, Quebecker French kiss, neck, French, French kiss, make mengerti mangarati snog French kiss, tonsil out, neck (dated) hockey, swap spit French letter, condom, rubber condom, rubber kondom, karet kondom, karet condom, Durex, johnny fresher freshman, frosh freshman, frosh mahasiswa tahun mahasiswa tahun (sl) (sl) satu satu fridge fridge fridge, icebox kul kas lamari es friend (female, friend, girlfriend friend, girlfriend teman kawan of female) fringe bangs bangs poni poni frock, dress dress dress gaun gaun machine slot machine, one-armed bandit, mesin judi masin judi VLT, video slot machine lottery machine frying pan frying pan, skillet, skillet, fry pan, wajan kuali fry pan frying pan Fucking hell! Fucking hell! Fucking hell! sialan narako jahanam

26 Chuffin' hell! Bloody hell! For fuck's sake!, For Pete's sake! Frigging hell! Fuck off!, Get Fuck off! Fuck off! pergi dari sini pai dari siko lost!, Bog off!, Clear off!, Buzz off!, Knob off!, Piss off!, Naff off!, On your bike!, Sod off! Sod you!, Up your bum!, Up yours!, Bugger off!, Get stuffed! full-board American plan American plan rencana Amerika rencana Amerika (unusual) (unusual) full stop period period titik titiak (punctuation mark) funeral parlour funeral home, funeral home, rumah duka rumah duka funeral parlour, funeral parlor funeral chapel funfair amusement park amusement park taman hiburan taman hiburan funny bone ? crazy bone, funny tulang gila tulang gila bone further continuing continuing melanjutkan malanjuikan education education education pendidikan pandidikan

27 G British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau gangway, aisle aisle Aisle lorong lorong gaol, the nick, prison, jail, prison, jail, pen, penjara panjaro prison, jail, clink, clink penitentiary, slammer penitentiary, hoosegow, pokey, pokey, lock-up hoosegow, pen, lock-up garden yard Yard halaman halaman gay, poof, poofta, gay, fag, faggot, gay, fag, faggot, homo homo bent, queer, homo, fairy, homo, fairy, queer, nancy boy, pansy, queer, lesbo, lesbo, (all offensive fairy, bent as a nancy, (all except for 'gay') nine bob note, offensive except woofter (all for 'gay') offensive except for 'gay') gear box transmission transmission transmisi transmisi gearstick gearshift, stick gearshift, stick tongkat gigi tungkek gigi shift shift general doctor, GP, doctor, physician dokter dokter practitioner, general doctor, GP practitioner, physician Gents Men’s Room Men’s Room ruangan pria ruangan lakik-laki geologist geologist geologist, ahli geologi ahli geologi rockhound get your knickers get your panties get your panties in ambil celana anda ambiak sarawa in a twist in a bunch a wad di dalam waang di dalam tumpukan itu tumpuakan itu gherkin pickle, pickle, pickled acar pickled cucumber cucumber Girl Guide Girl Guide Girl Scout pramuka pramuka padusi perempuan giro welfare cheque welfare check cek kesejahteraan cek kesejahteraan given name, given name, first name, given nama depan namo dimuko Christian name, first name name first name give way (street yield yield menghasilkan menghasilkan sign) glandular fever glandular fever, mononucleosis mononukleosis mononukleosis mononucleosis , specs, glasses, specs glasses, eyeglasses, kacamata kacamata spectacles eyeglasses, spectacles, specs spectacles glove box glove box, glove compartment sarung tangan saruang tangan jockey box,

28 glove compartment goalkeeper goalkeeper, goaltender kiper kiper goaltender gobbledegook, gobbledegook, gobbledegook, melahap melahap gobbledygook gobbledygook, gobbledygook, bafflegab bafflegab golden syrup corn syrup corn syrup sirup jagung sirup jaguang goodbye, bye, goodbye, bye, goodbye, bye, see Selamat tinggal Salamaik tingga cheerio, ta ta, ta see you (later) you (later) ta for now, see you (later), toodle pip (dated) goods train freight train freight train kereta barang kareta barang goose pimples goose bumps goose bumps merinding merindiang gossip, goss, gossip, gossip, scuttlebutt, gosip gosip tittle-tattle scuttlebutt, tittle-tattle tittle-tattle got (past gotten, got gotten, got mendapakan mandapekan participle) GP, general doctor, GP, doctor, physician dokter dokter practitioner, general doctor practitioner, physician gradient gradient, grade grade kelas, tingkat kelas, tingkat grandma, nan, grandma, grandma, gramma nenek niniak nanny, gran gramma (informal), gran (informal), gran, nan (Nfld) grandpa, grampy, grandpa, grandpa, grampa, kakek angku grandad, gramps, grampa, gramps, gramps, granddad, granddad granddad, grandad, grandad, granddaddy, granddaddy, grandaddy grandaddy grass, grasser (n) informer, snitch informer, snitch informan, informan, mangadu mengadu grass (v), shop tattle tattle mengadukan mangaduan grease-proof wax paper wax paper kertas lilin karateh lilin paper green fingers green thumb green thumb jempol hijau jempol hijau gribbit (frog) ribbit ribbit grill (v) broil broil memanggang mamanggang ground floor ground floor, first floor lantai pertama lantai prtamo main floor G-string G-string, thong thong, G-string sandal jepit tarompa Japang guide dog guide dog, guide dog, seeing panduan anjing panduan anjiang seeing eye dog eye dog Guide Dogs for Guide Dogs for Guiding Eyes for anjing penuntun anjing panuntun the Blind the Blind, the Blind, Guide orang buta urang buto

29 Guiding Eyes Dogs for the Blind for the Blind

30 H British Canadian American Indonesia Minangkaba n u hair grip bobby pin bobby pin grip rambut grip rambuik hair slide barrette barrette jepit sapik hair spray, hair hair spray hair spray semprot semprot rambuik lacquer rambut half-board Modified Modified dimodifikasi dimodifikasi American American Plan rencana rencana Amerika, Plan (MAP) (MAP) Amerika, setengah papan (unusual) (unusual) setengah papan hall auditorium, auditorium, hall auditorium, auditorium, aula hall aula hall of residence dorm, res dorm asrama asrama (uni) hamburger, hamburger, hamburger, roti isi daging roti isi dagiang burger, burger burger beefburger handbag handbag, purse, tas tas purse pocketbook hand brake parking parking brake, rem tangan rem tangan brake, emergency emergency brake brake hang up, ring off hang up hang up menutup menutup telepon telepon hanky panky, get making out making out bermesraan bermesraan off with happy slapping ? ? senang suko malampang menampar hardback (book) hardback, hardcover, sampul keras sampul kareh hardcover hardback hardware hardware housewares peralatan pakakeh rumah rumah tanggo tangga harmonica, harmonica, harmonica harmonika harmonika mouth organ mouth organ, mulut mouth harp hash (sign on pound key, pound key, kunci pound kunci pound phone) pound pound haulage haulage trucking perusahaan parusahaan truk truk have a natter shoot the shit shoot the membual gadang ota breeze hazelnut hazelnut hazelnut, filbert kemiri dama

31 headlamp, headlight, headlight lampu lampu headlight headlamp headmaster, headmaster, principal kepala Kapalo sekolah headmistress, headmistress, sekolah head teacher head teacher health farm spa spa pertanian pertanian kesehatan kesehatan healthy healthy healthy, sehat sehat healthful hen night bachelorette bachelorette pesta lajang pesta lajang party, party, stagette stagette party party hessian burlap burlap kain goni kain goni hiccup hiccup hiccup, cegukan cegukan hiccough high heels, spike heels, spike heels, sepatu hak sapatu hak tinggi stilettos high heels high heels tinggi high school, secondary high school, Sekolah comp, school, high junior high, Tinggi, SMP, secondary school, junior senior high SMA school, high, senior comprehensive high school high street main street, main street, jalan utama, jalan utamo main drag main drag jalan raya hire car rental car rental car mobil sewaan oto sewaan hire purchase, instalment instalment plan rencana rencana angsuran HP, never-never plan angsuran hit the sack hit the sack, hit the hay pergi tidur pai lalok hit the hay hob hot plate, hot plate, piring panas, piring panas, burner burner pembakar pembakar hockey field hockey field hockey hoki hoki hole-in-the- ABM, ATM, ATM, bank ATM, mesin ATM, masin wall, cashpoint, bank machine, cash bank, mesin bank, masin cash dispenser machine, machine, ATM, instan ATM, instan cash instant teller teller teller machine, instant teller holiday, hols vacation, vacation liburan liburan holiday holidaymaker holidaymaker vacationer orang yang urang nan sadang , vacationer sedang barlibur berlibur home affairs ? domestic affairs urusan dalam urusan dalam negeri nagari homely (room homely, homey ruangan yang ruangan yang

32 that is pleasant homey menyenangk menyenangkan & comfortable) an dan dan nyaman nyaman Hooch (alco-pop Mike's Hard ? limun limun drink) Lemonade hoover, vacuum vacuum vacuum cleaner penyedot paisok abu cleaner, vac cleaner debu hoover, vacuum vacuum vacuum alat pengisap alat paisok abu (v) debu horse manure horse horse manure, kotoran kuda cirik kudo manure, road apple horse bun, road apple hose, hosepipe hose hose selang, pipa selang, pipa aia air hotch-potch hodgepodge hodgepodge campur aduk campua aduak hot flush hot flash hot flash menyiram menyiram housecoat housecoat housedress daster daster housemate, roommate, roommate, teman kawan sakamar flatmate housemate, roomie sekamar roomie House of House of House of Dewan Dewan Commons Commons Representatives Perwakilan Perwakilan Rakyat Rakyat housewife housewife, homemaker, ibu rumah ibu rumah tanggo homemaker housewife tangga housing estate subdivision, track housing, perumahan parumahan housing subdivision development How are you? How are you? How are you? Apa kabar? Apokaba? Baa How's it How's it How's it going? Bagaimana kaba waang? Ado hanging? How's going? What's up? kabarmu? apo? tricks? All What's up? Ada apa? right? How's it going? HP, never-never, instalment instalment plan rencana rancana angsuran hire purchase plan angsuran

33 I British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau iced lolly, lolly popsicle popsicle es loli es loli ice hockey hockey, NHL ice hockey, hoki hoki hockey, NHL ice hockey hockey player, hockey player pemain hoki pemain hoki player puckster ice pops freezies ? ? ? ice rink arena, ice rink, ice rink arena arena ice pad, ice palace (specifically for hockey) ice rink Zamboni ice rink machine mesin es masin es machine (??) (??) icing icing, frosting frosting, icing membeku membeku icing sugar icing sugar powdered sugar, gula bubuk gula bubuk confectioner’s sugar identity parade line-up line-up berbaris berbaris ill, poorly, sick sick sick sakit sakit immersion water heater water heater pemanas air pemanas air (heater) income welfare, pogey welfare kesejahteraan kesejahteraan support, on the dole Indian, Asian East Indian, Indian, South India, Asia India, Asia Selatan South Asian Asian Selatan

Indian meal, Indian meal, Indian meal, makanan India makanan India an Indian Indian Indian Indian Indian Indian restoran India restoran India restaurant, restaurant restaurant Indian, curry house, balti indicator, turn signal lever, turn signal lampu sen lampu sen winker (on a turn signal car) indirect indirect speech, indirect speech, kalimat tidak kalimat tidak speech, reported speech, reported speech, langsung langsung reported indirect indirect speech discourse discourse

34 Inland Revenue Internal layanan layanan Revenue Canada, RevCan Revenue Service pendapatan pendapatan (IRS) internal internal insect, creepy- insect, bug, insect, bug serangga serangga crawly creepy-crawly inside leg inseam inseam kaki bagian kaki bagian dalam dalam interval intermission intermission istirahat istirahat in-tray in-tray, in- in-tray, in- di keranjang di karanjang basket basket

35 J British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau jab (injection) shot shot tembakan tembakan jacket potato, baked potato baked potato kentang kantang panggang baked potato panggang jail, gaol, the prison, jail, clink prison, jail, penjara panjaro nick, prison, ,pen, hoosegow, clink, slammer penitentiary, penitentiary, lock-up jailhouse, lock- hoosegow, up, pen, pokey jailhouse, pokey jam jelly, jam jelly selai selai jeans jeans blue jeans, jeans celana jeans sarawa jeans jelly jell-o jell-o selai selai jersey, sweater sweater switer switer pullover, jumper, sweater Jock, Scotsman Scotsman orang Skotlandia urang Skotlandia Scotsman Joe Bloggs Joe Blow, Joe Joe Blow, Joe Joe Publik Joe Publik Public, John Public, John Doe, Joe Bloggs, Doe Bloggins jogging track pants sweat pants celana menyerap celana menyerap bottoms, keringat keringat tracksuit bottoms johnny, French condom, rubber condom, rubber kondom kondom letter, condom, Durex joint joint, grass, joint, grass, ganja ganja (marijuana), hash, reefer, BC hash, reefer spliff, wacky- bud backy, grass, hash, skunk, reefer joint (meat) roast roast memanggang memanggang jug jug, pitcher pitcher kendi guci juggernaut, tractor-trailer, tractor-trailer, traktor-trailer traktor-trailer articulated semi, semi- semi, semi- lorry, artic trailer, rig, trailer, rig, trailer truck, trailer truck fifth wheel, 18- wheeler jumble sale, garage sale, yard rummage sale, obral barang obral barang lamo car boot sale sale, flea market garage sale, yard lama sale, flea market, swap meet

36 jumper, sweater sweater switer switer sweater, jersey, pullover jump lead jumper cable, jumper cable, peloncat kabel paloncek kabel booster cable booster cable

37 K British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau , ketchup ketchup, catsup saus tomat saus tomat sauce kilometre kilometre, klick kilometer kilometer kilometer kipper smoked herring smoked herring ikan salai ikan salai kitchen roll, paper towel paper towel handuk kertas handuk kertas paper towel knackered, worn out, worn out, tired, lusuh lusuah shattered, pooped, pooped all in, (all) worn out, out, tuckered tuckered out, bollocksed, out pooped out, buggered, pooped cream crackered, fagged (out), whacked, wiped out, zonked knapsack, knapsack, knapsack, uncang uncang daypack daypack, daypack, packsack packsack knickers, panties, panties, celana dalam celana dalam undies, smalls, underwear, underwear, wanita wanita pants (female) undies, ginch, undies gonch, gitch, gotch get your get your panties get your panties mendapatkan mendapatkan knickers in a in a bunch in a wad celana anda di sarawa anda di twist tumpukkan tumpuakkan

38 L British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau Labour Party Liberal Party Democratic Partai Demokrat Partai Demokrat Party lad, bloke, guy, lad (Nfld) guy orang orang guy, chap, geezer ladder (in run (in run menjalankan menjalankan tights) pantyhose) ladies women’s women’s ruangan perempuan ruangan padusi room, ladies room, ladies room room ladybird ladybug ladybug kumbang kecil kumbang kecil lager (light lager, beer beer bir bir beer) larch larch, larch - - tamarack larder, pantry pantry lemari makan lemari makan pantry last orders last call last call panggilan terakhir panggilan terakhir (pub) launderette, laundromat, laundromat mesin cuci dgn koin mesin cuci dgn koin laundrette coin laundry laundry laundry laundry keranjang cucian keranjang cucian basket basket, hamper laundry hamper lay-by pull-off pull-off tarik tarik lead (for leash leash rantai anjing rantai anjiang dog) leave school graduate graduate lulus lulus lecturer professor professor profesor profesor (university teacher without PhD) let, rent, let rent rent menyewa menyewa out letterbox mailbox, mail mailbox, mail kotak surat kotak surat slot slot level railway railroad persimpangan kereta persimpangan kereta crossing crossing, level crossing, api api crossing grade crossing lice, nits lice, cooties lice, cooties kutu kutu licence plate, licence plate license plate pelat pelat number plate lie-in, to sleep in sleep in tidur di tidur di have a life life insurance life insurance asuransi jiwa asuransi jiwa

39 insurance, life assurance life jacket life jacket life preserver, baju pelampung baju palampung life vest lift elevator elevator lighthouse lighthouse lighthouse, mercu suar mercu suar light station lightning lightning rod lightning rod penangkal petir penangka petir conductor liquidizer, blender blender pencampur pancampua liquidiser little finger pinkie pinkie kelingking kalingking living room, living room, living room ruang keluarga ruang keluarga sitting room, sitting room lounge, drawing room, reception room lollipop lollipop, sucker, pengisap pengisap sucker lollipop lollipop crossing guard crossing guard penjaga Penjago lady/man persimpangan pasimpangan lolly, iced popsicle popsicle es loli es loli lolly Loch Ness Ogopogo Champie (NE monster, USA) Nessie lodger lodger, boarder pemondok pamondok boarder lonely lonely, lonely, kesepian kesepian lonesome lonesome long jump long jump, long jump, broad jump broad jump long-sighted far-sighted far-sighted rabun dekat rabun dekat loo, bog, lav, toilet, john, kamar mandi kamar mandi toilet (in a bathroom, bathroom, home) biffy, john, can, shithouse, lav, shitter, outhouse, crapper, can, toilet loo, pisser, the head loo roll, toilet paper bathroom tisu kamar mandi tisu kamar mandi toilet paper, tissue, toilet toilet roll paper lorry truck truck truk truk lorry driver truck driver, teamster, buruh pengangkutan buruh pengangkutan teamster trucker lost property lost and found lost and found hilang dan hilang dan ditemukan ditemukan

40 lounge, living room, living room ruang keluarga ruang kaluarga drawing sitting room room, reception room, living room, sitting room love bite love bite, hickey cupang cupang hickey luggage baggage, baggage, bagasi, koper bagasi, koper luggage luggage lumberjack logger, logger tukang tebang kayu tukang tabang kayu lumberjack lunch, lunch lunch makan siang makan siang dinner lunch box lunch box, lunch box, kotak bekal makan kotak bekal makan lunch pail, lunch pail, siang siang brown bag brown bag

41 M British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau macaroni macaroni and macaroni and makaroni dan makaroni dan keju cheese cheese, Kraft cheese keju dinner mac(k), raincoat raincoat jas hujan jas hujan raincoat mad, crazy crazy crazy gila gila main course entrée, main entrée, main hidangan utama hidangan utamo course course main road main road, highway jalan raya jalan raya highway male male prostitute male prostitute pelacur pria poyok jantan prostitute, rent boy mange-tout snow peas, sugar snow peas, sugar gula kacang gulo kacang polong peas peas polong manic manic manic bipolar bipolar depression depression, depression, bipolar bipolar man of the most valuable most valuable kebanyakan kebanyakan match player player pemain berharga pemain berharga marks marks, grades grades nilai nilai marrow vegetable vegetable labu air labu air marrow marrow, gourd mashed potato, mashed potato mashed potato kentang tumbuk kantang tumbuak mash, Smash masking tape duct tape, duct tape, lakban lakban masking tape masking tape maths math math matematika matematika mature mature, sharp, mature, sharp, dewasa dewasa (cheese) vintage vintage mayor mayor, reeve mayor walikota walikota merry-go- carousel, merry- carousel, merry- komedi putar komedi puta round, go-round go-round roundabout Mexican wave wave wave gelombang gelombang Middle East Middle East, Middle East, Timur Tengah Timur Tengah Mideast Mideast mileometer odometer odometer odometer odometer mince, minced ground , ground beef daging giling beef minced meat minor collision fender-bender fender-bender tabrakan kecil tabrakan ketek (between vehicles) mobile home, trailer, mobile trailer, mobile trailer, rumah trailer, rumah caravan home, motor home, motor mobil, rumah mobil, rumah home, fifth home, fifth motor motor wheel, RV wheel,

42 (recreational Winnebago vehicle) mobile phone, cell(ular) phone, cell(ular) phone, ponsel ponsel mobile, moby mobile phone mobile phone moggie, pussy, cat, pussycat cat, pussycat kucing kuciang cat, pussycat money, brass, money money uang pitih loot, lolly, bread, bunce, dosh, spondulicks, dough, lookah, wonga Monopolies & Competition Federal Trade komisi komisi perdangan Mergers Tribunal Commission perdangan federal Commission, (FTC) federal Office of Fair Trading mosquito, mosquito, mosquito, nyamuk nyamuk mozzie skeeter skeeter most most successful most successful, paling berhasil paliang barhasil successful winningest (sl) Mother's Day, Mother's Day Mother's Day Hari Ibu Hari Ibu Mothering Sunday motorbike motorbike, hog, motorcycle, hog sepeda motor sapeda motor motorcycle motorbike motorway highway, freeway, jalan bebas jalan bebas freeway, expressway, hambatan hambatan autoroute highway, (Quebec), interstate, superhighway superhighway mountaineer mountaineer mountaineer, pendaki gunung pendaki gunung alpinist mouth organ, harmonica, harmonica harmonika harmonika mulut harmonica mouth organ, mulut mouth harp mudguard fender fender spatbor spatbor muesli granola granola granola granola multi-purpose minivan minivan minivan minivan vehicle, MPV, people carrier multi-storey parkade, parking garage garasi parkir garasi parkir car park parking garage mum, mummy mom, mommy, mom, mommy, mama mama mum, mummy mama mummy's boy mama's boy mama's boy anak mama anak mama Murphy's Law, Murphy's Law Murphy's Law hukum Murphy hukum Murphy Sod's Law musical statues freeze dance freeze dance patung musik patung musik

43 N British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau nail varnish nail polish, nail nail polish, nail cat kuku cat kuku enamel enamel nancy boy, gay, fag, faggot, gay, fag, faggot, homoseks homoseks pansy, fairy, homo, queen, fairy, queen, gay, poof, fairy, queer, homo, fairy, poofta, bent, lesbo, nancy, (all lesbo, (all queen, queer, offensive except offensive except (all offensive for `gay`) for `gay`) except for `gay`) napkin, napkin, serviette napkin, table serbet serbet serviette napkin nappy diaper, pampers diaper, pampers popok popok National Medical Services Medicaid pelayanan palayanan Health Service Plan (MSP) kesehatan kesehatan national (NHS) national national social insurance social security nomor KTP nomor KTP insurance number, SIN number number (Native) Indian, native, Indian, native, asli amerika asli amerika American aborigine, Native Indian, Red Native American, Indian American, American Indian (offensive) aboriginal Native First Nations, Indians, natives, Indian Amerika Indian Amerika American aborigines, First American Indians, Peoples, natives, Indians, Native American Canadian Americans, Red Indians, Red Indians, Native Indians Indians Americans, Red (offensive) (offensive) Indians (offensive) nativity scene nativity scene, nativity scene, pemandangan pemandangan manger scene manger scene sekitar sekitar naturist, nudist nudist nudist anggota anggota perkempulan perkempulan hidup telanjang hidup telanjang neat (drink) straight straight lurus luruih neighbourhood neighbourhood neighborhood, lingkungan lingkuangan 'hood net curtains sheers sheers, tirai bersih tirai bersih underdrapes never-never, instalment plan instalment plan rencana rencana angsuran hire purchase, angsuran HP new recruit rookie rookie calon calon newspaper press clipping press clipping guntingan surat guntingan surat clipping kabar kabar

44 newsreader newscaster, newscaster, penyiar warta penyiar warta news anchor anchor berita berita newsagent’s newsstand newsstand kios koran kios koran nick, pinch, steal, punk'd steal mencuri mencuri steal nightdress, nightgown, nightgown, baju tidur baju lalok nightie nightie, nightie, nightdress nightdress nightshift nightshift, nightshift, pergeseran pergeseran graveyard shift graveyard shift kuburan kuburan nosey parker, busybody, nosy busybody orang yg suka urang nan suko busybody parker campur tangan campua tangan dlm urusan dlm urusan urang orang lain lain note (money) bill bill tagihan tagihan noticeboard bulletin board, bulletin board, papan papan message board message board pengumuman pangumuman noughts and tic-tac-toe, X's & tic-tac-toe tebak-tebakan takok- taki jo crosses O's dgn angka angko nowhere nowhere nowhere, no tidak ada tempat tidak ada tempat place nudist, naturist nudist nudist anggota anggota perkempulan perkempulan hidup telanjang hidup telanjang number plate, licence plate license plate pelat pelat licence plate Numbers: one one hundred one hundred 123 123 hundred and twenty three twenty-three twenty three nursery, day care, day nursery, day penitipan penitipan crèche, day nursery care, nursery care nuttier than a nuttier than a nutty, fruitcake, gila gila fruitcake fruitcake, crazier as crazy as a than a bag of loon, out of hammers w(h)ack, pop one's cork

45 O British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau OAP, old aged senior, OAP, old senior, senior senior senior pensioner, aged pensioner, citizen pensioner, senior citizen senior citizen odds and ends, odds and ends odds and ends barang sisa barang sisa odds and sods, bits and bobs old age old age security social security pemeriksaan pamareksoan pension check keamanan sosial kaamanan sosial off-licence, liquor store, liquor store toko alkohol offie, beer & bond store wine store (Nfld) oilskins slicker, slicker jas hujan jas hujan sou'wester (east coast) old boy, old alumnus, alumni, alumni alumni girl alumni, alumna, alumnus, alum alumna, alum on foot on foot, afoot on foot, afoot berjalan kaki berjalan kaki on heat in heat in heat panas panas ONO (or OBO (or best OBO (or best penawaran penawaran paliang nearest offer) offer) offer) terbaik elok open-plan open-plan, open open-plan rencana terbuka rencana terbuka (house) concept operating operating room, operating room, ruang operasi ruang operasi theatre OR OR optician optometrist, optometrist ahli kacamata ahli kacamata optician out tray out tray, out out tray, out keluar keranjang keluar keranjang basket basket oven glove oven mitt oven mitt sarung tangan sarung tangan oven oven overalls coveralls coveralls baju kerja baju kerja (different from American 'overalls`) overheads overhead overhead atas ateh overtake (a pass pass lulus lulus car) Oxfam, thrift store, thrift store, toko tangan toko tangan kedua second-hand second-hand second-hand kedua shop, charity store, value store, value shop village village

46 P British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau pack of cards deck of cards deck of cards setumpuk kartu satumpuak kartu pad, sanitary maxi-pad, pad (feminine) serbet serbet towel, brick napkin, pad, maxi-pad paddling pool wading pool wading pool kolam rendam kolam randam pager, beeper pager, beeper beeper pager pager pancake, pancake, panekuk pinukuik flapjack, flapjack, hotcake pancake roll, egg roll, spring egg roll, spring lumpia spring roll roll roll pansy, fairy, gay, fag, faggot, gay, fag, faggot, gay, homo gay, homo gay, poof, homo, fairy, homo, fairy, poofta, bent, queer, lesbo, queer, lesbo, queer, nancy nancy, (all (all offensive, boy, (all offensive, except except for offensive, for `gay`) `gay`) except for `gay`) pantry, larder pantry pantry lemari makan lamari makan pants, knickers, panties, panties, pakaian dalam pakaian dalam undies, smalls underwear, underwear, (female) undies, ginch, undies gonch, gitch, gotch paperback paperback, paperback, buku bersampul buku bersampul softcover softcover tipis tipih paper knife letter opener letter opener pembuka surat pembuka surek paper round paper route paper route rute kertas rute karteh parka, anorak parka, anorak parka parka parka parliament parliament congress Kongres Kongres paraffin paraffin, kerosene minyak tanah minyak tanah kerosene pass away, pop pass away pass away, pass berlalu, lulus balalu, lulus one's clogs pastry base crust crust kerak karak patience, solitaire solitaire pertapa patapa solitaire (card game) patrol car, squad car, patrol squad car, mobil polisi oto polisi panda car car, smokey patrol car, (dated) smokey (dated) pavement sidewalk sidewalk, trotoar trotoar pavement (unusual) pay cut wage cut, wage cut, dipotong upah dipotong upah rollback, pay cut rollback, pay cut

47 pay packet pay packet, pay pay envelope amplop gaji amplop gaji envelope pay slip pay slip, pay pay slip, pay slip pembayaran slip pambayaran stub, pay stub, pay statement statement pedestrian crosswalk crosswalk penyeberangan panyabarangan crossing, zebra crossing pelican crossing pedestrian- pedestrian- penyeberangan panyabarangan controlled controlled pejalan kaki pejalan kaki nan crosswalk crosswalk yang dikandalian dikendalikan pelmet valance valance kelambu kelambu people carrier, minivan minivan minivan minivan MPV, multi- purpose vehicle, pensioner, senior, OAP, old senior, senior senior OAP, old aged aged pensioner citizen pensioner pepper, pepper, bell pepper, paprika paprika capsicum capsicum, bell sweet pepper pepper percolator percolator, perk percolator cerek penapis cerek penapis kopi (coffee) kopi perfume, scent perfume perfume parfum parfum pernickety pernickety, pernickety, rewel rewel persnickety persnickety (informal) (informal) personnel personnel human sumber daya sumber daya department department, resources manusia manusia human resources perspex plexiglass plexiglass ? ? petrol gas, gasoline gas, gasoline bensin bensin petrol station, gas station, gas station, POM bensin POM bensin filling station, filling station, filling station, service station gas bar, service service station station phone (v), on phone, call, call, call in, call panggilan panggilan the phone, phone in, call in, up, call round phone in, phone up, call phone up, ring, up, call round ring round, ring up phone box, call phone booth phone booth bilik telepon bilik telepon box photocopier xerox machine, xerox machine, mesin fotokopi mesin fotokopi photocopier photocopier physiotherapist, physiotherapist, physical terapi fisik terapi fisik physio physio therapist

48 pick up, pick up pick up, pick up pick up, pick up truk pengangkut truk pengangkuik truck truck truck

49 Q British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau quarrel, argument, argument, bertengkar batangka slanging quarrel, spat quarrel, spat match, argument, row queer, Nancy gay, fag, faggot, gay, fag, faggot, aneh aneh boy, pansy, homo, fairy, homo, queer, fairy, gay, queer, lesbo, lesbo, (all poof, poofta, (all offensive, offensive, except bent (all except for for `gay`) offensive, `gay`) except for `gay`) question time question period ? waktu bertanya waktu bertanya (parliament) queue (v), stand in line stand in line, antre antre queue up line up, stand on line (NYC) queue (n) line up, queue line antre antre (Victoria, B.C.) quilt, duvet, quilt quilt selimut kapas salimuik kapeh continental quilt, duvet quizmaster host host pembawa acara pembawa acara kuis kuis quotation quotation, estimate, a kutipan kutipan estimate, a quote quote

50 R British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau RAC, AA CAA AAA AAA AAA racism, racialism racism, racism rasisme rasisme racialism railway railway railroad jalan kareta api jalan kareta api railwayman railwayman rail worker, pekerja kereta pakarjo kareta api railroad worker api rain (weather forecast) rain, rain, hujan, curah hujan, curah hujan precipitation precipitation hujan raincoat, mac(k) raincoat, slicker raincoat, slicker jas hujan jas hujan randy randy, horny horny cabul, birahi cabul, birahi ratepayer ratepayer ? pembayar pajak pembayar pajak reader associate associate profesor profesor professor professor really (I had a really real, really real, really nyata, benar- nyato, bena-bena good time) benar reception reception, front front desk resepsionis resepsionis desk receptionist receptionist, receptionist, resepsionis resepsionis desk clerk desk clerk reception room, living living room living room ruang keluarga ruang kaluarga room, sitting room, lounge, drawing room recliner recliner, la-z- recliner, la-z- kursi kursi boy boy red light, traffic light red light, stop red light, stop lampu merah, lampu merah, light light lampu berhenti lampu berhenti redundancy layoff, layoff, PHK, berhemat PHK, berhemat downsize, downsize, rightsize rightsize redundant laid off laid off PHK PHK reel (as in cotton reel) spool spool kumparan kumparan register register, roster roster daftar daftar registrar (hospital) admitting admitting mengakui mengakui petugas officer officer petugas registrar (marriage) justice of the justice of the hakim setempat hakim setempat peace / peace registrar registry office (births, City Hall City Hall Balai Kota Balai Kota marriages & deaths) reindeer reindeer, reindeer, rusa rusa caribou, cariboo caribou

51 (rare) reverse (car) back up back up mundur mundur Remembrance Day, Remembrance Veteran’s Day, Hari Veteran Hari Veteran Poppy Day Day, Poppy Day Memorial Day rent, let, let out rent rent menyewa menyewa rent boy, male male prostitute, male prostitute, pelacur laki-laki pelacur laki-laki prostitute rent boy, male rent boy, male escort, escort escort, escort repayable repayable, payable utang utang payable repeat (TV) repeat, rerun repeat, rerun ulangi, tayangan ulangi, tayangan ulang ulang report report card report card rapor rapor residents’ association neighbourhood neighborhood rukun tetangga rukun tetangga association, association (RT) (RT) subdivision association resit (exam) retake retake merebut merebut kembali kembali result (exam) score, grade score, grade skor, kelas skor, kelas retirement party retirement retirement pesta pensiun, pesta pensiun, party, roast party, roast panggang panggang return (ticket), day return, round- round-trip perjalanan perjalanan pulang return trip pulang pergi pergi reverse the charges call collect, call collect mengumpulkan mengumpuaan reverse the panggilan panggilan charges rib-eye (unusual) rib-eye steak rib-eye steak, daging iga dagiang iga delmonica panggang panggang steak ring, ring round, ring phone, call, call, call in, call menelepon, manalepon, up, phone, on the phone in, call up, call round memanggil maimbao phone, phone in, phone in, phone up, up, bell, buzz call up, call round Ring-a-ring o' roses, Ring-a-ring o' Ring-a-ring o' kita semua awak sadonyo A pocket full of posies, roses, roses, jatuh. jatuah. A-tishoo! A-tishoo! A pocket full of A pocket full of We all fall down. posies, posies, Ashes! Ashes! Ashes! Ashes! We all fall We all fall down. down. ring off, hang up hang up hang up menutup manutuik telepon telepon ring-pull pull tab pull tab ring road ring road beltway jalan melingkar jalan malingka rise (in salary) raise raise menaikkan menaikan

52 road surface road surface, pavement trotoar trotoar asphalt road works construction construction konstruksi konstruksi rocking chair rocking chair, rocker, rocking kursi goyang kursi goyang rocker chair roll, bap, bun, batch, roll, bun roll, bun sanggul sanggul cob roll (sandwich), balm sub, submarine, sub, submarine, kapal selam kapal selam (regional) Subway Subway, sub sandwich, hoagy, hoagie, hogie, hero, poboy, poor- boy, grinder roll of honour honour roll honor roll lingkaran lingkaran kehormatan kehormatan roof rack roof rack luggage rack bagasi bagasi room only (in a hotel) European Plan European Plan hanya kamar hanya kamar (EP) (unusual) (EP) (unusual) roundabout roundabout, traffic circle bundaran lalu bundaran lalu traffic circle lintas lintas row, quarrel, slanging argument, argument, argumen, argumen, match, argument quarrel, spat, quarrel, spat pertengkaran, pertengkaran, row meludah meludah rowdy behaviour roughhousing, roughhousing, perilaku gaduh perilaku gaduh rowdy rowdy behavior behaviour rowing boat rowboat rowboat perahu dayung perahu dayung Royal Mail Canada Post Postal Service layanan pos layanan pos RSPCA SPCA SPCA ? ? rubber eraser eraser penghapus pangapuih rug rug, area rug rug, area rug karpet karpet rumpus ruckus ruckus keributan heboh runner beans, French string beans string beans kacang panjang kacang panjang beans Rubbish!, Rhubarb!, Nonsense!, Nonsense!, omong kosong gadang ota Balls!, bosh, cack, Garbage! Crap! Garbage! Crap! Cobblers! Crap! Bollocks! Knickers!, Pants!, Piffle!, Pigshit!, Rot!, tommy rot, tosh rubbish garbage, trash garbage, trash sampah sampah, sarok rubbish bin, bin, garbage can, garbage can, tong sampah, tong sarok, tempek wastepaper basket/bin trashcan trashcan tempat sampah sarok rumbustious rambunctious rambunctious kasar kasa

53 S British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkaba u sack (from a job) fire, to be fire, to be api api canned canned sailing boat sailboat sailboat perahu layar arahu layia saloon (car), sedan, four- sedan, four- sedan sedan four-door door door sand pit sand box sand box kotak pasir kotak pasir sandwich, sarni, sandwich sandwich sandwich sandwich butty sanitary towel, maxi-pad, pad (feminine) serbet serbet pad, brick, jam napkin, pad rag maxi-pad, sanitary pad, kotex pad Santa Claus, Santa Claus, Santa Claus, sinterklas sinterklas Father Santa Santa, St Nick Christmas, Santa sausage, banger, sausage, link, sausage, link, sosis sosis hot dog sausage, wiener, wiener, chipolata, frankfurter, frankfurter, saveloy, frank, smokie, frank frankfurter steamie (Que) scent, perfume perfume perfume parfum parfum school, at school, in school, in sekolah sekolah school fete, field day field day sports day secateurs pruning shears, pruning shears hari olah raga hari olah raga secateurs secondary high school high school SMA SMA school, high school, comprehensive school second class, economy, coach coach pelatih pelatih economy second-hand thrift store, thrift store, toko barang toko barang bakeh shop, charity thrift shop, second-hand bekas shop, Oxfam, Value Village, store, Goodwill Sally Ann Sally Ann, store second-hand store see-saw see-saw, teeter- see-saw, teeter- lihat-melihat, liek-maliek, papan totter totter papan jungkat- jungkak-jungkik jungkit self-catering efficiency unit efficiency efisiensi efisiensi sellotape, sticky scotch tape scotch tape selotip isolasi ban tape

54 semi-detached duplex semi-detached, sebagian sebagian house, semi duplex bersambung basambuang semi-skimmed 1%, 2% 1%, 2% - - (milk) cream of wheat cream of wheat krim gandum krim gandum senior (officer) ranking ranking peringkat paringkek serviette, napkin, napkin, table serbet serbet napkin serviette napkin settee, sofa, sofa, couch, sofa, couch, sofa, dipan sofa, dipan couch Chesterfield divan (dated) shaman, healer, shaman, healer, shaman, healer, dukun dukun witch doctor witch doctor, witch doctor angakok (Inuit) shandy beer with beer with bir dengan bir jo limun lemonade lemonade limun shattered, worn out, tired worn out, tired usang, lelah usang, latiah knackered, worn out, tired shoelace shoelace, shoelace, tali sepatu tali sapatu shoestring shoestring shop (retail store, shop, store, shoppe toko toko outlet) shoppe (to be (to be quaint), quaint) shop (if the place sells a service, e.g. repair shop, beauty shop) shop assistant sales clerk, sales clerk, pegawai sales pegawai sales saleslady, saleslady, saleswoman, saleswoman, salesman, salesman, salesperson salesperson shop front storefront storefront etalase etalase shopkeeper, shopkeeper, storekeeper, petugas toko petugas toko shop manager storekeeper, store manager store manager shopping mall, shopping mall, shopping pusat pusat centre, centre, plaza, center plaza, perbelanjaan perbelanjaan shopping strip mall strip mall precinct short, shooter shooter, shooter, penembak penembak highball highball short-sighted nearsighted, nearsighted, mata ayam mato ayam myopic myopic Shreddies Shreddies Chex - - Shut up! Shut Shut up! shut up! diam! diam! your trap! Shut your cakehole! Belt up! sick, ill, poorly sick sick sakit sakik sideboard buffet buffet prasmanan prasmanan

55 (furniture) side dish side dish, side side dish, side lauk samba order order silencer (car) muffler muffler knalpot knalpot Sindy, Barbie Barbie barbie barbie barbie singer (female) singer singer, penyanyi penyanyi songstress single (ticket) one-way (ticket) one-way satu arah ciek arah single cream light cream light cream krim tunggal krim tunggal sister, R.N. senior female senior female perawat wanita perawat wanita (hospital) nurse, R.N. nurse, R.N. senior senior sitting room, living room, living room, ruang tamu, ruang tamu, ruang lounge, drawing front room, front room, ruang depan depan room, reception parlour parlor room, living (regional) (regional) room, front room, parlour (dated) skimmed milk skim milk skim milk susu tanpa rum susu tanpa rum skip dumpster dumpster tempat sampah tampek sarok skipping rope skipping rope, jump rope lompat tali lompek tali jump rope skirting board baseboard baseboard alas tiang aleh tonggak skive off, bunk skip, play skip, play membolos, mambolos, off, throw a hooky, cut class hooky, cut class, membuang mambuang sickie goof off waktu wakatu slag, slut, bike, slut, whore, slut, whore, pelacur, pelacur, whore, slapper, tramp (all tramp (all gelandangan galandangan tart (all offensive) offensive) offensive) slanging match, argument, argument, argumen, argumen, argument, row, quarrel quarrel pertengkaran patangkaran quarrel sledge sled sled kereta luncur kareta luncua sleeping car sleeping car, pullman mobil mogok oto mogok (train) Pullman sleeping partner sleeping sleeping teman tidur kawan lalok partner, silent partner, silent partner, partner, dormant dormant partner partner sleeping speed bump, speed bump polisi tidur polisi lalok policeman speed hump sleepover sleepover, slumber party, pesta tidur, pesta lalok, pesta slumber party, sleepover, pesta piyama piyama pyjama party pajama party sleeve, jacket jacket Jacket jeket jeket

56 (book) slippers slippers slippers, house sandal, sandal tarompa shoes rumah slip road ramp entry ramp, jalan masuk jalan masuak entrance ramp, exit ramp slush, slush slush, slurpee slush, slurpee, lumpur salju luluak salju puppy ice smack spank spank tamparan tamparan smallholding hobby farm hobby farm hobi pertanian hobi batani smalls, pants, panties, panties, celana dalam sarawa dalam knickers, undies underwear, underwear, wanita padusi (female) undies undies smart arse, smart ass, smart ass, wise sok pintar sok pandai smart alec, smart aleck, guy, smart clever clogs, smarty aleck, smarty clever dick pants smear test pap smear, pap pap smear, pap - - test test Snakes & Snakes & Chutes & ular tangga ula tangga Ladders Ladders Ladders snog (v), French neck, French make out, neck mengerti mengerti kiss (kiss), tonsil (dated), French hockey, swap kiss spit snowmobile sled, snowmobile, kereta luncur kareta luncua snowmobile, Ski-Doo, sled Ski-Doo soccer, football soccer soccer sepak bola sepak bola social security social security, public bantuan publik bantuan publik social assistance assistance, public assistance socket, power outlet, socket outlet, socket stopkontak stopkontak point soda club soda, soda club soda, soda air soda aia soda water, seltzer, water, seltzer, soda soda sofa, couch, sofa, couch, sofa, couch sofa sofa settee Chesterfield soft drink, pop, pop, soft drink soda, soft drink, minuman minuman ringan fizzy drink soda pop, pop, ringan cold drink solicitor, brief lawyer, attorney, lawyer pengacara pangacara barrister & solicitor somewhere somewhere, somewhere, di suatu tempat di suatu tempek someplace someplace sorbet sherbet sherbet serbat sarobat soya bean soybean soybean kedelai Kacang ramang

57 spanner wrench wrench kunci kunci speech therapist speech- speech- pidato bahasa pidato bahasa language language pathologist pathologist ahli patologi ahli patologi spend a penny go to the toilet, go to the toilet, pergi ke toilet pergi ke toilet take a pee go potty, excuse myself, take a pee spirits spirits, liquor liquor minuman keras minuman kareh spliff, joint, joint, grass, joint, grass, ganja ganja grass, wacky hash, hashish, hash, hashish, backy, hash, spliff, toke spliff, toke toke, hashish, funny fag (marijuana) sport, (as sports, e.g CBC sports, e.g. olah raga olah raga reported in the Sports ESPN Sports, media), e.g BBC Sports Sport Illustrated sports day, field day, sports field day hari olahraga hari olahraga school fete day spot, zit pimple, zit pimple, zit jerawat jarawek spring , salad scallion, green daun bawang daun bawang onion, green onion onion spring roll, egg roll, spring egg roll, spring kue gulung kue guluang pancake roll roll roll sprog, baby baby baby bayi bayi spuds, potatoes potatoes potatoes kentang kantang squash racquetball racquetball, labu labu (near- racketball, equivalent), squash racketball, squash squash, cordial concentrated concentrated minuman minuman drink drink berkonsentrat bakonsentrat stag night bachelor party, bachelor party, pesta bujangan pesta bujangan stag party stag party stalagmite stalagmite flowstone, stalagmit stalagmit stalagmite stand for office stand for office, run for office mencalonkan mencalonkan diri run for office diri untuk untuk dipilih dipilih stands, terraces bleachers, bleachers, bangku-bangku bangku-bangku stands stands starfish starfish, sea star starfish, sea star bintang laut bintang lauik starters, entrée, appetizers, hors appetizers, hors permulaan, pamuloan, hors d'oeuvres d'oeuvres d'oeuvres hidangan hidangan state school public school public school sekolah negeri sekolah nagari steal, nick, steal, rip off steal, rip off mencuri, mancilok,

58 pinch, rip off merobek mancabiak stick of rock rock candy rock candy gula batu gulo batu sticks (out in sticks (out in sticks (out in tongkat tungkek the), the back of the), boonies (in the), boonies (in beyond the) the), BFE (bum- fuck Egypt) stilettos, high stilettos, spike spike heels, hak tinggi dan hak tinggi dan heels heels, high high heels runcing runciang heels stocking filler stocking stuffer stocking stuffer bahan stoking bahan stoking stockings nylons nylons stoking nilon stoking nilon stocktaking (making an (making an inventarisasi inventarisasi inventory?) inventory?) stomachache, stomacheache stomachache sakit perut sakit paruik gut-rot stone (person’s 14 lbs 14 lbs batu batu weight) stone (fruit) pit, stone pit pit, batu pit, batu storm in a tempest in a tempest in a kehebohan yg tak kehebohan nan teacup teapot teapot berarti indak baarti stream, brook creek, stream creek, stream sungai, aliran sungai, aliran stretcher stretcher, stretcher, tandu tandu gurney gurney Strictly Come Dancing with Dancing with berdansa dengan badansa jo para Dancing the Stars the Stars para bintang bintang strimmer weed eater weed eater pemakan rumput pemakan rumpuik stroke (the dog) stroke, pet pet belaian belaian study home office home office kantor pusat kantor pusat stupid dumb, stupid dumb, stupid bodoh pandia sub-editor copy-reader copy-reader pemeriksa naskah Pamareso naskah suburb suburb, suburb, kota satelit kota satelit bedroom bedroom community, community, bedroom bedroom suburb, burb suburb, burb subway underpass underpass kereta bawah kereta bawah tanah tanah summer summer break summer break libur musim libur musim holidays (from panas paneh school) sun cream, sunscreen sunscreen krim matahari krim matohari suntan lotion summer time daylight saving daylight saving menghemat maemaik wakatu time time waktu siang hari siang hari sunrise, dawn sunrise, sun-up, sunrise, sun-up, matahari terbit matahari terbit dawn dawn super glue crazy glue, crazy glue, lem gila, lem lem gilo, lem super super glue super glue super supper, dinner, dinner, supper dinner, supper makan malam makan malam

59 tea supply teacher substitute substitute guru pengganti guru pangganti teacher teacher supporters constituency, constituency, konstituen, konstituen, (political) supporters supporters pendukung pandukuang

surgery, doctor’s office doctor’s office kantor dokter kantua dokter doctor’s surgery surgical spirit rubbing alcohol rubbing alcohol spiritus spiritus surname, last surname, last last name nama akir namo akir name, family name name suspender belt suspender belt, garter belt ikat pinggang kabek pinggang garter belt suspender susupender swear word swear word cuss word, kata makian kato makian curse word sweater, jersey, sweater sweater switer switer pullover, jumper swede rutabaga rutabaga orang swedia urang swedia sweet, pudding, dessert dessert pencuci mulut parabuang dessert, afters sweetcorn corn corn jagung jagung yam, sweet yam ubi ubi potato sweets candy candy permen permen swimming swim suit, swim suit, pakaian renang pakaian ranang costume, swim bathing suit bathing suit suit, cozzy (female) swimming Speedos, trunks swim shorts, celana renang sarawa ranang trunks, bathing speedos, trunks trunks, trunks jelly roll jelly roll bolu gulung bolu guluang pakai sele halus Switch Interac ? beralih baraliah swot (n) nerd Nerd kutu buku kutu buku swot (for cram cram menjejalkan mamuruakan exams) (v), cram

60 T British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau table tennis table tennis, table tennis, tenis meja, ping- tenis meja, ping- ping-pong ping-pong pong pong tadpole tadpole, tadpole, kecebong garundang pollywog pollywog take away take out take out, carry mengambil maambiak (food) out mebawa mambao take-out (beer off-sales ? tidak menjual perai from a pub) tailback, traffic traffic jam traffic jam, kemacetan kamacetan jam gridlock tap (indoors) tap, faucet faucet, tap keran kran tap (outdoors) tap spigot keran kran tap (v) wiretap wiretap rekaman suara rekaman suaro dr dr sambungan sambuangan telepon talepon tarmac asphalt, asphalt, aspal aspal, palangkin blacktop, blacktop tarmac taxman taxman, taxman, the petugas pajak patugas pajak revenuer (dated) auditor, revenuer (dated) taxi, cab taxi, cab taxi, cab taksi taksi (London) taxi rank taxi stand taxi stand taksi taksi tea, brew, tea tea teh teh cuppa, Rosie Lee, char, splosh (London) tea, supper, dinner, supper dinner, supper makan malam makan malam dinner tea break, coffee break coffee break rehat untuk istirahat untuak coffee break minum kopi minum kopi teat (baby nipple nipple puting susu putiang susu bottle) tea towel dish towel, tea dish towel kain untuk kain untuak towel pencuci piring pancuci piriang telegraph pole utility pole telephone pole, tiang telepon tiang talepon utility pole telephonist telephone telephone operator telepon operator talepon operator operator telly, TV, the TV, the tube TV, the tube, tv tv box, the tube idiot box ten-pin bowling, ten-pin bowling bowling bowling bowling term semester semester semester semester terraced house, townhouse, row townhouse, row rumah berbaris rumah babaris terrace house, house, 61 townhome townhome terraces, bleachers, bleachers, bangku-bangku bangku-bangku stands stands stands Territorial Army Reserve, Army Reserve Angkatan Darat Angkatan Darat Army The Militia Cadangan Cadangan The City Bay Street Wall Street - - The Gods nosebleed nosebleed seats mimisan iduang badarah (highest section balconies in theatre) thermos, thermos, thermos, termos termos thermos flask, thermos bottle thermos bottle vacuum flask third-party third-party liability asuransi asuransi insurance insurance insurance three times, three times three times tiga kali tiga kali thrice throw a throw a throw a melempar mambae spanner in the (monkey) (monkey) works wrench in(to) wrench in(to) the works the works thrush yeast infection yeast infection infeksi jamur infeksi jamur thunderstorm thunderstorm electrical storm, badai badai thunderstorm tick check, check check, check cek, tanda cek, tando centang mark, tick (if in mark centang box) tie tie, necktie tie, necktie dasi dasi tights pantyhose, pantyhose, celana ketat sarawa ketat tights (thick) tights (thick) till cash register cash register kasir kasir timber yard lumberyard lumberyard tempat Tampek penyimpangan panyimpangan kayu kayu Time: quarter quarter after five quarter after five lima seperempat limo saparampek past five timetable schedule, schedule, jadwal jadwal timetable timetable tin, can tin, can can kaleng kaleng tin opener can opener can opener pembuka kaleng pambuka kaleng tip, dump garbage dump garbage dump, pembuangan pambuangan landfill sampah sampah tippex whiteout whiteout Tipp-Ex Tipp-Ex tissue Kleenex Kleenex sapu tangan sapu tangan kertas kerateh toffee apple caramel apple, caramel apple, permen apel gulo-gulo apel candy apple candy apple, toffee apple, taffy apple toilet, loo, bog, toilet, bathroom, bathroom, john, kamar mandi kamar mandi lav, crapper, biffy, honey shithouse, karzy, pisshole, bucket, john, outhouse, can,

62 shitter, throne lav, shithouse, toilet outhouse, pisser, loo, shitter, crapper, the head toilet paper, toilet paper, bathroom tissue, tisu kamar tisu kamar mandi, toilet roll, loo bathroom tissue toilet paper mandi, kertas kerateh toilet roll, arsewipe, toilet bog roll, bumwad toilets, public washroom, restroom, kamar kecil kamar ketek conveniences, ladies, women’s bathroom, ladies ladies, gents, room, men’s room, women’s W.C., lavatory, room, lavatory room, men’s little room, powder boy's/girl's room room toll motorway, toll highway, turnpike, jalan raya labuah gadang tollgate tollgate parkway tomato sauce, ketchup ketchup, catsup saus tomat, saus saus tomat, saus ketchup torch flashlight flashlight senter senter tornado tornado, twister tornado, twister tornado tornado Toronto Toronto, T.O., Toronto Toronto Toronto Hogtown tortoise turtle, tortoise turtle penyu katuang tin, can tin, can can kaleng kaleng tout tout, scalper scalper tukang catut tukang catuik tow truck, tow truck tow truck, mobil derek mobil derek recovery wrecker vehicle, breakdown recovery town city, town city, town kota kota tracksuit, sweatsuit sweatsuit pakaian olah pakaian olah raga tracky raga tracksuit track pants, sweat pants celana untuk sarawa untuak olah bottoms, sweat pants olah raga raga jogging bottoms trade union trade union, labor union persatuan buruh persatuan buruh labour union traffic jam, traffic jam, traffic jam, macet macet tailback, snarl- snarl-up gridlock up traffic warden metermaid metermaid petugas lalu petugas lalu lintas lintas train driver, engineer engineer insinyur insinyur engine driver trainers running shoes, sneakers, sepatu kets sepatu kets runners, gym running shoes,

63 shoes, high-tops gym shoes, high tops

64 U British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau umbrella, umbrella umbrella, payung payuang brolly bumbershoot (Midwest) underlay carpet pad carpet pad karpet pad karpet pad underground, subway, metro subway kereta bawah kareta bawah tanah tube (train) tanah undertaker undertaker, mortician seorang yg panjago kuburan mortician mengurus pemakaman underwear, underwear, underwear, celana pendek sarawa pendek shorts, boxers, shorts, shorts, briefs, briefs, undershorts, tighty-whities, undershorts, boxers, briefs, undies, undercrackers, gitch, gotchies, underoos, underkeck, Stanfields, Jockeys, Fruit of undies, Y- ginch, gonch, the Looms, fronts, smalls gotch, undies boxers, BVD's (male) undies, smalls, panties, panties, celana dalam celana dalam pants, knickers underwear, underthings, wanita padusi (female) undies, gitch, underwear, gotchies, undies underthings, ginch, gonch, gotch unemployment employment unemployment tidak sejahterah indak sejahterah benefit, the insurance, compensation dole (not pogey, EI, UI (not welfare) income support) unit trust mutual fund mutual fund dana bersama dana basamo university, uni, university, university, universitas universitas college college, school college, school

65 V British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau vacuum vacuum cleaner vacuum cleaner penyedot debu paisok abu cleaner, vac, hoover vacuum flask, thermos, thermos, termos termos thermos, thermos bottle thermos bottle thermos flask valeting service detailing service detailing service rincian layanan rincian layan (car) valley, dale valley valley lembah lambah Value Added Goods & Sales Tax pajak penjualan pajak panjualan Tax (VAT) Services Tax (GST), Harmonized Sales Tax (HST), Provincial Sales Tax (PST), sin tax valuer appraiser appraiser juru taksir Juru taksir van delivery truck delivery truck truk pengiriman truk pangiriman Vancouver Vancouver, Vancouver Vancouver Vancouver Brollywood, Hongcouver (derog) vegetable vegetable garden taman taman garden, garden, garden vegetable patch vegiburger, garden burger, garden burger, burger sayuran burger sayua veggie burger vegiburger, vegiburger, veggie burger veggie burger verge (of a shoulder shoulder bahu, pinggir bahu, tapi road) vest undershirt undershirt kaos, rompi kaus, rompi vicious circle vicious circle, vicious circle, lingkaran setan lingkaran setan vicious cycle vicious cycle video, video VCR VCR video video machine VIP, big shot, VIP, big shot, VIP, big shot, tembakan besar, tembakan gadang, bigwig bigwig, big bigwig, big tokoh, roda tokoh, roda gadang kahuna, big kahuna, big besar wheel wheel

66 W British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau wage cut, pay wage rollback, pay cut, salary pemotongan gaji pamotongan gaji cut pay cut cut waistcoat vest Vest rompi rompi wallet wallet wallet, billfold wally, prat, idiot, dork, idiot, dork, idiot, , bodoh, idiot, bodoh, idiot, plonker, dumb ass, dumb ass, brengsek pakak ka ikua, berk, burk, dweeb, jerk dweeb, jerk duh-brain, clot, daft, daft as a brush, daftie, twit, wazzock, divvy, dimbo, dumbo, dork, as thick as two short planks, ninny, nit, nobhead, dipstick, eejit, plank, pilchard, right Charlie, blithering idiot, pillock, pranny, spanner, spac, spacky, spaz, thicko, twerp, bollock-brain, jerk, numpty (Scottish English) wanker, prick, prick, asshole, prick, asshole, bajingan bajingan arsehole, dick dick, dick, dickwad, head, dick motherfucker motherfucker splash, dipshit, (all offensive) (all offensive) dick splat, dog- breath, scumbag, motherfucker, piece of shit, twat, twat face, tosser, toss pot (all offensive) wash (hands, wash, wash up wash up membersihkan mambarasiahan face etc) washing laundry laundry detrjen deterjen powder detergent detergent washing up dishpan dishpan panci untuk panci untuk

67 bowl mencuci piring mancuci piriang washing up dishwashing dishwashing cairan pencuci cairan pancuci liquid liquid, dish liquid, piring piriang soap, dishwashing dishwashing detergent detergent wash up do the dishes, do the dishes, mencuci piring mancuci piriang wash the dishes wash the dishes wastepaper garbage can, garbage can, tempat sampah tampek sampah basket/bin, trashcan, trashcan, bin, rubbish wastebasket wastebasket bin watershed watershed, watershed batas air batas air height of land way out (sign exit Exit in building) wee, wee-wee pee, pee-pee pee, pee-pee kencing kajamban weekend, at weekend, on the weekend, on the akhir pekan akhir pekan the wellington rubber boots, rain boots, sepatu hujan sapatu ujan boots, wellies, galoshes, galoshes, wellybobs, gumshoes gumshoes wellygogs Wendy house play-house play-house rumah tempat - bermain wet ones handiwipes, wet handiwipes, wet tisu bayi kain untuak ones, baby ones, baby malap bayi wipes, moist wipes, moist towelettes towelettes, wet naps wheelbarrow wheelbarrow, wheelbarrow kereta sorong kareta tulak barrow, hand barrow (Nfld) while, whilst while while sementara samantaro whinge, grizzle whine whine merengek marengek whipped cream whipping cream, heavy cream, heavy cream whipping cream, whip cream whisky, whisky, scotch, whiskey, scotch, whiskey bourbon, rye, bourbon, rye Texas Mickey (130-oz bottle), whisky blanc (Que) whitener whitener non-dairy pemutih pamutiah creamer wholemeal brown bread whole wheat gabdum gandum bread, brown bread bread wife, 'er wife wife isteri bini indoors, the

68 missus, old lady, trouble and strife willy, winkie weenie weenie penis godok wimp, wuss, wimp wimp pengecut pangacut big girl's blouse, namby pamby windscreen windshield windshield kaca depan kaco muko wing, fender fender spatbor spatbor mudguard (of car) winker, turn signal lever, turn signal lampu sen lampu sen indicator (on a turn signal car) wireless radio radio radio radio (dated), radio woolly hat toque, tuque stocking topi dari kaos topi darikaus hat/cap, ski hat work internship internship magang magang experience, placement workshop (at shop shop toko toko home) worrying worrying, worrying, mengkawatirkan mancamehan worrisome worrisome worse worse, badder worse, badder buruk buruak (sl) (sl) worst worst, baddest worst, baddest terburuk paliang buruak (sl) (sl)

69 Y British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau Year One, Year Grade One, First Grade, kelas satu, kelas kelas satu, kelas Two (school) Grade Two Second Grade dua duo

Primary One, Primary Two (primary school, Scotland)

First Year, Second Year (secondary school, Scotland) Year Nine Grade Nine Freshman Year, tahun pertama taun partamo Ninth Grade Year Ten Grade Ten Sophomore tahun kedua tahun keduo Year, Tenth Grade Year Eleven Grade Eleven Junior Year, SMP SMP Eleventh Grade Year Twelve Grade Twelve Senior Year, SMA SMA Twelfth Grade Yeti, Sasquatch, Big Big Foot, orangan salju orangan salju Abominable Foot, Abominable Snowman Abominable Snowman Snowman Y-fronts, underwear, shorts, briefs, celana pendek, sarawa pendek, smalls, shorts, boxers, undershorts, celana, katok sarawa kotok underwear, briefs, boxers shorts, boxers, undershorts, underwear, briefs (male) Stanfields, drawers, undies, ginch, gonch, BVD's, Jockeys, gitch, gotch Fruit of the Looms yokel, country country hillbilly, yokel, orang udik urang udiak bumpkin bumpkin, yokel, redneck hillbilly, redneck Yours sincerely Sincerely Sincerely sungguh- sungguah- sungguh sungguah You're You're welcome You're welcome, sama-sama samo-samo welcome uh-huh (informal)

70 Z British Canadian American Indonesian Minangkabau zebra crossing, pedestrian pedestrian pejalan kaki pajalan kaki pedestrian crossing, crossing, menyeberang, manyabarang, crossing crosswalk crosswalk penyeberangan panyabarangan zed zed zee zed zed zimmer, walker walker pejalan pajalan zimmer frame zip, flies zipper, flies zipper, fly ritsleting, terbang ritsleting, tabang zit, spot pimple, zit pimple, zit jerawat jarawek 999 911 911

71 ENGLISH SLANG MONEY SLANG

This section is in advanced English and is only intended to be a guide, not to be taken too seriously!

SLANG MONEY WORDS, MEANINGS AND ORIGINS

While the origins of these slang terms are many and various, certainly a lot of English money slang is rooted in various London communities, which for different reasons liked to use language only known in their own circles, notably wholesale markets, street traders, crime and the underworld, the docks, taxi-cab driving, and the immigrant communities. London has for centuries been extremely cosmopolitan, both as a travel hub and a place for foreign people to live and work and start their own busineses. This contributed to the development of some 'lingua franca' expressions, i.e., mixtures of Italian, Greek, Arabic, Yiddish (Jewish European/Hebrew dialect), Spanish and English which developed to enable understanding between people of different nationalities, rather like a pidgin or hybrid English. Certain lingua franca blended with 'parlyaree' or 'polari', which is basically underworld slang.

Backslang also contributes several slang money words. Backslang reverses the phonetic (sound of the) word, not the spelling, which can produce some strange interpretations, and was popular among market traders, butchers and greengrocers. Here are the most common and/or interesting British slang money words and expressions, with meanings, and origins where known. Many are now obsolete; typically words which relate to pre-decimalisation coins, although some have re-emerged and continue to do so. Some non-slang words are included where their origins are particularly interesting, as are some interesting slang money expressions which originated in other parts of the world, and which are now entering the English language. A TO Z OF MONEY SLANG archer = two thousand pounds (£2,000), late 20th century, from the Jeffrey Archer court case in which he was alleged to have bribed call-girl Monica Coughlan with this amount. ayrton senna/ayrton = tenner (ten pounds, £10) - cockney rhyming slang created in the 1980s or early 90s, from the name of the peerless Brazilian world champion Formula One racing driver, Ayrton Senna (1960-94), who won world titles in 1988, 90 and 91, before his tragic death at San Marino in 1994. bag/bag of sand = grand = one thousand pounds (£1,000), seemingly recent cockney rhyming slang, in use from around the mid-1990s in Greater London; perhaps more widely too. bar = a pound, from the late 1800s, and earlier a sovereign, probably from Romany gypsy 'bauro' meaning heavy or big, and also influenced by allusion to the iron bars use as trading currency used with Africans, plus a possible reference to the custom of casting of precious metal in bars.

72 bender = sixpence (6d) Another slang term with origins in the 1800s when the coins were actually solid silver, from the practice of testing authenticity by biting and bending the coin, which would being made of near-pure silver have been softer than the fakes. beer tokens = money. Usually now meaning one pound coins. From the late 20th century. Alternatively beer vouchers, which commonly meant pound notes, prior to their withdrawal. beehive = five pounds (£5). Cockney rhyming slang from 1960s and perhaps earlier since beehive has meant the number five in rhyming slang since at least the 1920s. bees (bees and honey) = money. Cockney rhyming slang from the late 1800s. Also shortened to beesum (from bees and, bees 'n', to beesum). bice/byce = two shillings (2/-) or two pounds or twenty pounds - probably from the French bis, meaning twice, which suggests usage is older than the 1900s first recorded and referenced by dictionary sources. Bice could also occur in conjunction with other shilling slang, where the word bice assumes the meaning 'two', as in 'a bice of deaners', pronounced 'bicerdeaners', and with other money slang, for example bice of tenners, pronounced 'bicertenners', meaning twenty pounds. big ben - ten pounds (£10) the sum, and a ten pound note - cockney rhyming slang. biscuit = £100 or £1,000. Initially suggested (Mar 2007) by a reader who tells me that the slang term 'biscuit', meaning £100, has been in use for several years, notably in the casino trade (thanks E). I am grateful also (thanks Paul, Apr 2007) for a further suggestion that 'biscuit' means £1,000 in the casino trade, which apparently is due to the larger size of the £1,000 chip. It would seem that the 'biscuit' slang term is still evolving and might mean different things (£100 or £1,000) to different people. I can find no other references to meanings or origins for the money term 'biscuit'. bob = shilling (1/-), although in recent times now means a pound or a dollar in certain regions. Historically bob was slang for a British shilling (Twelve old pence, pre-decimalisation - and twenty shillings to a pound). No plural version; it was 'thirty bob' not 'thirty bobs'. Prior to 1971 bob was one of the most commonly used English slang words. Now sadly gone in the UK for this particular meaning, although lots of other meanings remain (for example the verb or noun meaning of pooh, a haircut, and the verb meaning of cheat). Usage of bob for shilling dates back to the late 1700s. Origin is not known for sure. Possibilities include a connection with the church or bell-ringing since 'bob' meant a set of changes rung on the bells. This would be consistent with one of the possible origins and associations of the root of the word Shilling, (from Proto- Germanic 'skell' meaning to sound or ring). There is possibly an association with plumb-bob, being another symbolic piece of metal, made of lead and used to mark a vertical position in certain trades, notably masons. Brewer's 1870 Dictionary of Phrase and Fable states that 'bob' could be derived from 'Bawbee', which was 16-19th century slang for a half-penny, in turn derived from: French 'bas billon', meaning debased copper money (coins were commonly cut to make change). Brewer also references the Laird of Sillabawby, a 16th century mintmaster, as a possible origin. Also perhaps a connection with a plumb-bob, made of lead and used to mark a vertical position in certain trades, notably masons. 'Bob a nob', in the early 1800s meant 'a shilling a head', when estimating costs of meals, etc. In the 18th century 'bobstick' was a shillings-worth of gin. In parts of the US 'bob' was used for the US dollar coin. I am also informed (thanks K Inglott, March 2007) that bob is now slang for a pound in his part of the world (Bath, South-West England), and has also been used as money slang, presumably for Australian dollars, on the Home and Away TV soap series. A popular slang word like bob arguably develops a life of its own. Additionally (ack Martin Symington, Jun 2007) the word

73 'bob' is still commonly used among the white community of Tanzania in East Africa for the Tanzanian Shilling. boodle = money. There are many different interpretations of boodle meaning money, in the UK and the US. Boodle normally referred to ill-gotten gains, such as counterfeit notes or the proceeds of a robbery, and also to a roll of banknotes, although in recent times the usage has extended to all sorts of money, usually in fairly large amounts. Much variation in meaning is found in the US. The origins of boodle meaning money are (according to Cassells) probably from the Dutch word 'boedel' for personal effects or property (a person's worth) and/or from the old Scottish 'bodle' coin, worth two Scottish pence and one-sixth of an English penny, which logically would have been pre-decimalisation currency. bottle = two pounds, or earlier tuppence (2d), from the cockney rhyming slang: bottle of = deuce (= two pounds or tuppence). Spruce probably mainly refers to spruce beer, made from the shoots of spruce fir which is made in alcoholic and non-alcoholic varieties. Separately bottle means money generally and particularly loose coinage, from the custom of passing a bottle for people to give money to a busker or street entertainer. I am also informed (ack Sue Batch, Nov 2007) that spruce also referred to lemonade, which is perhaps another source of the bottle rhyming slang: "... around Northants, particularly the Rushden area, Spruce is in fact lemonade... it has died out nowadays - I was brought up in the 50s and 60s and it was an everyday word around my area back then. As kids growing up we always asked for a glass of spruce. It was quite an accepted name for lemonade..." brass = money. From the 16th century, and a popular expression the north of England, e.g., 'where there's muck there's brass' which incidentally alluded to certain trades involving scrap, mess or waste which offered high earnings. This was also a defensive or retaliatory remark aimed at those of middle, higher or profesional classes who might look down on certain 'working class' entrepreneurs or traders. The 'where there's much there's brass' expression helped maintain and spread the populairity iof the 'brass' money slang, rather than cause it. Brass originated as slang for money by association to the colour of gold coins, and the value of brass as a scrap metal. bread (bread and honey) = money. From cockney rhyming slang, bread and honey = money, and which gave rise to the secondary rhyming slang 'poppy', from poppy red = bread. Bread also has associations with money, which in a metaphorical sense can be traced back to the Bible. Bread meaning money is also linked with with the expression 'earning a crust', which alludes to having enough money to pay for one's daily bread. brown = a half-penny or ha'penny. An old term, probably more common in London than elsewhere, used before UK decimalisation in 1971, and before the ha'penny was withdrawn in the 1960s. bunce = money, usually unexpected gain and extra to an agreed or predicted payment, typically not realised by the payer. Earlier English spelling was bunts or bunse, dating from the late 1700s or early 1800s (Cassells and Partridge). Origins are not certain. Bunts also used to refer to unwanted or unaccounted-for goods sold for a crafty gain by workers, and activity typically hidden from the business owner. Suggestions of origin include a supposed cockney rhyming slang shortening of bunsen burner (= earner), which is very appealing, but unlikely given the history of the word and spelling, notably that the slang money meaning pre-dated the invention of the bunsen burner, which was devised around 1857. (Thanks R Bambridge)

74 bung = money in the form of a bribe, from the early English meaning of pocket and purse, and pick-pocket, according to Cassells derived from Frisian (North Netherlands) pung, meaning purse. Bung is also a verb, meaning to bribe someone by giving cash. cabbage = money in banknotes, 'folding' money - orginally US slang according to Cassells, from the 1900s, also used in the UK, logically arising because of the leaf allusion, and green was a common colour of dollar notes and pound notes (thanks R Maguire, who remembers the slang from Glasgow in 1970s). carpet = three pounds (£3) or three hundred pounds (£300), or sometimes thirty pounds (£30). This has confusing and convoluted origins, from as early as the late 1800s: It seems originally to have been a slang term for a three month prison sentence, based on the following: that 'carpet bag' was cockney rhyming slang for a 'drag', which was generally used to describe a three month sentence; also that in the prison workshops it supposedly took ninety days to produce a certain regulation-size piece of carpet; and there is also a belief that prisoners used to be awarded the luxury of a piece of carpet for their cell after three year's incarceration. The term has since the early 1900s been used by bookmakers and horse-racing, where carpet refers to odds of three-to-one, and in car dealing, where it refers to an amount of £300. caser/case = five shillings (5/-), a crown coin. Seems to have surfaced first as caser in Australia in the mid-1800s from the Yiddish (Jewish European/Hebrew dialect) kesef meaning silver, where (in Australia) it also meant a five year prison term. Caser was slang also for a US dollar coin, and the US/Autralian slang logically transferred to English, either or all because of the reference to silver coin, dollar slang for a crown, or the comparable value, as was. chip = a shilling (1/-) and earlier, mid-late 1800s a pound or a sovereign. According to Cassells chip meaning a shilling is from horse-racing and betting. Chip was also slang for an Indian rupee. The association with a gambling chip is logical. Chip and chipping also have more general associations with money and particularly money-related crime, where the derivations become blurred with other underworld meanings of chip relating to sex and women (perhaps from the French 'chipie' meaning a vivacious woman) and narcotics (in which chip refers to diluting or skimming from a consignment, as in chipping off a small piece - of the drug or the profit). Chipping-in also means to contributing towards or paying towards something, which again relates to the gambling chip use and metaphor, i.e. putting chips into the centre of the table being necessary to continue playing. chump change = a relatively insiginificant amount of money - a recent expression (seemingly 2000s) originating in the US and now apparently entering UK usage. (Thanks M Johnson, Jan 2008) clod = a penny (1d). Clod was also used for other old copper coins. From cockney rhyming slang clodhopper (= copper). A clod is a lump of earth. A clodhopper is old slang for a farmer or bumpkin or lout, and was also a derogatory term used by the cavalry for infantry foot soldiers. coal = a penny (1d). Also referred to money generally, from the late 1600s, when the slang was based simply on a metaphor of coal being an essential commodity for life. The spelling cole was also used. Common use of the coal/cole slang largely ceased by the 1800s although it continued in the expressions 'tip the cole' and 'post the cole', meaning to make a payment, until these too fell out of popular use by the 1900s. It is therefore unlikely that anyone today will use or recall this particular slang, but if the question arises you'll know the answer. Intriguingly I've been informed (thanks P Burns, 8 Dec 2008) that the slang 'coal', seemingly referring to money - although I've seen a suggestion of it being a euphemism for coke (cocaine) - appears in the lyrics

75 of the song Oxford Comma by the band Vampire weekend: "Why would you lie about how much coal you have? Why would you lie about something dumb like that?..." cock and hen = ten pounds (thanks N Shipperley). The ten pound meaning of cock and hen is 20th century rhyming slang. Cock and hen - also cockerel and hen - has carried the rhyming slang meaning for the number ten for longer. Its transfer to ten pounds logically grew more popular through the inflationary 1900s as the ten pound amount and banknote became more common currency in people's wages and wallets, and therefore language. Cock and hen also gave raise to the variations cockeren, cockeren and hen, hen, and the natural rhyming slang short version, cock - all meaning ten pounds. cockeren - ten pounds, see cock and hen. commodore = fifteen pounds (£15). The origin is almost certainly London, and the clever and amusing derivation reflects the wit of Londoners: Cockney rhyming slang for five pounds is a 'lady', (from Lady Godiva = fiver); fifteen pounds is three-times five pounds (3x£5=£15); 'Three Times a Lady' is a song recorded by the group The Commodores; and there you have it: Three Times a Lady = fifteen pounds = a commodore. (Thanks Simon Ladd, Jun 2007) coppers = pre-decimal farthings, ha'pennies and pennies, and to a lesser extent 1p and 2p coins since decimalisation, and also meaning a very small amount of money. Coppers was very popular slang pre-decimalisation (1971), and is still used in referring to modern pennies and two-penny coins, typically describing the copper (coloured) coins in one's pocket or change, or piggy bank. Pre-decimal farthings, ha'pennies and pennies were 97% copper (technically bronze), and would nowadays be worth significantly more than their old face value because copper has become so much more valuable. Decimal 1p and 2p coins were also 97% copper (technically bronze - 97% copper, 2.5% zinc, 0.5% tin ) until replaced by copper-plated steel in 1992, which amusingly made them magnetic. The term coppers is also slang for a very small amount of money, or a cost of something typically less than a pound, usually referring to a bargain or a sum not worth thinking about, somewhat like saying '' or 'a row of beans'. For example: "What did you pay for that?" ...... "Coppers." cows = a pound, 1930s, from the rhyming slang 'cow's licker' = nicker (nicker means a pound). The word cows means a single pound since technically the word is cow's, from cow's licker. daddler/dadla/dadler = threepenny bit (3d), and also earlier a farthing (quarter of an old penny, ¼d), from the early 1900s, based on association with the word tiddler, meaning something very small. deaner/dena/denar/dener = a shilling (1/-), from the mid-1800s, derived from association with the many European dinar coins and similar, and derived in turn and associated with the Roman denarius coin which formed the basis of many European currencies and their names. The pronunciation emphasis tends to be on the long second syllable 'aah' sound. The expression is interpreted into Australian and New Zealand money slang as deener, again meaning shilling. deep sea diver = fiver (£5), heard in use Oxfordshire (thanks Karen/Ewan) late 1990s, this is rhyming slang dating from the 1940s. deuce = two pounds, and much earlier (from the 1600s) tuppence (two old pence, 2d), from the French deus and Latin duos meaning two (which also give us the deuce term in tennis, meaning two points needed to win). dibs/dibbs = money. Dib was also US slang meaning $1 (one dollar), which presumably extended to more than one when pluralised. Origins of dib/dibs/dibbs are uncertain but 76 probably relate to the old (early 1800s) children's game of dibs or dibstones played with the knuckle-bones of sheep or pebbles. Also relates to (but not necessairly derived from) the expression especially used by children, 'dibs' meaning a share or claim of something, and dibbing or dipping among a group of children, to determine shares or winnings or who would be 'it' for a subsequent chasing game. In this sort of dipping or dibbing, a dipping rhyme would be spoken, coinciding with the pointing or touchung of players in turn, eliminating the child on the final word, for example:

 'dip dip sky blue who's it not you' (the word 'you' meant elimination for the corresponding child)  'ibble-obble black bobble ibble obble out' ('out' meant elimination)  'one potato two potato three potato four five potato six potato seven potato more' ('more' meant elimination) (In this final dipping/dibbing game the procedure was effectively doubled because the spoken rhythm matched the touching of each contestant's two outstretched fists in turn with the fist of the 'dipper' - who incidentally included him/herself in the dipping by touching their own fists together twice, or if one of their own fists was eliminated would touch their chin. The winner or 'it' would be the person remaining with the last untouched fist. Players would put their fists behind their backs when touched, and interstingly I can remember that as children we would conform to the rules so diligently that our fists would remain tightly clenched behind our backs until the dipping game had finished. I guess this wouldn't happen today because each child would need at least one hand free for holding their mobile phone and texting.) dinarly/dinarla/dinaly = a shilling (1/-), from the mid-1800s, also transferred later to the decimal equivalent 5p piece, from the same roots that produced the 'deaner' shilling slang and variations, i.e., Roman denarius and then through other European dinar coins and variations. As with deanar the pronunciation emphasis tends to be on the long second syllable 'aah' sound. dollar = slang for money, commonly used in singular form, eg., 'Got any dollar?..'. In earlier times a dollar was slang for an English Crown, five shillings (5/-). From the 1900s in England and so called because the coin was similar in appearance and size to the American dollar coin, and at one time similar in value too. Brewer's dictionary of 1870 says that the American dollar is '..in English money a little more than four shillings..'. That's about 20p. The word dollar is originally derived from German 'Thaler', and earlier from Low German 'dahler', meaning a valley (from which we also got the word 'dale'). The connection with coinage is that the Counts of Schlick in the late 1400s mined silver from 'Joachim's Thal' (Joachim's Valley), from which was minted the silver ounce coins called Joachim's Thalers, which became standard coinage in that region of what would now be Germany. All later generic versions of the coins were called 'Thalers'. An 'oxford' was cockney rhyming slang for five shillings (5/-) based on the dollar rhyming slang: 'oxford scholar'. dosh = slang for a reasonable amount of spending money, for instance enough for a 'night-out'. Almost certainly and logically derived from the slang 'doss-house', meaning a very cheap hostel or room, from Elizabethan England when 'doss' was a straw bed, from 'dossel' meaning bundle of straw, in turn from the French 'dossier' meaning bundle. Dosh appears to have originated in this form in the US in the 19th century, and then re-emerged in more popular use in the UK in the mid-20th century. doubloons = money. From the Spanish gold coins of the same name. dough = money. From the cockney rhyming slang and metaphoric use of 'bread'.

77 dunop/doonup = pound, backslang from the mid-1800s, in which the slang is created from a reversal of the word sound, rather than the spelling, hence the loose correlation to the source word. farthing = a quarter of an old penny (¼d) - not slang, a proper word in use (in slightly different form - feorthung) since the end of the first millenium, and in this list mainly to clarify that the origin of the word is not from 'four things', supposedly and commonly believed from the times when coins were split to make pieces of smaller value, but actually (less excitingly) from Old English feortha, meaning fourth, corresponding to Old Frisian fiardeng, meaning a quarter of a mark, and similar Germanic words meaning four and fourth. The modern form of farthing was first recorded in English around 1280 when it altered from ferthing to farthing. fiver = five pounds (£5), from the mid-1800s. More rarely from the early-mid 1900s fiver could also mean five thousand pounds, but arguably it remains today the most widely used slang term for five pounds. fin/finn/finny/finnif/finnip/finnup/finnio/finnif = five pounds (£5), from the early 1800s. There are other spelling variations based on the same theme, all derived from the German and Yiddish (European/Hebrew mixture) funf, meaning five, more precisely spelled fünf. A 'double-finnif' (or double-fin, etc) means ten pounds; 'half-a-fin' (half-a-finnip, etc) would have been two pounds ten shillings (equal to £2.50). flag = five pound note (£5), UK, notably in Manchester (ack Michael Hicks); also a USA one dollar bill; also used as a slang term for a money note in Australia although Cassells is vague about the value (if you know please contact us). The word flag has been used since the 1500s as a slang expression for various types of money, and more recently for certain notes. Originally (16th-19thC) the slang word flag was used for an English fourpenny groat coin, derived possibly from Middle Low German word 'Vleger' meaning a coin worth 'more than a Bremer groat' (Cassells). Derivation in the USA would likely also have been influenced by the slang expression 'Jewish Flag' or 'Jews Flag' for a $1 bill, from early 20th century, being an envious derogatory reference to perceived and stereotypical Jewish success in business and finance. flim/flimsy = five pounds (£5), early 1900s, so called because of the thin and flimsy paper on which five pound notes of the time were printed. florin/flo = a two shilling or 'two bob' coin (florin is actually not slang - it's from Latin meaning flower, and a 14th century Florentine coin called the Floren). Equivalent to 10p - a tenth of a pound. A 'flo' is the slang shortening, meaning two shillings. folding/folding stuff/folding money/folding green = banknotes, especially to differentiate or emphasise an amount of money as would be impractical to carry or pay in coins, typically for a night out or to settle a bill. Folding, folding stuff and folding money are all popular slang in London. Folding green is more American than UK slang. Cassells says these were first recorded in the 1930s, and suggests they all originated in the US, which might be true given that banknotes arguably entered very wide use earlier in the US than in the UK. (Thanks P Jones, June 2008) foont/funt = a pound (£1), from the mid-1900s, derived from the German word 'pfund' for the UK pound. french/french loaf = four pounds, most likely from the second half of the 1900s, cockney rhyming slang for rofe (french loaf = rofe), which is backslang for four, also meaning four pounds. Easy when you know how..

78 g/G = a thousand pounds. Shortening of 'grand' (see below). From the 1920s, and popular slang in fast-moving business, trading, the underworld, etc., until the 1970s when it was largely replaced by 'K'. Usually retains singular form (G rather than G's) for more than one thousand pounds, for example "Twenty G". garden/garden gate = eight pounds (£8), cockney rhyming slang for eight, naturally extended to eight pounds. In spoken use 'a garden' is eight pounds. Incidentally garden gate is also rhyming slang for magistrate, and the plural garden gates is rhyming slang for rates. The word garden features strongly in London, in famous place names such as Hatton Garden, the diamond quarter in the central City of London, and Covent Garden, the site of the old vegetable market in West London, and also the term appears in sexual euphemisms, such as 'sitting in the garden with the gate unlocked', which refers to a careless pregnancy. gelt/gelter = money, from the late 1600s, with roots in foreign words for gold, notably German and Yiddish (Jewish European/Hebrew dialect) gelt, and Dutch and South African geld. gen = a shilling (1/-), from the mid 1800s, either based on the word argent, meaning silver (from French and Latin, and used in English heraldry, i.e., coats of arms and shields, to refer to the colour silver), or more likely a shortening of 'generalize', a peculiar supposed backslang of shilling, which in its own right was certainly slang for shilling, and strangely also the verb to lend a shilling. generalise/generalize = a shilling (1/-), from the mid 1800s, thought to be backslang. Also meant to lend a shilling, apparently used by the middle classes, presumably to avoid embarrassment. Given that backslang is based on phonetic word sound not spelling, the conversion of shilling to generalize is just about understandable, if somewhat tenuous, and in the absence of other explanation is the only known possible derivation of this odd slang. gen net/net gen = ten shillings (1/-), backslang from the 1800s (from 'ten gen'). grand = a thousand pounds (£1,000 or $1,000) Not pluralised in full form. Shortened to 'G' (usually plural form also) or less commonly 'G's'. Originated in the USA in the 1920s, logically an association with the literal meaning - full or large. greens = money, usually old-style green coloured pound notes, but actully applying to all money or cash-earnings since the slang derives from the cockney rhyming slang: 'greengages' (= wages). groat = an old silver four-penny coin from around 1300 and in use in similar form until c.1662, although Brewer states in his late 1800s revised edition of his 1870 dictionary of slang that 'the modern groat was introduced in 1835, and withdrawn in 1887', which is somewhat confusing. Presumably there were different versions and issues of the groat coin, which seems to have been present in the coinage from the 14th to the 19th centuries. Very occasionally older people, students of English or History, etc., refer to loose change of a small amount of coin money as groats. Sadly the word is almost obsolete now, although the groat coin is kept alive in Maundy Money. The word derives from Middle English and Middle Dutch 'groot' meaning 'great' since this coin was a big one, compared to a penny. The similar German and Austrian coin was the 'Groschen', equivalent to 10 'Pfennigs'. The word can actually be traced back to Roman times, when a 'Denarius Grossus' was a 'thick penny' (equivalent). guinea = guinea is not a slang term, it's a proper and historical word for an amount of money equating to twenty-one shillings, or in modern sterling one pound five pence.

79 half, half a bar/half a sheet/half a nicker = ten shillings (10/-), from the 1900s, and to a lesser degree after decimalisation, fifty pence (50p), based on the earlier meanings of bar and sheet for a pound. Half is also used as a logical prefix for many slang words which mean a pound, to form a slang expresion for ten shillings and more recently fifty pence (50p), for example and most popularly, 'half a nicker', 'half a quid', etc. The use of the word 'half' alone to mean 50p seemingly never gaught on, unless anyone can confirm otherwise. half a crown = two shillings and sixpence (2/6), and more specifically the 2/6 coin. Not actually slang, more an informal and extremely common pre-decimalisation term used as readily as 'two-and-six' in referring to that amount. Equivalent to 12½p in decimal money. handbag = money, late 20th century. handful = five pounds (£5), 20th century, derived simply by association to the five digits on a hand. hog = confusingly a shilling (1/-) or a sixpence (6d) or a half-crown (2/6), dating back to the 1600s in relation to shilling. Hog also extended to US 10c and dollar coins, apparently, according to Cassells because coins carried a picture of a pig. I suspect different reasons for the British coins, but have yet to find them. jack = a pound, and earlier (from the 1600s), a farthing. Perhaps based on jack meaning a small thing, although there are many possible different sources. Jack is much used in a wide variety of slang expressions. jacks = five pounds, from cockney rhyming slang: jack's alive = five. Not used in the singular for in this sense, for example a five pound note would be called a 'jacks'. job = guinea, late 1600s, probably ultimately derived from from the earlier meaning of the word job, a lump or piece (from 14th century English gobbe), which developed into the work-related meaning of job, and thereby came to have general meaning of payment for work, including specific meaning of a guinea. 'Half a job' was half a guinea. joey = much debate about this: According to my information (1894 Brewer, and the modern Cassell's, Oxford, Morton, and various other sources) Joey was originally, from 1835 or 1836 a silver fourpenny piece called a groat (Brewer is firm about this), and this meaning subsequently transferred to the silver threepenny piece (Cassell's, Oxford, and Morton). I'm convinced these were the principal and most common usages of the Joey coin slang. Cassell's says Joey was also used for the brass-nickel threepenny bit, which was introduced in 1937, although as a child in South London the 1960s I cannot remember the threepenny bit ever being called a Joey, and neither can my Mum or Dad, who both say a Joey in London was a silver threepence and nothing else (although they'd be too young to remember groats...). I'm informed however (ack Stuart Taylor, Dec 2006) that Joey was indeed slang for the brass-nickel threepenny bit among children of the Worcester area in the period up to decimalisation in 1971, so as ever, slang is subject to regional variation. I personally feel (and think I recall) there was some transference of the Joey slang to the sixpence (tanner) some time after the silver threepenny coin changed to the brass threepenny bit (which was during the 1930-40s), and this would have been understandable because the silver sixpence was similar to the silver threepence, albeit slightly larger. There is also a view that Joey transferred from the threepenny bit to the sixpence when the latter became a more usual minimum fare in London taxi-cabs. So although the fourpenny groat and the silver threepenny coin arguably lay the major claim to the Joey title, usage also seems to have extended to later coins, notably the silver sixpence (tanner) and the brass-nickel threepenny bit. The Joey slang word seems reasonably certainly to have been named after the

80 politician Joseph Hume (1777-1855), who advocated successfully that the fourpenny groat be reintroduced, which it was in 1835 or 1836, chiefly to foil London cab drivers (horse driven ones in those days) in their practice of pretending not to have change, with the intention of extorting a bigger tip, particularly when given two shillings for a two-mile fare, which at the time cost one shilling and eight-pence. The re-introduction of the groat thus enabled many customers to pay the exact fare, and so the cab drivers used the term Joey as a derisory reference for the fourpenny groats. And some further clarification and background:

 Brewer says that the 'modern groat was introduced in 1835, and withdrawn in 1887'. He was referring to the fact that the groat's production ceased from 1662 and then restarted in 1835, (or 1836 according to other sources). This coincides with the view that Hume re- introduced the groat to counter the cab drivers' scam.  Silver threepenny coins were first introduced in the mid-1500s but were not popular nor minted in any serious quantity for general circulation until around 1760, because people preferred the fourpenny groat. The silver threepence was effectively replaced with introduction of the brass-nickel threepenny bit in 1937, through to 1945, which was the last minting of the silver threepence coin. The silver threepence continued in circulation for several years after this, and I read here of someone receiving one in their change as late as 1959.  The brass-nickel threepenny bit was minted up until 1970 and this lovely coin ceased to be legal tender at decimalisation in 1971. As a matter of interest, at the time of writing this (Nov 2004) a mint condition 1937 threepenny bit is being offered for sale by London Bloomsbury coin dealers and auctioneers Spink, with a guide price of £37,000. Wow.  The silver sixpence was produced from 1547-1970, and remained in circulation (although by then it was a copper-based and nickel-coated coin) after decimalisation as the two-and- a-half-pee, until withdrawal in 1980.  I was sent this additional clarification about the silver threepenny piece (thanks C Mancini, Dec 2007) provided by Joseph Payne, Assistant Curator of the Royal Mint: "... Along with the silver crown, half-crown and sixpence, the silver threepence made its first appearance in 1551 during the reign of Edward VI (1547-53). Silver threepences were last issued for circulation in the United Kingdom in 1941 but the final pieces to be sent overseas for colonial use were dated 1944. Once the issue of silver threepences in the United Kingdom had ceased there was a tendency for the coins to be hoarded and comparatively few were ever returned to the Royal Mint. The coin was not formally demonetised until 31 August 1971 at the time of decimalisation." k/K = a thousand (£1,000 or $1,000). From the 1960s, becoming widely used in the 1970s. Plural uses singular form. 'K' has now mainly replaced 'G' in common speech and especially among middle and professional classes. While some etymology sources suggest that 'k' (obviously pronounced 'kay') is from business-speak and underworld language derived from the K abbreviation of kilograms, kilometres, I am inclined to prefer the derivation (suggested to me by Terry Davies) that K instead originates from computer-speak in the early 1970s, from the abbreviation of kilobytes. For Terry's detailed and fascinating explanation of the history of K see the ' K' entry on the cliches and words origins page. kibosh/kybosh = eighteen pence (i.e., one and six, 1/6, one shilling and sixpence), related to and perhaps derived from the mid-1900s meaning of kibosh for an eighteen month prison sentence. Cassells implies an interesting possible combination of the meanings kibosh (18 month sentence), kibosh (meaning ruin or destroy) - both probably derived from Yiddish (Jewish European/Hebrew dialect) words meaning suppress - with the linking of money and 81 hitting something, as in 'a fourpenny one' (from rhyming slang fourpenny bit = hit). All very vague and confusing. Whatever, kibosh meant a shilling and sixpence (1/6). Like so much slang, kibosh trips off the tongue easily and amusingly, which would encourage the extension of its use from prison term to money. kick = sixpence (6d), from the early 1700s, derived purely from the lose rhyming with six (not cockney rhyming slang), extending to and possible preceded and prompted by the slang expression 'two and a kick' meaning half a crown, i.e., two shillings and sixpence, commonly expressed as 'two and six', which is a more understandable association. knicker = distortion of 'nicker', meaning £1. See entry under 'nicker'. See also 'pair of knickers'. lady/Lady Godiva = fiver (five pounds, £5) cockney rhyming slang, and like many others in this listing is popular in London and the South East of England, especially East London. (Thanks Simon Ladd, June 2007) lolly = money. More popular in the 1960s than today. Precise origin unknown. Possibly rhyming slang linking lollipop to copper. long-tailed 'un/long-tailed finnip = high value note, from the 1800s and in use to the late 1900s. Earlier 'long-tailed finnip' meant more specifically ten pounds, since a finnip was five pounds (see fin/finny/finnip) from Yiddish funf meaning five. There seems no explanation for long-tailed other than being a reference to extended or larger value. macaroni = twenty-five pounds (£25). Cockney rhyming slang for pony. madza caroon = half-a-crown (2/6) from the mid 1800s. A combination of medza, a corruption of Italian mezzo meaning half, and a mispronunciation or interpretation of crown. Madza caroon is an example of 'ligua franca' slang which in this context means langauge used or influenced by foreigners or immigrants, like a sort of pidgin or hybrid English-foreign slang, in this case mixed with Italian, which logically implies that much of the early usage was in the English Italian communities. Mezzo/madza was and is potentially confused with, and popularity supported by, the similar 'motsa' (see motsa entry). madza poona = half-sovereign, from the mid 1800s, for the same reasons as madza caroon. maggie/brass maggie = a pound coin (£1) - apparently used in South Yorkshire UK - the story is that the slang was adopted during the extremely acrimonious and prolonged miners' strike of 1984 which coincided with the introduction of the pound coin. Margaret Thatcher acted firmly and ruthlessly in resisting the efforts of the miners and the unions to save the pit jobs and the British coalmining industry, reinforcing her reputation for exercising the full powers of the state, creating resentment among many. When the pound coin appeared it was immediately christened a 'Maggie', based seemingly on the notion that it was '...a brassy piece that thinks it's a sovereign..." (ack J Jamieson, Sep 2007) If you have more detail about where and when this slang arose and is used, please let me know. I am grateful to J Briggs for confirming (March 2008): "...I live in Penistone, South Yorks (what we call the West Riding) and it was certainly called a 'Brass Maggie' in my area. Typically in a derisive way, such as 'I wouldn't give you a brass maggie for that' for something overpriced but low value. It never really caught on and has died out now..." marygold/marigold = a million pounds (£1,000,000). English slang referenced by Brewer in 1870, origin unclear, possibly related to the Virgin Mary, and a style of church windows featuring her image.

82 McGarrett = fifty pounds (£50). Initially London slang, especially for a fifty pound note. McGarret refers cunningly and amusingly to the popular US TV crime series Hawaii Five-0 and its fictional head detective Steve McGarrett, played by Jack Lord. The series was made and aired originally between 1968 and 1980 and developed a lasting cult following, not least due to the very cool appeal of the McGarrett character. Steve McGarrett was given the legendary line (every week virtually) "Book 'em Danno," - or "Book him Danno," - depending on the number of baddies they caught. Danno (Detective Danny Williams, played by James MacArthur) was McGarrett's unfailingly loyal junior partner. For the record, the other detectives were called Chin Ho Kelly (the old guy) and Kono Kalakaua (the big guy), played by Kam Fong and Zulu, both of which seem far better character names, but that's really the way it was. (Thanks L Cunliffe) medza/medzer/medzes/medzies/metzes/midzers = money. Other variations occur, including the misunderstanding of these to be 'measures', which has become slang for money in its own right. These slang words for money are most likely derived from the older use of the word madza, absorbed into English from Italian mezzo meaning half, which was used as a prefix in referring to half-units of coinage (and weights), notably medza caroon (half-crown), madza poona (half-sovereign) and by itself, medza meaning a ha'penny (½d). Potentially confused with and supported by the origins and use of similar motsa (see motsa entry). measures = money, late 20th century, most likely arising from misunderstanding medzas and similar variants, particularly medza caroon (hal-crown) and medza meaning a half-penny (ha'penny, i.e., ½d). mill = a million dollars or a million pounds. Interestingly mill is also a non-slang technical term for a tenth of a USA cent, or one-thousandth of a dollar, which is an accounts term only - there is no coinage for such an amount. The word mill is derived simply from the Latin 'millisimus' meaning a thousandth, and is not anything to do with the milled edge of a coin. monkey = five hundred pounds (£500). Probably London slang from the early 1800s. Origin unknown. Like the 'pony' meaning £25, it is suggested by some that the association derives from Indian rupee banknotes featuring the animal. moola = money. Variations on the same theme are moolah, mola, mulla. Modern slang from London, apparently originating in the USA in the 1930s. Probably related to 'motsa' below. motsa/motsah/motzer = money. Popular Australian slang for money, now being adopted elsewhere. Variations on the same theme are motser, motzer, motza, all from the Yiddish (Jewish European/Hebrew dialect) word 'matzah', the unleavened bread originally shaped like a large flat disk, but now more commonly square (for easier packaging and shipping), eaten at Passover, which suggests earliest origins could have been where Jewish communities connected with English speakers, eg., New York or London (thanks G Kahl). Popularity is supported (and probably confused also) with 'lingua franca' medza/madza and the many variations around these, which probably originated from a different source, namely the Italian mezzo, meaning half (as in madza poona = half sovereign). ned = a guinea. A slang word used in Britain and chiefly London from around 1750-1850. Ned was seemingly not pluralised when referring to a number of guineas, eg., 'It'll cost you ten ned..' A half-ned was half a guinea. The slang ned appears in at least one of Bruce Alexander's Blind Justice series of books (thanks P Bostock for raising this) set in London's Covent Garden area and a period of George III's reign from around 1760 onwards. It is conceivable that the use also later transferred for a while to a soverign and a pound, being similar currency units, although I'm not aware of specific evidence of this. The ned slang word certainly transferred to America,

83 around 1850, and apparently was used up to the 1920s. In the US a ned was a ten dollar gold coin, and a half-ned was a five dollar coin. Precise origin of the word ned is uncertain although it is connected indirectly (by Chambers and Cassells for example) with a straightforward rhyming slang for the word head (conventional ockney rhyming slang is slightly more complex than this), which seems plausible given that the monarch's head appeared on guinea coins. Ned was traditionally used as a generic name for a man around these times, as evidenced by its meaning extending to a thuggish man or youth, or a petty criminal (US), and also a reference (mainly in the US) to the devil, (old Ned, raising merry Ned, etc). These, and the rhyming head connection, are not factual origins of how ned became a slang money term; they are merely suggestions of possible usage origin and/or reinforcement. net gen = ten shillings (10/-), backslang, see gen net. nevis/neves = seven pounds (£7), 20th century backslang, and earlier, 1800s (usually as 'nevis gens') seven shillings (7/-). nicker = a pound (£1). Not pluralised for a number of pounds, eg., 'It cost me twenty nicker..' From the early 1900s, London slang, precise origin unknown. Possibly connected to the use of nickel in the minting of coins, and to the American slang use of nickel to mean a $5 dollar note, which at the late 1800s was valued not far from a pound. In the US a nickel is more commonly a five cent coin. A nicker bit is a one pound coin, and London cockney rhyming slang uses the expression 'nicker bits' to describe a case of diarrhoea. nugget/nuggets = a pound coin (£1) or money generally. The older nuggets meaning of money obviously alludes to gold nuggets and appeared first in the 1800s. Much more recently (thanks G Hudson) logically since the pound coin was introduced in the UK in the 1990s with the pound note's withdrawal, nugget seems to have appeared as a specific term for a pound coin, presumably because the pound coin is golden (actually more brassy than gold) and 'nuggety' in feel. oner = (pronounced 'wunner'), commonly now meaning one hundred pounds; sometimes one thousand pounds, depending on context. In the 1800s a oner was normally a shilling, and in the early 1900s a oner was one pound. oncer = (pronounced 'wunser'), a pound , and a simple variation of 'oner'. From the early 1900s, and like many of these slang words popular among Londoners (ack K Collard) from whom such terms spread notably via City traders and also the armed forces during the 2nd World War. oxford = five shillings (5/-), also called a crown, from cockney rhyming slang oxford scholar = dollar, dollar being slang for a crown. pair of nickers/pair of knickers/pair o'nickers = two pounds (£2), an irresistible pun. plum = One hundred thousand pounds (£100,000). As referenced by Brewer in 1870. Seemingly no longer used. Origin unknown, although I received an interesting suggestion (thanks Giles Simmons, March 2007) of a possible connection with Jack Horner's plum in the nursery rhyme. The Jack Horner nursery rhyme is seemingly based on the story of Jack Horner, a steward to the Bishop of Glastonbury at the time of the dissolution of the monasteries (16th century), who was sent to Henry VIII with a bribe consisting of the deeds to twelve important properties in the area. Horner, so the story goes, believing the bribe to be a waste of time, kept for himself the best (the 'plum') of these properties, Mells Manor (near Mells, Frome, Somerset),

84 in which apparently Horner's descendents still lived until quite recently. The Bishop was not so fortunate - he was hung drawn and quartered for remaining loyal to the Pope. pony = twenty-five pounds (£25). From the late 18th century according to most sources, London slang, but the precise origin is not known. Also expressed in cockney rhying slang as 'macaroni'. It is suggested by some that the pony slang for £25 derives from the typical price paid for a small horse, but in those times £25 would have been an unusually high price for a pony. Others have suggested that an Indian twenty-five rupee banknote featured a pony. Another suggestion (Ack P Bessell) is that pony might derive from the Latin words 'legem pone', which (according to the etymology source emtymonline.com) means, "...... 'payment of money, cash down,' [which interpretation apparently first appeared in] 1573, from first two words [and also the subtitle] of the fifth division of Psalm cxix [Psalm 119, verses 33 to 48, from the Bible's Old Testament], which begins the psalms at Matins on the 25th of the month; consequently associated with March 25, a quarter day in the old financial calendar, when payments and debts came due...." The words 'Legem pone' do not translate literally into monetary meaning, in the Psalm they words actully seem to equate to 'Teach me..' which is the corresponding phrase in the King James edition of the Bible. Other suggestions connecting the word pony with money include the Old German word 'poniren' meaning to pay, and a strange expression from the early 1800s, "There's no touching her, even for a poney [sic]," which apparently referred to a widow, Mrs Robinson, both of which appear in a collection of 'answers to correspondents' sent by readers and published by the Daily Mail in the 1990s. poppy = money. Cockney rhyming slang, from 'poppy red' = bread, in turn from 'bread and honey' = money. quarter = five shillings (5/-) from the 1800s, meaning a quarter of a pound. More recently (1900s) the slang 'a quarter' has transfered to twenty-five pounds. quid = one pound (£1) or a number of pounds sterling. Plural uses singular form, eg., 'Fifteen quid is all I want for it..', or 'I won five hundred quid on the horses yesterday..'. The slang money expression 'quid' seems first to have appeared in late 1600s England, derived from Latin (quid meaning 'what', as in 'quid pro quo' - 'something for something else'). Other intriguing possible origins/influences include a suggested connection with the highly secretive Quidhampton banknote paper-mill, and the term quid as applied (ack D Murray) to chewing tobacco, which are explained in more detail under quid in the cliches, words and slang page. readies = money, usually banknotes. Simply derived from the expression 'ready cash'. saucepan = a pound, late 1800s, cockney rhyming slang: saucepan lid = quid. score = twenty pounds (£20). From the 1900s, simply from the word 'score' meaning twenty, derived apparently from the ancient practice of counting sheep in lots of twenty, and keeping tally by cutting ('scoring') notches into a stick. shekels/sheckles = money. Not always, but often refers to money in coins, and can also refer to riches or wealth. From the Hebrew word and Israeli monetary unit 'shekel' derived in Hebrew from the silver coin 'sekel' in turn from the word for weight 'sakal'. seymour = salary of £100,000 a year - media industry slang - named after Geoff Seymour (1947-2009) the advertising copywriter said to have been the first in his profession to command such a wage. Seymour created the classic 1973 Hovis TV advert featuring the baker's boy delivering bread from a bike on an old cobbled hill in a North England town, to the theme of Dvorak's New World symphony played by a brass band. The actual setting was in fact Gold Hill

85 in Shaftesbury, Dorset. Incidentally the Hovis bakery was founded in 1886 and the Hovis name derives from Latin, Hominis Vis, meaning 'strength of man'. The 1973 advert's artistic director was Ridley Scott. shilling = a silver or silver coloured coin worth twelve pre-decimalisation pennies (12d). From Old High German 'skilling'. Similar words for coins and meanings are found all over Europe. The original derivation was either from Proto-Germanic 'skell' meaning to sound or ring, or Indo-European 'skell' split or divide. Some think the root might be from Proto-Germanic 'skeld', meaning shield. shrapnel = loose change, especially a heavy and inconvenient pocketful, as when someone repays a small loan in lots of coins. The expression came into use with this meaning when wartime sensitivities subsided around 1960-70s. Shrapnel conventionally means artillery shell fragments, so called from the 2nd World War, after the inventor of the original shrapnel shell, Henry Shrapnel, who devised a shell filled with pellets and explosive powder c.1806. sick squid = six pounds (£6), from the late 20th century joke - see squid. silver = silver coloured coins, typically a handful or piggy-bankful of different ones - i.e., a mixture of 5p, 10p, 20p and 50p. Commonly used in speech as 'some silver' or 'any silver', for example: "Have you got any silver for the car-park?" or What tip shall we leave?" ... "Some silver will do." In fact 'silver' coins are now made of cupro-nickel 75% copper, 25% nickel (the 20p being 84% and 16% for some reason). The slang term 'silver' in relation to monetary value has changed through time, since silver coins used to be far more valuable. In fact arguably the modern term 'silver' equates in value to 'coppers' of a couple of generations ago. Silver featured strongly in the earliest history of British money, so it's pleasing that the word still occurs in modern money slang. Interestingly also, pre-decimal coins (e.g., shillings, florins, sixpences) were minted in virtually solid silver up until 1920, when they were reduced to a still impressive 50% silver content. The modern 75% copper 25% nickel composition was introduced in 1947. Changes in coin composition necessarily have to stay ahead of economic attractions offered by the scrap metal trade. It is therefore only a matter of time before modern 'silver' copper-based coins have to be made of less valuable metals, upon which provided they remain silver coloured I expect only the scrap metal dealers will notice the difference. simon = sixpence (6d). The sixpenny piece used to be known long ago as a 'simon', possibly (ack L Bamford) through reference to the 17th century engraver at the Royal Mint, Thomas Simon. There has been speculation among etymologists that 'simon' meaning sixpence derives from an old play on words which represented biblical text that St Peter "...lodged with Simon a tanner.." as a description of a banking transaction, although Partridge's esteemed dictionary refutes this, at the same time conceding that the slang 'tanner' for sixpence might have developed or been reinforced by the old joke. See 'tanner' below. sir isaac = one pound (£1) - used in Hampshire (Southern England) apparently originating from the time when the one pound note carried a picture of Sir Isaac Newton. (Thanks M Ty- Wharton). sky/sky diver = five pounds (£5), 20th century cockney rhyming slang. smackers/smackeroos = pounds (or dollars) - in recent times not usually used in referring to a single £1 or a low amount, instead usually a hundred or several hundreds, but probably not several thousands, when grand would be preferred. Smackers (1920s) and smackeroos (1940s) are probably US extensions of the earlier English slang smack/smacks (1800s) meaning a pound

86 note/notes, which Cassells slang dictionary suggests might be derived from the notion of smacking notes down onto a table. sobs = pounds. Mispronunciation of sovs, short for sovereigns. An example of erroneous language becoming real actual language through common use. (Thanks to R Maguire for raising this one.) sovs = pounds. Short for sovereigns - very old gold and the original one pound coins. For example 'Lend us twenty sovs..' Sov is not generally used in the singular for one pound. Mispronounced by some as 'sobs'. spondulicks/spondoolicks = money. Pronunciation emphasises the long 'doo' sound. Various other spellings, e.g., spondulacks, spondulics. Normally refers to notes and a reasonable amount of spending money. The spondulicks slang can be traced back to the mid-1800s in England (source: Cassells), but is almost certainly much older. Spondoolicks is possibly from Greek, according to Cassells - from spondulox, a type of shell used for early money. Cassells also suggests possible connection with 'spondylo-' referring to spine or vertebrae, based on the similarity between a stack of coins and a spine, which is referenced in etymologist Michael Quinion's corespondence with a Doug Wilson, which cites the reference to piled coins (and thereby perhaps the link to sponylo/spine) thus: "Spondulics - coin piled for counting..." from the 1867 book A Manual of the Art of Prose Composition: For the Use of Colleges and Schools, by John Mitchell Bonnell. (Thanks R Maguire for prompting more detail for this one.) sprazi/sprazzy = sixpence (6d). A variation of sprat, see below. sprat/spratt = sixpence (6d). From the 1800s, by association with the small fish. squid = a pound (£1). Not normally pluralised, still expressed as 'squid', not squids, e.g., 'Fifty squid'. The most likely origin of this slang expression is from the joke (circa 1960-70s) about a shark who meets his friend the whale one day, and says, "I'm glad I bumped into you - here's that sick squid I owe you.." stiver/stuiver/stuyver = an old penny (1d). Stiver also earlier referred to any low value coin. Stiver was used in English slang from the mid 1700s through to the 1900s, and was derived from the Dutch Stiver coin issued by the East India Company in the Cape (of South Africa), which was the lowest East India Co monetary unit. There were twenty Stivers to the East India Co florin or gulden, which was then equal to just over an English old penny (1d). (source Cassells) strike = a sovereign (early 1700s) and later, a pound, based on the coin minting process which is called 'striking' a coin, so called because of the stamping process used in making coins. tanner = sixpence (6d). The slang word 'tanner' meaning sixpence dates from the early 1800s and is derived most probably from Romany gypsy 'tawno' meaning small one, and Italian 'danaro' meaning small change. The 'tanner' slang was later reinforced (Ack L Bamford) via jocular reference to a biblical extract about St Peter lodging with Simon, a tanner (of hides). The biblical text (from Acts chapter 10 verse 6) is: "He (Peter) lodgeth with one Simon a tanner, whose house is by the sea side..", which was construed by jokers as banking transaction instead of a reference to overnight accommodation. Nick Ratnieks suggests the tanner was named after a Master of the Mint of that name. A further suggestion (ack S Kopec) refers to sixpence being connected with pricing in the leather trade. An obscure point of nostalgic trivia about the tanner is apparently (thanks J Veitch) a rhyme, from around the mid-1900s, sung to the tune of Rule Britannia: "Rule Brittania, two tanners make a bob, three make eighteen pence and four two bob…" My limited research suggests this rhyme was not from London.

87 tenner - ten pounds (£10). ten bob bit = fifty pence piece (50p). A rare example of money slang from more recent times, even though it draws from the pre-decimal slang, since the term refers to ten shillings (equivalent to 50p) and alludes to the angular shape of the old theepenny bit. thick'un/thick one = a crown (5/-) or a sovereign, from the mid 1800s. three ha'pence/three haypence = 1½d (one and a half old pennies) - this lovely expression (thanks Dean) did not survive decimalisation, despite there being new decimal half-pence coins. In fact the term was obsolete before 1971 decimalisation when the old ha'penny (½d) was removed from the currency in 1969. tickey/ticky/tickie/tiki/tikki/tikkie = ticky or tickey was an old pre-decimal British silver threepenny piece (3d, equating loosely to 1¼p). The tickey slang was in use in 1950s UK (in Birmingham for example, thanks M Bramich), although the slang is more popular in South Africa, from which the British usage seems derived. In South Africa the various spellings refer to a SA threepenny piece, and now the equivalent SA post-decimalisation 2½ cents coin. South African tickey and variations - also meaning 'small' - are first recorded in the 19th century from uncertain roots (according to Partridge and Cassells) - take your pick: African distorted interpretation of 'ticket' or 'threepenny'; from Romany tikeno and tikno (meaning small); from Dutch stukje (meaning a little bit); from Hindustani taka (a stamped silver coin); and/or from early Portuguese 'pataca' and French 'patac' (meaning what?.. Partridge doesn't say). tom/tom mix = six pounds (£6), 20th century cockney rhyming slang, (Tom Mix = six). Tom Mix was a famous cowboy film star from 1910-1940. Tom Mix initially meant the number six (and also fix, as in difficult situation or state of affairs), and extended later in the 1900s to mean six pounds. ton = commonly one hundred pounds (£100). Not generally pluralised. From the fact that a ton is a measurement of 100 cubic feet of capacity (for storage, loading, etc). In the same way a ton is also slang for 100 runs in cricket, or a speed of 100 miles per hour. Logically 'half a ton' is slang for £50. tony benn - ten pounds (£10), or a ten pound note - cockney rhyming slang derived from the Labour MP and government minister Anthony Wedgwood Benn, popularly known as Tony Benn. Tony Benn (born 1925) served in the Wilson and Callaghan governments of the 1960s and 70s, and as an MP from 1950-2001, after which he remains (at time of writing this, Feb 2008) a hugely significant figure in socialist ideals and politics, and a very wise and impressive man. tosheroon/tusheroon/tosh/tush/tusseroon = half-a-crown (2/6) from the mid-1900s, and rarely also slang for a crown (5/-), most likely based in some way on madza caroon ('lingua franca' from mezzo crown), perhaps because of the rhyming, or some lost cockney rhyming rationale. tray/trey = three pounds, and earlier threpence (thruppeny bit, 3d), ultimately from the Latin tres meaning three, and especially from the use of tray and trey for the number three in cards and dice games. two and a kick = half a crown (2/6), from the early 1700s, based on the basic (not cockney) rhyming with 'two and six'.

88 wad = money. Usually meaning a large amount of spending money held by a person when out enjoying themselves. London slang from the 1980s, derived simply from the allusion to a thick wad of banknotes. Popularity of this slang word was increased by comedian Harry Enfield. wedge = nowadays 'a wedge' a pay-packet amount of money, although the expression is apparently from a very long time ago when coins were actually cut into wedge-shaped pieces to create smaller money units. wonga = money. Less common variations on the same theme: wamba, wanga, or womba. Modern London slang. Probably from Romany gypsy 'wanga' meaning coal. The large Australian 'wonga' pigeon is almost certainly unrelated... yennep/yenep/yennap/yennop = a penny (1d particularly, although also means a decimal penny, 1p). Yennep is backslang. Backslang evolved for similar reasons as cockney rhyming slang, i.e., to enable private or secret conversation among a particular community, which in the case of backslang is generally thought initially to have been street and market traders, notably butchers and greengrocers. Backslang essentially entails reversing the sound of the word, not the strict spelling, as you can see from the yennep example. Yennep backslang seems first to have appeared along with the general use of backslang in certain communities in the 1800s. yennaps/yennups = money. Originated in the 1800s from the backslang for penny.

89 SLANG VOCABULARY TEST

Slang Quiz: Mixed 1 Try this fun quiz to check your understanding of English slang. To learn more about an individual slang term, click on the "more about this slang term" link. Printer friendly: this page prints out in black and white without header, footer, ads etc.

1. action (1) If you're interested in American politics, the action is a. in London b. in Washington c. in Tokyo

2. axe | ax (1) The company had to axe Georgio because he a. worked too hard b, always came early c. made too many mistakes

3. beat it If somebody tells you to "Beat it!", they're telling you to a. hit something b. defeat something c. go away

4. blast (2) The manager blasted his secretary for a. forgetting to give him a message b. writing an excellent letter c. coing such a good job

5. crap (2) Shane said that the website we showed him was crap. He thinks it's a. a pretty good website b. a really bad website c. a very interesting website

6. drag It was such a drag when my new computer a. wouldn't start up b. worked beautifully c. booted up perfectly

90 7. fart If someone farts, it's possible to know by using the senses of a. seeing and tasting b. hearing and smelling c. touching and feeling

8. guts It took a lot of guts for my son to a. bully a smaller kid b. bully a bigger kid c. help a kid who was being bullied

9. horny Ben got really horny while he was a.. mowing the lawn b. doing his tax return c. watching a wet T-shirt contest

10. rip-off (1) If something's a rip-off, you probably a. don't need it b. won't buy it c. can't fix it

Telling the Time

Here are some phrases you can use when you want to know the time:

1. What's the time? 2. What time is it? 3. Have you got the right time? 4. What time do you make it?

91 To tell someone what the time is, we can say "The time is..." or, more usually, "It's...". Here is a typical dialogue:

Question: What's the time, please? Answer: It's three o'clock.

The chart below shows you two different ways to tell someone what the time is.

more formal less formal

It's... It's...

3.00 three o'clock three

3.02 just gone three o'clock three oh two

3.03 three minutes past three three oh three

3.05 five past three three oh five

3.09 nine minutes past three three oh nine

3.10 ten past three three ten

3.15 a quarter past three three fifteen

3.20 twenty past three three twenty

3.21 twenty-one minutes past three three twenty-one

3.25 twenty-five past three three twenty-five

3.30 half past three three thirty

3.35 twenty-five to four three thirty-five

3.40 twenty to four three forty

3.45 a quarter to four three forty-five

3.50 ten to four three fifty

3.55 five to four three fifty-five

92 3.57 three minutes to four three fifty-seven

3.58 nearly four o'clock three fifty-eight

4.00 four o'clock four

Day and Night

There are 24 hours in a day. The day is divided into "day (time)" and "night (-time)". Daytime is from sunrise (this varies, but we can say approximately 6am) to sunset (we can say approximately 6pm). Night-time is from sunset to sunrise.

Every day starts precisely at midnight. AM (Ante-Meridiem = before noon) starts just after midnight. PM (Post-Meridiem=after noon) starts just after midday. This means that 12am and 12pm have no meaning.

This diagram shows the cycle of a 24-hour day and the words we use to describe its parts. The day starts at midnight (at the bottom of the diagram).

93 LEARN TO TALK ABOUT TIME AND ASK THE TIME IN ENGLISH (REQUIRES REAL PLAYER). ON THE PAST / TO WHAT TO WRITING THE PREPOSITIONS WORK TIME TIME IDIOMS HOUR THE HOUR SAY TIME

TIME (1) When it's "on the hour" we say "o'clock". But only when it's on the hour.

Twelve o'clock Six o'clock

One o'clock Seven o'clock

Two o'clock Eight o'clock

Three o'clock Nine o'clock

94 Four o'clock Ten o'clock

Five o'clock Eleven o'clock

Because it can be difficult to say whether 12 o'clock is during the day or the night, we use two special terms.

00:00 and 24:00 = 12:00 = Twelve Twelve midnight (or noon (or noon) midnight)

TIME (2)

In five minute increments, when it's past the hour (up to 30 minutes past) we say "past".

When it's before the hour (after 30 minutes past) we say "to".

There are 60 minutes in an hour.

30 minutes is half an hour, we say "half past" or "thirty".

15 minutes is quarter of an hour, we say "quarter past" or "fifteen" or "quarter to" or "forty-five".

95 Twelve fifteen

or Twelve o'clock Quarter past twelve

Twelve thirty Twelve forty- or five

Half past twelve or We never say "half Quarter to one to".

At other "odd" times, when we want to be accurate, we add the word "minute(s)":-

It's twenty-eight It's one minute minutes to twelve. past three.

96 If you want to avoid trying to remember when to use "minutes" and when not to just say "nearly" or "just turned".

It's just turned half It's nearly three past eleven. o'clock.

PREPOSITIONS USED WITH TIME

At a In a point in length time of time

"It's 12.45, "I'll see "When "Let's when you in an shall we meet at 12.30. will you hour, at about meet? " be 1.45." ready?

NATURALLY SPEAKING DIGITAL CLOCKS OFTEN SHOW THE TIME THIS WAY USING THE 24-HOUR-CLOCK, ONLY THE POLICE AND THE MILITARY ACTUALLY SPEAK USING THE 24 HOUR CLOCK:- If it's before noon we tend to If it's after noon we say "in If it's late we say "at night". say "in the morning". the afternoon". 07:00 14:00 22:00 It's seven o'clock in the It's two o'clock in the It's ten o'clock at night morning. afternoon. 15 minutes past the hour is quarter past: 07:15 14:15 22:15 It's quarter past seven in the It's quarter past two in the It's quarter past ten at night. morning. afternoon. 30 minutes past the hour is half past: 07:30 14:30 22:30 It's half past seven in the It's half past two in the It's half past ten at night. morning. afternoon. 45 minutes past the hour is

97 quarter to: 07:45 14:45 22:45 It's quarter to eight in the It's quarter to three in the It's quarter to eleven at night. morning. afternoon.

HOW TO ASK THE TIME IN ENGLISH. . It's exactly eight o'clock.

o Excuse me. What or time is it, please? . It's eight.

. It's half past twelve.

o Excuse me. Do you have the time, or please? . It's twelve thirty.

. It's about half past eleven. o Excuse me. Could you tell me the time, or please? . It's around eleven thirty.

WORK TIME There are some common words and phrases that we use to describe the hours we work. At work in the UK we talk about starting time and leaving time. 9-to-5 is a phrase used to describe a conventional and possibly tedious job. Negatively used, it connotes a tedious or unremarkable occupation, the idea being that, because the job is so boring, the workplace shuts down outside of required hours. The phrase also indicates that a person is an employee, usually in a large company, rather than self-employed. More neutrally, it connotes a job with stable hours and low career risk, but still a position of subordinate employment. Overtime is the time we work in addition to what is normal. Overtime is either paid, or unpaid.

98 Full time (full-time) is the term we use to describe the whole of someone's available working time, typically 40 hours in a week, but the European Union's working time directive imposes a 48 hour maximum working week that applies to every member state except here in the United Kingdom (which has an opt-out meaning that UK-based employees may work longer than 48 hours if they wish, but they cannot be forced to do so). Part time (part-time) is the term we use to describe employment with fewer hours per week than a full-time job. Time off is the term we use to describe time for rest or recreation away from one's usual work or studies. Time in lieu refers to taking time off instead of, or in addition to, receiving pay for overtime worked or working on public or bank holidays.

Check these time idioms too. WRITING THE TIME

Morning 00:01 - 11:59 a.m. - stands for Ante Meridiem (the time between midnight 00:01 hrs - 12:00 and noon) noon or midday 12:00 p.m. - stands for Post Meridian (after noon) 12:01 - 24:00 hrs Afternoon 12:01 - 18:00 Evening 18:01 - 22:00 Night 22:01 - 24:00 Midnight 24:00 / 00:00 There are 24 hours in a day, but only the military, police and computer programmers use the 24- hour clock. When writing or speaking generally we tend to use the 12-hour clock. The 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods called a.m. (Latin "ante meridiem" | English: "before mid day") and p.m. (Latin "post meridiem" | English: "after mid day").

The way people write the time varies. I prefer a.m. and p.m. Choose from the following styles or use what your English teacher tells you to and stick to it:- a.m. p.m. am pm AM PM A.M. P.M.

Some people (myself included) use a dot as the separator: 2.30 pm.

Some people use a colon as the separator: 2:30 pm. The colon is usually used with the 24-hour clock: 14:30.

When you are writing the time decide whether to write it using numerals or words, and stick to that.

99 The word day can have two meanings: 1. the 24 hours between one midnight and the next 2. the time between sunrise and sunset (as distinct from night)

Days of the Week

The chart below shows the "days of the week" in English together with their normal abbreviations.

Day of the Week Abbreviation

Monday Mon. Mo.

Tuesday Tue. Tu. days weekdays Wednesday Wed. We. of (5 days) the Thursday Thu. Th. week (7 Friday Fri. Fr. days) weekend Saturday Sat. Sa. (2 days) Sunday Sun. Su.

Notice that days of the week and weekdays and are NOT the same:

a. "Days of the week" are all 7 days from Monday to Sunday. b. "Weekdays" are only the 5 days from Monday to Friday. c. The "weekend" is Saturday and Sunday.

Learn the days of the week listening to Jonathan Taylor as he sings 7 Days a Week I Rock n' Roll:

Months of the Year

The table below shows the months of the year used in English-speaking countries and many other parts of the world. The list shows the order of the months, starting from January (month 1).

The abbreviations or short forms shown are the most common, but other abbreviations are possible, for example: Ja./Fe./Ma. or J./F./M.

The days column shows the number of days in the month. All months have 30 or 31 days, except for February which has 28 days (29 in a leap year).

100 Every fourth year, the month of February has 29 days instead of 28. This year is called a "leap year" and the 29th day of February is a "leap day". A leap year has 366 days instead of the usual 365. Most years that can be cleanly divided by four are leap years. 2016, 2020 and 2024, for example, are leap years. No. Month Short Form Days Season

1 January Jan. 31 Winter 2 February Feb. 28/29

3 March Mar. 31

4 April Apr. 30 Spring

5 May May 31

6 June Jun. 30

7 July Jul. 31 Summer

8 August Aug. 31

9 September Sep. 30

10 October Oct. 31 Autumn

11 November Nov. 30

12 December Dec. 31 Winter The seasons are approximate and depend on latitude. Some parts of the world have only three seasons. The seasons shown here are for the North Temperate Zone (for example ). In the southern hemisphere, the seasons are reversed. Writing the Date There are several different ways to write the date in English. They vary from formal to informal, and there are differences between British and American English. The following table shows some typical formats. Format British: Day-Month-Year American: Month-Day-Year A the Fourteenth of March, 2011 March the Fourteenth, 2011 B 14th March 2011 March 14th, 2011 C 14 March 2011 March 14, 2011 D 14/3/2011 3/14/2011 E 14/3/11 3/14/11 F 14/03/11 03/14/11

101 Note: which format to use is a question of formality, politeness and personal choice. Generally, the longer formats, such as B or C, are more polite (since they show more respect for the reader). Shorter formats, such as D or E, are used in less formal situations, for example a memo, a letter between friends or an impersonal business letter. Format F is rather official and is typically seen on an invoice or an official or technical document. Format A is extremely formal and mainly used on printed items, for example a wedding invitation. The numerical formats may use a full stop (.) or hyphen (-) instead of a slash (/), for example: 14.3.2011 or 03-14-11 Note that another format exists which writes the date numerically in the order Year- Month-Day, for example: 2011/03/14. This is rare in British or American English and used mainly in very official or technical documents.

Months Number Name Abbreviations 1 January Jan J 2 February Feb F 3 March Mar M 4 April Apr A 5 May May M 6 June Jun J 7 July Jul J 8 August Aug A 9 September Sep S 10 October Oct O 11 November Nov N 12 December Dec D In English, months are correctly written with an initial capital: January, February... Days of the Month 1st First 2nd Second 3rd Third 4th Fourth 5th Fifth 6th Sixth 7th Seventh 8th Eighth 9th Ninth 10th Tenth 11th Eleventh

102 12th Twelfth 13th Thirteenth 14th Fourteenth 15th Fifteenth 16th Sixteenth 17th seventeenth 18th Eighteenth 19th Nineteenth 20th Twentieth 21st twenty-first 22nd twenty-second 23rd twenty-third 24th twenty-fourth 25th twenty-fifth 26th twenty-sixth 27th twenty-seventh 28th twenty-eighth 29th twenty-ninth 30th Thirtieth 31st thirty-first AD and BC

You sometimes see years written with AD or BC, like this: a. 2000 AD b. 450 BC What does it mean? a. AD is AFTER Jesus Christ was born. b. BC is BEFORE Jesus Christ was born. c. AD stands for the Latin Anno Domini meaning "In the year of Our Lord". d. BC stands for Before Christ.

BC is always written after the year. AD may be written before the year or (modern style) after the year. If a year is shown without AD or BC, it is usually AD. Here are some examples going back in time:

103 English Club was founded in 1997. 1. The Second World War ended in 1945. 2. The Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582 AD. 3. Genghis Khan died in 1227 AD. 4. Vesuvius erupted in AD 79 and Pompeii was buried under ash. 5. Jesus Christ was thought to have been born in AD 1. 6. But he was probably born a few years earlier, around 5 BC. 7. Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC. 8. In 71 BC Spartacus was defeated by the Romans. 9. Rome was founded in 753 BC. 10. The Great Pyramid was completed in Egypt more than 4,500 years ago, around 2566 BC. 11. Evidence of the creation and use of pottery earlier than 17,000 BC has been found in China. You sometimes see CE and BCE instead of AD and BC. They are relatively new terms that mean the same as AD and BC. CE stands for "Common Era" and is the same as AD. BCE stands for "Before Common Era" and is the same as BC. Look at these examples:  Genghis Khan died in 1227 CE. [same as 1227 AD]  Rome was founded in 753 BCE. [same as 753 BC]

104 Cardinal Points of the Compass North, south, east and west are known as the "four points of the compass" or the "cardinal points of the compass" (the adjective "cardinal" means "important, principle, main").

The sun rises ↑ in the East and sets ↓ in the West.

105 Points of the Compass In addition to the cardinal points of the compass (north, south, east and west) there are intercardinal points (north-east, south-east, south-west, north-west). You can see these in the chart below together with their abbreviations.

The intercardinal points can be divided into secondary intercardinal points such as: North-NorthEast, East-NorthEast, East-SouthEast etc. These are not shown in the chart above.

106 Numbers Vocab

Numbers are the words or symbols that we use to count quantity. We have one (1) nose and two (2) eyes on our face. We have four (4) fingers and one (1) thumb on each hand. There are seven (7) days in a week. There are twelve (12) months in a year. And there are one hundred (100) years in a century.

The symbols that we use for numbers today (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are called Arabic numerals. Another system that you sometimes see (i, ii, v, x, l, c etc) uses Roman numerals. In this lesson we will look at:

1. Cardinal Numbers These are "normal" numbers, eg: 1, 2, 3 etc 2. Thousands How we use the comma (,) to separate thousands, eg: 5,000,000 3. Tens And Units Blues Song Fun with numbers. Sing along if you like. 4. Decimals How we use a point (.) to express numbers smaller than 1, eg: 0.9, 0.5, 0.001 5. Fractions How we use fractions to express numbers smaller than 1, eg: ½, ¼, ¾ 6. Ordinal Numbers How we write numbers that describe the "order" of things, eg: first, second, third 7. Roman Numbers How we express numbers the hard way, with letters as symbols, eg: I, II, III etc

107 North, South, East & West - Usage Each of the points of the compass (north, south, east, west, south-east, north-west etc) can be: 1. noun (The sun rises in the east.) 2. adjective (It is sunny on the east coast.) 3. adverb (We drove east for 50 miles.) Look at some more example sentences: Penguins live in the south.

The wind is coming from the east. Noun

He lives in the south-east of England.

He lives in South London.

The storm will reach the north-west coast tomorrow. Adjective Polar bears live at the North Pole.

Penguins live at the South Pole.

Is the country South Africa in the south of the African adjective | noun continent?

Our house faces south-west.

Our car broke down a mile east of the city. Adverb

He lives south of London.

The points of the compass are capitalized when they form part of a name, for example: South Africa, East Timor, North America, the South Pole, Northwest Territories. Notice the difference between "in the south" and "to the south" or just "south": a. Paris is in the north of France. b. Sweden is north of France. c. Belgium is to the north of France. d. Canada is north of the USA. e. The USA is north of Mexico f. Mexico is south of the USA. g. Moscow is in the west of Russia. h. Europe is west of Russia. i. Europe is to the west of

108 Russia. j. Shanghai is in the east of China. k. Japan is east of China. l. Japan is to the east of China. Weather Vocabulary

Word Meaning Example Sentence Part of speech

The airconditioner airconditioner/ keeps the office nice an appliance that cools down the air airconditioning and comfortable even in a home or building noun when it's very hot outside.

The skiers were avalanche a dangerous slide of snow down a warned about a noun mountain possible avalanche.

It's supposed to go below freezing temperature less than 0 degrees below freezing preposition/adjective Celsius/(32F) before the weekend.

The airplane couldn't blizzard a storm with lots of snow and wind take-off because of the noun blizzard.

It was boiling hot, so boiling hot common expression for describing a we all jumped into the adjective + noun very hot day lake.

Don't bother with a breeze hat. There is always a light wind noun breeze near the ocean.

In the summer, the Celsius measurement of temperature (0 average temperature noun degrees is freezing/100 is boiling) here is 20 degrees Celsius.

It's a bit chilly today, chilly Cold so I think you should adjective wear a coat.

109 clear when the sky is blue because no On a clear night you adjective clouds are blocking the sun can see a lot of stars.

It may look cloudy in cloud/cloudy water in the sky that appears as a the morning, but the noun/adjective white or grey mass sun always comes out by afternoon.

They're calling for a cold spell a period of colder than average cold spell, so we put adjective + noun weather off our camping trip.

The days were boiling hot, but the nights cool temperature in between warm and were cool and adjective cold comfortable for sleeping.

I don't feel the heat degrees until it's about forty measurement for temperature noun degrees Celsius outside.

I think I'll take the dog drizzling raining slightly for a walk. It's only continuous verb drizzling now.

Forest fires are a drought a long period with no rainfall serious danger during noun a drought.

It was 100 degrees Fahrenheit measurement of temperature (32 Fahrenheit when we noun degrees is freezing/212 is boiling) got to San Francisco.

The flood was so bad, flood overflow of rain water our basement was full noun of water.

There are a few flurries flurries but the snow very light snowfall noun isn't sticking to the roads.

We couldn't see the fog/foggy thick water vapor that blocks one's bridge because there noun/adjective vision was too much fog.

110 According to the 5 day forecast forecast, it's going to the expected weather for the future noun/verb rain on our wedding day.

It was a freezing cold freezing cold common expression used to day for the Santa Claus adjective + noun describe a very cold day parade.

Some flowers are so frost ice crystals on a frozen surface strong they can noun withstand frost.

I lost my hat while I a skin condition caused by over frostbite was skiing, and I ended exposure to the cold (typically noun up with frostbite on reddish skin with white spots) my ears.

There was so much hail small pieces of ice that fall during a hail that some of the noun storm trailer homes were destroyed.

Bring lots of water and heat stroke a flu-like condition one can acquire wear a hat to avoid noun after spending too long in the sun heat stroke in this weather.

extremely hot weather that is much During the heat-wave heat-wave higher than average--usually lasts a we cooled our beds noun short time down with ice packs.

It feels a lot hotter humid/humidity than it actually is moisture in the air adjective/noun because of the humidity.

Half of the buildings hurricane a tropical storm with very strong on the island were noun wind and rain flattened by the hurricane.

The roads are icy so icy slippery because of ice please avoid driving adjective down any hills. lightning electrical discharge and flash The outdoor pool noun between a cloud and the ground always closes when the

111 lifeguards think lightning is coming.

It's quite mild out so I mild temperature that is warmer than didn't bother with a adjective average (in a cold season) hat or mittens.

The meteorologist meteorologist a person who studies weather predicted that the cold noun patterns spell would be over by now.

It was minus twenty minus/negative indicates that a temperature is degrees at the top of adjective below zero the skil hill.

The sky is overcast this morning, but the overcast no sun is visible sun is supposed to adjective come out by late afternoon.

term often used in a weather Tomorrow's forecast is partly cloudy forecast to indicate that the skies partly cloudy with adverb + adjective are sunny and cloudy at the same clear skies by nightfall. time

There is very little precipitation rain or snow that falls on an area precipitation in the noun desert.

Children love to splash puddle in puddles when they collection of rain water noun are wearing rubber boots. rain/raining/ rainy My hair is all wet and water that falls to earth noun/continuous messy from the rain. verb/adjective

I love catching raindrop a single measurement of rain raindrops on my noun tongue.

According to legend rainbow a band of colours found in the sky you can find a pot of noun after a rainfall gold at the end of a

112 rainbow.

They cancelled the raining cats and football game because dogs raining heavily it was raining cats idiom and dogs. scorching/a It was a scorcher, so extremely hot temperature/a very scorcher the whole family slept hot day adjective/noun in the cool basement.

time of year characterized by My favorite season is season certain weather Fall, because I love to noun Winter,Spring,Summer,Fall (or watch the leaves Autumn) changing colours.

They've been calling shower quick/light rainstorm for showers all week, noun but so far it's been dry. sleet(similar to All-weather-tires are hail) rain that freezes as it falls best if you have to noun drive in sleet.

The snow turned to slush/slushy snow on the ground that has been slush as soon as it noun/adjective rained on started to rain.

You really notice the smog heavy,dark cloud cover caused by smog downtown in noun pollution this type of humidity.

It is already snowing snow/snowy/snowi up in the mountains, ng frozen water that warms slightly as so the ski season noun/adjective/ it falls to earth should be great this continuous verb year.

All of the schools were snowstorm large amounts of wind and snow closed because of the noun snowstorm. sun/sunshi We hope to have ne/sunny the gassy star that warms the earth sunshine on the day noun/noun/ of the beach picnic. adjective sunburn painful red/pink skin caused by The bald man got a

113 noun being in the sun too long sunburn on his head.

I forgot my shades /shades dark eyewear that protects you from and I was driving right noun the sun into the sun. suntan/tanned I got a suntan on the brown/golden skin caused by long noun (also verb)/ cruise, but it has periods of sun exposure adjective (also verb) already faded away. sunscreen/suntan Don't forget to reapply cream that protects your skin from lotion your sunscreen when sun damage noun you get out of the lake.

Can you check the temperature temperature before how warm or cold the air is noun we get dressed for our walk?

When I checked the temperature this thermometer instrument for measuring the morning, the noun temperature of the air thermometer said it was already thirty degrees Celsius.

thunder is a loud noise after Let's close all of the thunder/thunderst lightning, caused by rapid windows. It looks like a orm expansion of air superheated by the thunderstorm is noun lightning coming.

The tornado picked tornado/cyc up everything in its lone violently spinning windstorm path, including noun animals and cars.

I always keep an umbrella held over one's head and body for umbrella in my car in noun rain protection case of rain.

Ultra violet rays can UV (ultra violet) cause skin cancer if rays the damaging rays from the sun you don't wear noun sunscreen. wind/windy It's too windy to play blowing air outside noun/adjective golf today.

114 It's minus two, but wind chill factor when the wind makes the air feel with the wind chill noun colder than the actual temperature factor it's minus fifteen.

115 TERTIARY COLOURS ARE NEUTRAL COLOURS SUCH AS BROWNS AND GREYS. IF YOU MIX THREE PRIMARY COLOURS TOGETHER, YOU GET A TERTIARY COLOUR OR IF YOU MIX A PRIMARY COLOUR AND A SECONDARY COLOUR YOU GET A TERTIARY COLOUR. Brown

Grey

BLACK AND WHITE Black

White

BLACK ADDS SHADOW TO A COLOUR. BUT WHITE MAKES A COLOUR LIGHTER. + = Pink

+ = Cream

+ = Light blue Opposite Dark blue

+ = Light green etc...

FOR EXAMPLE:

The Union Jack is red, white and blue.

The German flag is black, red and yellow.

116 Penguins are black and white.

Aubergines are purple.

Lettuce is green.

Lemons are yellow.

Oranges are orange!

117 REFERENCES

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