Revenge As Portrayed in Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights

Home , Betrayal (Revenge), The Revenge (Seinfeld)

REVENGE AS PORTRAYED IN EMILY BRONTE’S WUTHERING HEIGHTS AND ALEXANDRE DUMAS’S THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO : A COMPERATIVE LITERATURE

A THESIS

BY YULITAMI ANNISA PANDIA REG. NO. 160721037

DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REVENGE AS PORTRAYED IN EMILY BRONTE’S WUTHERING HEIGHTS AND ALEXANDRE DUMAS’S THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO: A COMPERATIVE LITERATURE

A THESIS

BY YULITAMI ANNISA PANDIA REG. NO. 160721037

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Drs. Parlidungan Purba, M.Hum. Diah Rahayu Pratama, M.Pd NIP. 19630216 198903 1 003 NIP: 195612141986012001

DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as a thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head of Department, Secretary of Department,

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A, Ph.D Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A,Ph.D. NIP. 1957117 198303 2 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of Sarjana of Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on JULY 22nd, 2019

Dean of Cultural Studies Faculty

University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001

Board of Examiners

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D.

Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum.

Drs. Siamir Marulafau, M.Hum.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, YULITAMI ANNISA PANDIA, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS. EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS, THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENT IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION. SIGNED : ...... DATE : JULY, 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

NAME : YULITAMI ANNISA PANDIA

TITLE OF THESIS : REVENGE AS PORTRAYED IN EMILY BRONTE’S WUTHERING HEIGHTS AND ALEXANDRE DUMAS’S THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO : A COMPERATIVE LITERATURE

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISRECTION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed:

Date: , 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Judul tesis ini adalah Revenge As Portrayed In Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights and Alexander Dumas‟s the count of Monte Cristo: A Comparative Literature. Analisis difokuskan pada ide-ide tematik atau sentral dari kedua novel dalam hal analisis literatur komparatif. Tema itu sendiri disebut balas dendam sebagai respons terhadap kekecewaan karena pengkhianatan cinta dan kegagalan untuk mencapai keadilan. Balas dendam seharusnya merupakan reaksi yang memiliki dampak terbalik terhadap orang yang telah melakukan pengkhianatan dan ketidakadilan. Selain itu, kesamaan tema dapat ditelusuri dalam dua novel serta perbedaan dengan menggunakan teori literatur komparatif. Metode yang digunakan dalam melakukan analisis adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Dikatakan demikian karena data yang dianalisis dideskripsikan dengan analisis interpretatif dengan menggambarkan data yang ada.

Kata kunci: karakter utama, balas dendam, pengkhianatan dan keadilan

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

The title of this thesis is Revenge as Portrayed in Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights and Alexander Dumas‟s the count of Monte Cristo: A Comparative Literature. The analysis is focused on thematic or central ideas of the two novels in terms of comparative literature analysis. The theme itself is referred to revenge as the response towards disappointment because of love betrayal and the failure to achieve justice. Revenge is supposed to the reaction that has reverse impact to one who has made the betrayal and the injustice. Besides that, the similarity of the theme can be traced in the two novels as well as the difference by using comparative literature theory. The method applied in doing the analysis is descriptive qualitative. It is said so because the data analyzed is described by interpretative analysis by describing the existing data.

Keywords: Main Character, Revenge, Betrayal, Justice

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahirrahmaanirrahiim

First of all, “Alhamdulillah” the writer gives praise and thank to Allah SWT who has given her the mercy such as life, healthy, times, believe, and blessing. Shalawat and

Salam for the Prophet Muhammad SAW who has brought us from the darkness to the brightness.

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S., as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara. I would like to express my gratitude to our Dean. Thank you for guiding us to be a better student through your directions and regulations that makes us to stay on the best line to study in our beloved faculty. It is my honor to be a part of your students here.

Prof. Hj. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A, Ph.D as the Head of English Department and also my teacher, I would like to express my thanks for everything you have shared to me. Every knowledge and dedication you give to me will never be forgotten and it is my honor to share with people around me. Please keep doing the best for English

Department.

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti,MA. Ph.D, as the Secretary of English Department and also my examiner, I would like to express my warm gratitude to you for all your help during my student years in English Extension Program. Thank you for all efforts and you are an inspiration to help me in finishing my degree in University of Sumatera

Utara. You are inspiring me in any aspects of my student year.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Drs. Siamir Maralafau, M.Hum as my examiner and my teacher, Thank you for your help during my student year in English Literature Extension program. You have taught me about literature and culture from your subject. I wish you have a very healthy life and keep your spirit to teach your students cheerfully.

Drs. Parlindugan Purba, M.Hum as my supervisor and my teacher. What would I do without you? You are a wonderful. Thank you for supporting me since I start my journey in University of Sumatera Utara as a diploma student. I can‟t count how many times you cheer me up in passing my student years. You are an inspiration for me and some students to life as human. Thank you for your guidance and all your supports so I can finish my student years without any hesitation. Please don‟t stop in inspiring every student in University of Sumatera Utara and never be tired to support your student no matter they look like.

My Great Thank to all of teacher in University of Sumatera Utara that I can‟t mention all of you one by one. You are great teachers and all of you bear student‟s courage in studying at University of Sumatera Utara. All of you are Hero in our life as a student who always seeks for knowledge. Thank you for helping me during my student years so I can see the world through the window that you have made. I wish you the very best wishes in doing your duties. May God always be with you.

The greatest thanks are fully dedicated to both of the most God given gift, my family, Ir. Mhd. Taufik Sembiring Pandia and Meiny Mora Lubis, S.E i‟ve finished my degree without any hesitation. You keep supporting meet in any aspect. Your love never be forgotten and it makes me strong to walk in my path to finish the degree. You are my inspiration to be a better person from day by day. Thank you for everything. For

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA my beloved brother Mhd. Tommy Husein Pandia. Thank for everything you have done to support me in finishing my degree in University of Sumatera. I am sorry to keep bothering you in any aspects of your life but here my work that I want to dedicate for every pray you hope. I know this work can not reply all sacrifices that you have done to me but this is only the beginning to start my new journey. I am here today because of your prayer, love, support, and care.

Thank you also to my aunt and uncle, Drg. Linda Mora Lubis, and (Alm)

Asfan Basri and my little brothers, Iqbal, Habibi,Aufar and Ghipa, thank you for inspiring me and supporting me. You are my inspiration to reach my degree here.

To all my friends during my student years in Extension Program, Silvy

Yosvyana Meliala, Helmi Fauzi Situmorang, Egy Frien Situmorang, Geta Brenaita. and other that I can‟t mention one by one. Thank you for the day we faced together it will be beautiful experiences that can be my sweetest memory. The early year looks like bitter time but all of you make it sweet before the end comes. Thank you for encouraging and cheering me during the arrangement of this thesis. You are my inspiration I hope and wish the very best luck to all of you. When we are already old please remember the day we fight together.

Medan, May 2018

YULITAMI ANNISA PANDIA Reg. No. 160721037

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENT

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... iv

ABSTRAK ...... vi

ABSTRACT ...... vii

ACKNOLEDGEMENTS ...... viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 Background of The Study ...... 1

1.2 Problem of The Study ...... 4

1.3 Objective of The Study ...... 5

1.4 Scope of The Study ...... 5

1.5 Significances of The Study ...... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 7

2.I Novel ...... 7

2.2 Literature...... 8

2.3 A Brief Description of Comparative Literature ...... 9

2.4 A Brief Description of Thematic Study ...... 11

2.4.1 A Brief Description of Motif ...... 12

2.5 A Brief Description of Revenge...... 13

2.6 Psychological Dynamics of Revenge ...... 15

2.7 Supporting Theories of Revenge……………………...…..………17

2.7.1 Betrayal ...... 17

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.7.2 Aggressiveness ...... 19

2.7.3 Justice ...... 20

2.8 Review of Previous Study ...... 21

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH...... 22

3.1 Collecting Data ...... 22

3.2 Data and Source of Data ...... 23

3.3 Selecting Data ...... 23

3.4 Analyzing Data ...... 24

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING ...... 25

4.1 Revenge in Emily Bronte‟s The Wuthering Height ...... 25

4.1.1 Betrayal ...... 25

4.1.2 Justice ...... 29

4.2 Revenge in Alexander Dumas‟ The Count of Monte Cristo ...... 31

4.2.1 Betrayal ...... 31

4.2.2 Justice ...... 32

4.3 Finding ...... 38

4.3.1 Similarities and Differences Wuthering Heights and The Count of

Monte Cristo ...... 38

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 42

5.1 Conclusion ...... 42

5.2 Suggestion...... 43

REFERENCES ...... 45

APPENDICIES

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I.I Background of The Study

Literature is very important to be read because there are so many advantages.

The advantages are to reward individuals, to reflect a human being and to learn to be a better way behave. Literature builds experience. People expand the horizons through vicarious experiences, visit new place, gain new experiences and meet new people.

Learn about the past as well as the present and learn about a variety of culture. Literature can also open doors for people by introducing them to different cultures, social structures and story lines. Because it is a advantages, literature becames important to be learnt. As Block and Mangieri (2002) state, “Making time for recreational reading and using high quality literature help to develop enthusiastic readers and improves achievement”.

In literature, there are some types of literature. Since Plato and Aristoteles have divided literary works into three categories (Wellek and Warren,1984: 300) are poetry, prose, amd drama. Prose is a fictitious narrative kind of writing. In general, this is called novel. The novel,like documentary,is a hard genre to define. Through history, the term

“novel” has been applied to writings that cover a plethora of topics,that employ numerious and varied style. (Meigan Goodyer 2008:11)

Novel is a literary work built by some elements. The elements are functional, means the author has created to support the purpose and the meaning in novel. All of these elements are integral parts of any novel. Theme is one of the elements. Novel is

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA narrative text informing of prose with a long shape that including some figure and fiction even. The intrinsic elements of novel are theme, plot, point of view, characterizations, setting, etc (Nurgiyantoro, 2007:10)

As a strating point, theme is a problem in literary work. This theme is to be conveyed and solved by the author through in story. The theme became the basis of development of the whole story. Theme is seen as a universal element; in every language there is a means for identifying what the clause is about (Halliday, 1994).

Theme can defines as funcation where a special status assigned to one part of the clasuse. It is important not to confuse a theme of a literary work with its subject.

Subject is a topic that acts as a foundation for a literary work, while a theme is an opinion expressed on the subject. Sometime theme may expressed as the feelings of main characther about the story. Moreover, the experiences of the main character in the course of a literary work give us an idea about its theme.

In the literary works, many of theme that can be described, for example love, education, social class, revenge etc,but this thesis be focus on revenge. In Dr.

Steinmetz R, in his book, Ethnologische Studies zur Ersten Entwicklung der Strafe mentions that Revenge is essentially rooted in the feeling of power and superiorty. It arises consequently upon the experience of injury, and its aim is to enhance the self- feeling which has been lowered or degrade by the injury suffered (Edward :289).

The story of revenge is always bitter-sweet. Revenge has become part of human behavior for most of life on Earth. Undoubtedly, many are imagining vengeance or bumping into people who have hurt him. Revenge is an emotional trigger that awakens people to action."Revenge is a very pervasive experience in

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA human life, people of every society understand the anger that makes someone want to hurt others who have hurt.

The thesis use two novels, they are Wuthering Height written by Emily

Bronte and The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas, which is both of them telll about revenge. Wuthering Height is the novel that hont of deeper meaning. The main character is Heatcliff, a poor boy live in Wuthering Height after being picked up by Mr. Earnshaw. Heatcliff is not liked by Mrs. Earshaw and her son Hindsley.

Hindsley treat her so badly. And that why Heatcliff want to take revenge.

In The Count of Monte Cristo revolves around French on the 1815-1838, it tells about the life of Edmond Dante,a 19-year-old,marseiless sailor,a first class sailor from the ship le Pharaon. The ship‟s owner to become captain of pharaon‟s ship. While waiting for the process of loading and unloading the ship he applied for leave to be married to Marcedes, her idol heart. He get good fortune no liked by his friends. These three men have plan to destroy Edmond Dante. Edmond Dante directly sentenced to prison on a remote island. In there, Edmond Dante has make a plan to get out of the prison and take his revenge.

To compare both novels,the Comparative Literature theory is applied in the analysis. In Marius Francois Guyard “La Literature Comparee” , mentions that comparative literature is the history of international literary relations

(Clements,1978:5). It means comparative literature is a method of study to compare two literary work from two different countries and different culture. Emily Bronte‟s

Wuthering heights and Alexander Dumas‟s The Count of Monte Cristo belong to

England and French. Both of novels revenged on main character phyically. The 3

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA writer felt interested to do a research about comparative literature study of the two novels because in addtion to the same story theme, man takes revenge his family with murder to his satisfaction. Both of novels are one of the world‟s classic works.

Furthermore, this thesis is focused on major characther terms trying to revenge themselves by taking every thing of their own enemies in Wuthering Height and The Count of Monte Cristo. Both works of literature are about revenge also the most famous when published. These novels describe the position of human beings in such places that make the writers choose the two novels for analysis.

1.2 Problem of The Study

During the process of analysis, it is important to make the specification

of problems that are going to be analyzed in order to avoid the ambiguity

of the analysis and to support the writer to get clear description about the

object of analysis itself.

1. How is revenge portrayed in Emily Bronte‟s Wuthering Heights and

Alexandre Dumas‟s The Count of Monte Cristo ?

2. What are the similiarities and differences of the revenge portrayed in

both novels ?

1.3 Objective of the study

Objectives of analysis are the statements about activities and objects that

are going to be analyzed based on the problem of analysis. The writer

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA holds on these objectives in doing the analysis. There are two objectives

found in this analysis, they are:

1. To describe the revenge in Wuthering Brights and The Count of Monte

Cristo.

2. To find out the similiarities and differences of the reveng in

Wuthering Heights and The Count of Monte Cristo.

1.4 Scope of The Study

The scope of study is the motif of the novel that is revenge which is reflected in two novels Emily Bronte‟s Wuthering Heights and Alexandre

Dumas‟s The Count of Monte Cristo. Within the thesis, the discussion will concentrate on how to the main characther try to revenge them selves by taking away every thing their enemy own; Betrayal and Justice. Finding the similiarties and differences in Wuthering Heights and The Count of Monte Cristo by comparing the both literary works by intrinsic element and quotation.

1.5 Significance of The Study

This study has significances to practical and theoretical significances.

Theoretically, The study aims to make people know more about Comparative

Literary Study, and show that among literary works, which includes novels, that are from the different language and culture, can be compared or contrasted.

Practically, this thesis can be as reference for students who have interest to study about revenge and comparative literature.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Novel

The novel is an impossible history, for history has become impossible. It is powered by a negative utopianism: it creates an image of an artificial reality, but not of a better one as a prophet would. According to George Watson (1979: 3) “Novel is the name of a literary kind, and there is a story to tell about how, over the centuries, its substance has widened and its conventions changed.”

Novel is a way to send message in social, such as in novel find character that plays role hero and felon. Hero in novel will be success but not felon will be loser.

From this message the reader can get inspiration that hero is good but felon is bad.

Watson George (1979:3-4) said that a novel is a way of learning about how things were or are-cognitive instrument; and those who distrust stories as evidence should consider how often in conversation we use them to make points or answer questions.

The end of the novel, like the end of children‟s dinner-party, must be made up of sweetmeats and sugar plums. That is a plain directive from Trollope to the reader that is novel is a novel, and not record of real events.

Novel intrinsic elements are the elements that build up in the literary works of literature itself. The purpose of the elements that is included in the literary work itself. In general, the intrinsic elements of literary works including novels include theme, plot, characterizations, setting, and point of view.

A novel is a totality, a comprehensiveness that is artistic. As a totality, the novel has passages elements, most related to one another in close and mutually

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA dependent. The elements of a novel-builder who then collectively form a totality that-in addition to the formal elements of language, there are many more kinds. The division of the element in question is the intrinsic and extrinsic elements. You can find poetry and dramatic dialogue in the novel, along with epic, pastoral, satire, history, elegy, tragedy and any number of other literary modes.

2.2 Literature

Literature, a body of written works. The name has traditionally been applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the perceived aesthetic excellence of their execution. Literature may be classified according to a variety of systems, including language, national origin, historical period, genre, and subject matter.In the book Theory of Literature by Rene Wellek and Austin Warren (1956), Wellek quoted (Wellek, 1956: 4)

Literature as one of the imaginary works, literature performs various problem of human and humanity, and the life. They propose their literary work based on the experience and observatio on the life of society; in other words, literature portrays the life. It can be accepted in which it is commonly known that authors who write the literary work are also part of society and literature as a social institution, a social creation that represents life. They also mention two approaches in analyzing literary works; they are intrinsic approach and extrinsic approach. The intrinsic approach is also called the textual analysis, because this approach analyzes the literary work based on the text and the structural points of the literarywork like characters, plot, setting, theme, style, and point of view.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.3 A Brief Description of Comparative Literature

Razali Kasim (1996:14) mentionts that comparative literature also include

studies on the relationship of literary work with various fields outside literature

such as religious knowledge and works of art.

The purpose of comparative literature is to eliminte the response that one

literary work is better than another literary work. Study encompassing these

various literatures will raise awarness that the work existing literary works.

Basically, have no diferrences, both in quality or status, etc. Every community

group or nations has work of them has certain values. Comparative cultures as

reflected in the works literature, also to broaden one‟s insight into cultural results

various nations can add the understanding of cultural values contained in these

works.

In this analysis, the writer compares two literary work using thematic analysis

focusing on the motive as the object of study. Martin gray (1984) defines motif is

some aspects of literature ( a type of charachter,theme or image) which recurs

frequently.

Razali Kasim (1996:16,17) mentions that American movement show a wider

scope study on comparative literature. Comparative study is not only about

„comparing‟ literary works on the authors,but also talks about various other field.

Broadly,comparative literature includes:

1. A study of comparing literary works as well as the authors.

2. A study about the relationship between literary works and other science

(such as,philosophy,psychology,sociology, etc.), with religion and beliefs

as well as arts (such as paintings, music,architecture, and sculpture).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. A study of theory,history, and literary criticsm (more precisely „literary

critism theory‟) which covers more than one national literature.

The scope study of American movement classiffied above shows the extensive study field because it is not only about literary texts. Needless to say,various studies are not only included in one national literary, „taken over‟ by comparative literature. For instance, Rene Wellek and Austin Warren„s book Theory of Literature, does not belong to the US national literature,even both authors are

American; similarly,Northrop Frye‟s Anatomy of Cristicsm, Tzvetan Todorov‟s The

Fantasstic, or Robert Schole‟s Structuralism are not part of any one national literature.

Based on the view above, a study that compares Indonesia‟s and Malaysia‟s literary works, for example, are not included in the comparative literature scope study. Indonesia and malaysia, likewise England with America and Australia, have similiar cultural background; in the case, if there are similarities found in their literary works, this is a reasonable case. In this thesis, the writer uses two different novels from diffferent nations which are from America and French which has different cultural background as Wuthering Heights is from america whilst The

Count of Monte Cristo is from french. However, they are similiar to each other in case of a motif which is revenge.

Then Razali Kasim (1996: 18,19) mentons that the author can probably create a literary work with location outside the cultural scope of where the aouthor lives.

Even the characther in that literary work are probably the people who have a different cultural background from the author. Clasic example can be seen in several

William Shakespeare‟s works. Julius Caesar, Romeo and Juliet, The Merchant of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Venice, Antony and Cleopatra, and The Two Gentlemen of Venice are all have the same setting of place and all characther outside England, which is Italy. However, all works are still considered as English national literature. Regarding the theory above, the writer uses an English translated version of the novels.

2.4 A Brief Description of Thematic Study

The theme is also extracted from the characters, action, and setting that make up the story. In this case, the study which concerned with theme is named as thematic study. Thematic study, named Thematology, is the study of literary analysis which consists of: ideas of mind, personality theme, plot, episode and setting, and phrases (

Razalim Kasim, 1996: 65).

Thematic study concerns with study of theme as the subject matter of literary works, a revelation about the behavior of human beings or the conduct of society; an also insight into the human condition. Thematic study also can be called as thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is one of the most commonly used methods of qualitative analysis. Thematic analysis moves beyond counting explicit words or phrases and focus on identifying and describing both implicit and explicit ideas within the data, that is, themes

Thematology seizes ideas of mind, characters, plot, episode, setting, and expression. According to Owen Adridge (1969: 5), Thematic study which related to ideas of mind is named abstract ideas, that can be connected with social problems.

Theme also includes the definition of motive inside. Both of them are often combined. This thesis compare two literary works applies thematic analysis which is focused on the motive as object of the study.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4.1 A Brief Description of Motif

A motif is a recurring pattern in a writing work that helps to strengthen the main theme. Motif is one of literary elements. It can be concrete or symbolic and keeps showing up reinforcing the ideas or underlying theme. A motif can be a subject, an idea, an image or event that the authors introduces at regular intervals to highlight certain events or ideas.

Francois Jost, Introduction to Comparative Literature (1974 : 183) defines Motif is a smaller unit of theme and the storyline (Razali Kasim 1996:60). The latter is usually defined as a message, statement, or idea, while a motif is simply a detail repeated for larger symbolic meaning. In other words, a narrative motif a detail repeated in a pattern of meaning can produce a theme; but it can also create other narrative aspects distinct from theme.

A motif is a recurring symbol which takes on a figurative meaning. We see them in books, films, poems; in fact almost every text commonly uses the literary device of the motif. A motif can be almost anything: an idea, an object, a concept, a character archetype, the weather, a color or even a statement. Motifs are used to establish a theme or a certain mood, they have a symbolic meaning.

According to Goethe, motif is a human spirit phenomenon repeatedly appeared

(Weisstein, 1973: 138). Motif may also be meant the important incidents or the dominant description of human feeling or emotion. To state he theme of a story is to generalize upon the particulars of the narrative, to place upon the fiction characters in their fictional situations. When we describe the theme of a novel, we tent to suggest that it involves problems and situations which we have. It is certainly useful to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA recognize the important problems, familiar situations and universal human traits are represented in a work of fiction. Theme has something to do with the intention or purpose of a literary work. The interference of moral judgment, it causes theme to be identical with morality, intention and meaning

2.5 A Brief Description of Revenge

People who put a strong desire to avenge the crimes committed by others against them are called vengeful. Revengeful people always want to harm other people who are considered to have done bad things to them. when other people do bad things to him, for example injuring him or dropping him from his position, he will also harm or bring down the person as revenge. Revenge is an act of repaying the actions of others in hopes of getting a better feeling, more valuable and returning a sense of justice in a person but a better feeling is only temporary and sometimes creates new danger for people who take revenge (Baron, Byrne and Branscombe., 2005).

The desire for revenge is born as a result of strong feelings towards an unwanted experience or event. Feelings of revenge can be explained significantly through Victimology, such as the severity of physical harm, social support, age of the victim and time since a person becomes a victim is controlled (Orth, Montada and

Maercker, 2006).

Paul Ree's book, Die Entstehung des Gewissens, mention that revenge is be a reaction against the feeling of inferiority which the aggressor impresses upon his victim. The injured man, he says, is naturally reluctant to feel himself inferior to another man, and consequently strives, by avenging the aggression, to show himself equal or even su- perior to the aggressor. (Edward : 290)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In N. H. Frijda book‟s Emotion: Essay on Emotion Theory that revenge offers personal and social advantages. Revenge does not undo the harm, but it can restore the balance of suffering between the victim and the transgressor. Revenge can also help restore the balance of power between the victim and the transgressor. By inﬂicting harm, transgressors imply that their victims are unworthy of respect.

Through vengeance, victims can restore their self-worth by showing they are not powerless. ( Karina Schuman : 2010,1195)

Revenge can be differentiated from normal defensive aggression in two ways: it occurs after the damage has been done, and hence is not a defense against threat, is of much greater intensity, and is often cruel, lustful and insatiable. The quest for revenge can be seen as: 1) a motivation for aggression; 2) as a source of psychological distress; 3) as a key factor in the philosophical discussion of punishment and justice (Bloom:2001). The search for vengeance poses enormous problems for humanity. An injured individual is rarely in the position of applying a balanced solution to a wrong that has been perpetrated against him or her.

The problem of vengeance is a social problem that must be resolved in the complex interaction between the victim, the perpetrator and the social group. Acts of

“wild vengeance,” therefore, can be seen not only as the failure of the violent individual, but also the failure of the social group. Revenge is justice gone awry and takes over when society‟s institutions fail. If, as a society, we are to eliminate violent perpetration, then we must socially evolve systems of justice that effectively contain and manage the human desire for revenge.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.6 Psychological Dynamics of Revenge

Revenge is a response to one's feelings of helplessness for maintain or protect

self-regaard and Self-esteem (Field,2012), so that not infrequently revenge involves

other people who are consideredable and have familiarity with victims. McCullaugh

(2008) added that revenge was a response to returning Selfesteem which was felt

lost. Revenge is done besidesnegative consequences also have positive

consequences forrestore the feeling of the injured revenge, giving lessons to the

attacker to improve relations, restore a sense of justice andself-esteem the offender

(Boon, Alibhai and Deveau, 2011).

Revenge is not only a response that is considered equal or greater response such as criminal acts against offenders, but it can also be a response to reduce the same actions towards attacker (Bies & Tripp, 2005). The response is to ignore the attacker, no support perpetrators of attacks when they need help or notcaring for the presence of an attacker is another form of revenge.

(Bloom :2001) explains revenge is wild justice, or justice is wrong. Revenge is done when the law fails produce justice. Self-esteem that is interpreted and eaten differently can cause a reaction which is different in its enforcement. Some are defending self-esteem with achievements but there are also those who defend self- esteem by becoming losers.

Some people blame themselves for their failures but some peopleothers also blame others for their failure. Facts that happened insideToday's society shows more and more cases of attacking each other or destructive actions in other forms based on desire for revenge. Revenge in response to treatment is not fair, unappreciated,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA giving rise to efforts to uphold self-esteem and justice wildly and sometimes contrary to law and ethics. in fact revenge can also be done by means of achievement. Every people have different reasons and ways to fight for justiceand the self-esteem felt to be lost depends on how they internalize and interpret the value of self-esteem inside everyday life.

2.7 Supporting Theories of Revenge

2.7.1 Betrayal

Betrayal is one of the saddest and dangerous problem in a human

relationship. Betrayal is not a new phenomena. An act of betrayal often happens

in a social relationship between two or more persons. There is many definition

of betrayal, but the general definition of betrayal is that it is about an action that

violate or break the rules or expectation of others.

As Fitness, Julie (2001:5) in her journal Betrayal, Rejection, Revenge and

Forgiveness said: “Betrayal, then may occur in any kind of relationship context

if one or other party violates salient relational expectations or „break the rules‟ in

some way.” Beside that, there is also a number of different terms that relates to

the meaning of betrayal. As The Macquire Dictionary (1991) in the quotation of

Fitness‟s Journal (2001:2) said that there are a number of different, though

related meanings to the term betrayal, including to deliver up to an enemy, to be

disloyal or unfaithful, to deceive or mislead, to reveal secrets, to seduce and

desert, and to disappoint the hopes or expectations of others.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Betrayal often happens in a social relationship which full of trust and loyalty.

So, when a person do a betrayal to someone, it will becomes a shock and hurtful process because it will destroy not only the relationship, but also all the elements of the relationship itself, including the trust, the bond and the loyalty. The acts of betrayal can happens in all kinds of social relationship, from a relationship of friend, client, politic, pet and romantic relationship and family.

As Fitness (2001:3) said: “Moreover, if the relationship between two parties has been an intimate one, then the implications of betrayal are especially painful.

The person to whom we have disclosed and entrusted our deepest fears and vulnerabilites appears neither to care about our relationship nor to be committed to it.” So when one person do something that destroy other person‟s trust in a romantic relationship, then that person already considered do an act of betrayal because the acts can make the betrayed person becomes vulnerable and it can become a painful process in his or her life. Betrayal itself can be accidental or intentional.

Reiss (2009:174) in his book said that when a person unintentionally violates the rules of a relationship without a meaning to do so, it can be consider as accidental betrayal. Whereas intentional betrayals includes many types of different behaviour and some intentional betrayals are premeditated and involve actions that are designed explicitly for betray. An act of betrayal can be discovered through many ways. Sometimes, an act of betrayal can be discovered unexpectedly, without our intention to know or find out. An acts of betrayal may come “out of the blue” and constitute a deeply distressing shock and it may also be revealed by way of partner‟s confession (Fitness, 2001:8).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.7.2 Aggressiveness

Baron & Byrne (2005) add, that aggressiveness is basic encouragement that humans and animals have, with a purpose attack / hurt other people's physical or psychological. Aggressive behavior is something this form of behavior is intended to hurt or harm others. When someone is blocked or is hampered from getting the things he wants at that moment frustration is present and raises the desire to carry out aggression.

Taylor (2009) in addition to explaining the behavior of aggression, also explains feelings aggression or what is known angrily. Angry is someone's internal feelings which is not always reflected in the form of aggression behavior. There are several source of anger recruiting Taylor (2009): a. Attack; is an unpleasant act from another party what is disturbing for example is the war between gangs only starts from the taunt of one of the gangs. b. Frustration; conditions that are born due to a person are inhibited or prevented achieve his goal. Various kinds of trigger conditions include problems born from family social situations, problems at work and etc. c. Expectation of Retaliation; including in this case the motivation for revenge.

People who feel capable of taking revenge will be longer in angry condition because they always remember negative things from people guilty. Human aggression is an expression of revenge (Knoll, 2010)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.7.3 Justice

Faturochman (2012), explained in the perspective of the psychology theory of justice,Conflicts that occur occur individual interests or a certain place not can be fulfilled. Conflict motivated by the desire to retaliaterevenge can occur due to unfulfilled individual interests.

There are three concepts of justice described by Jefrey G. Blodget (1997) in his research on sales includes distributive justice, justice procedural and interactional justice. Distributive justice refers to feelings fair to the tangible results of disputes, negotiations or decisions that are involving two or more parties; Procedural justice leads to feelings fair to the policies, procedures and criteria used by the makerpolicies in delivering the results of disputes or negotiations; Justice interactional leads to the attitude given to people during the processconflict resolution; for example, courtesy and lack of appreciation

(Blodget, 1997) Unfair treatment related to the emergence of feelings of revenge and the end of the relationship social (McCullough et al., 2013).

People who feel aggrieved by others will against parties that harm them

(Wirawan, 2010). Person with the tendency to view exchange negatively in a the great relationship of his chances of revenge (Eisenberger, Lynch,Aselage, &

Rohdieck, 2004).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.8 Review of Previous Study

The analysis about revenge has been analyzed before by English Literature student named Vicktor Matgaran on march, 2015. The analysis entitled Balas

Dendam Pada Suku Bugis dan Makassar. This analysis discuss about the descriptions of The Analysis of Revenge a

A Republic of Indonesia National Disaster Management through its official website ibi.bnpb.go.id Reporting stalled 112 conflicts and riots from 1998 to 2012 in

Indonesia.South Sulawesi contributed to three disasters and social unrestamong others, in Tana Toraja Regency one died and six were injured (2010), Makassar City one died and one was injured (2010) and Luwu District had no fatalities other than injuries but 120 people were displaced (2004).

In addition to the disaster, South Sulawesi also contributed two disasters of terror and sabotage from 28 national disasters in 2002 to 2008, in Makassar City three people died and eleven were injured (2002) and in Palopo City four people died and three were injured (2004). Things that need to be attended to from the data presented, behind the conflicts that occur, there are problems that cannot be separated from being liked to take revenge from several certain groups. Data that shows the condition of South Sulawesi which is already known as social cases such as conflict and terror. South Sulawesi, especially Makassar City as one of the big cities in

Indonesia is well-known as a city that has never been separated from news of conflict specifically between students and students.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

In doing this thesis I use the library research by collecting data from some books and some resources that can be related to the subject matter being analyze.

Inductive method is used in the analysis of the thesis. It is a scientific procedure to get conclusion from particular thing to general idea. The analysis is done by analyzing words and sentences which are related to the topic of this study about revange found both novels in Emily Bronte‟s Wuthering Hights and Alexandre

Dumas‟s The Count of Monte Cristo.

There are some steps that the writer uses in doing this analysis namely :

3.1 Collecting Data

In the process of collecting the data

The first step, writer read the both novels to get deep understanding about the novel. The writer reads the first novel: Emily Bronte‟s Wuthering Hights and the second novel: Alexandre Dumas‟s A Monte Cristo, without worry about the difficult meaning of the both literary work. In this thesis the writer will collect data by finding motifs of revange in the both literary works from the main characters struggle to get their right as a man.

The second steps, is finding data from several books that related to the topic of this thesis. The books is used to give additional information and statement that can

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA be drawn for this thesis. The relevant important from the books will be marked and underline so that it can support the analysis of this thesis

The third step, is classifying the data. The writer classifies the data which obtained from the secondary data. Classifying the data is purposed to make arranging of the data, based on the subject matter: Comparative Literature and revange of the main characters.

3.2 Data and Source of Data

The study purpose used data and taking some sentences in novel Wuthering

Heights written by Emily Bronte and novel The Count of Monte Cristo which is a source of data. The data is a quotation from sentences from the novel telling the revenge aspect about betrayal and justice that becomes focus of this thesis. Source of data is a novel with 357 pages and 893 pages, written by writer named Emily Bronte and Alexander Dumas entitled Wuthering Heights and The Count of Monte Cristo.

The Count of Monte Cristo translated into English by Chapman and Hall (2014).

3.3 Selecting Data

The writer selects the important information about the idea of both novels. The writer quotes the text and makes the quotation as the data to support the analysis. In this step the motifs of the both novel will be found, so that the data that analyze can be easier to be described. The data that are taken from novel Wuthering Heights and

The Count of Monte Cristo are some sentences that tell about revenge. The dialogues are from all of chapter of the novel that are many chapters. Before taking some dialogue, the first step to do is reading the novel a whole from the first chapter to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA third chapter to find out what does the story tell about. After reading, the second step to do is taking some sentences that point into revenge.The third step is selecting some sentences that focus on betrayal and justice. The fourth step to do is finds out the quotation about leading‟s character both of the novels.

3.3 Analyzing Data

Analyzing data is applied when all the primary data from both of literary works are collected and selected, data from literary works are in a form of written text, which concern about motif revange of whole text, from the whole text that has been selected will be found the most significant data which support this topic and then data will be interpreted. And then, the writer would make interpretation base on the data which already taken before. And then I will compare and analyze the two literary works Wuthering Hights and The Count of Monte Cristo. The last step is the writer would make further analysis about social stratification man in Wuthering

Hights and The Count of Monte Cristo. And at last the writer makes the conclusion and the suggestion about this thesis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTHER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1. Revenge in Emily Bronte’s The Wuthering Height.

The sense of revenge is directed to main character in terms of being a person. It is understood truly that only a person who has ability to do the revenge. Mentally, revenge is a reaction toward somebody who has done something fatal to someone.

This fatal event gives negative effect to someone for taking back the act for equal pain. Thus, revenge can be traced for having satisfaction in terms of getting justice and it may happen because there is a sense of betrayal that results disappointment. Of what has made revenge comes into existing because of the asking for justice and the response for being betrayed or betrayal.

4.1.1 Betrayal

In analysis, the writers analyze how the revenge of the main characther happend by identifying quotations in the two novels.

Before the writer analyze the man main characther‟s revenge in the novel

Wuthering Heights. The writer want to give brief introduction as why the man decides to revenge. Wuthering Heights tells about man‟s revenge on the family and love relationship, feel that his family hurt him and also his family treat Heatchliff so badly like a waiter.

“He drove him from their company to the servants,deprived him of the instructions of the curate,and insisted that he should labour out of doors insted;compelling him to do so as hard as any other lad on the farm” (Bronte,Emily:1947 P 47)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA And Heatcliff also feels that Catherine (his love) betray himself. Heatchliff really sad and disappointed because Catherine has choose another man.

“He‟ll be the most unfortunate creature that ever was born! As soon as you become Mrs. Linton, he loses friend and love,and all ! Have you considered how you‟ll bear the separation ,and how he‟ll bear to be quite deserted in the world? Because, Miss Catherine”. ((Bronte,Emily:1947 P 85)

The two quotation‟s above indicate his family and his love in Heatchliff‟s life becuse He feels that his family hurt him and to the point that Heatchliff to take revenge. In the case, the writer wants to analyze how Heatcliff‟s revenge potrayed in the novel based on the two major point, betrayal and justice.

What has been supposed to be a heavy part of human wish is to control want based on blind desire. An uncontrollable wish tends to result something destructive because it leads man come into his own standard to do anything he or she likes. The moral standpoint is placed wrongly when selfishness come in front to follow the want. Thus, blind desire is a sign of making trouble to come. As what has been understood naturally that man is supposed to have animalistic being on the way to have wish to fight, to kill others by having war, to own other‟s property by forces are good examples to say.

It is true from old times to new ages, men are supposed to be rarely satisfied on what they have achieved. By the reason of science development the cosmic outsides world has been discovered by arriving at the lunar space. When the earth is filled by strong nation, there is a will to take other nation territory in terms of colonialism and others. All such disrupted behavior has resulted deep anger inside. The saying

„revenge is wild justice‟ has directed man to have his own law and rule to do what he

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA wants. Taking revenge action is supposed to be natural when things are supposed to be uncontrolled. More dangerously, it takes place when the reason is quite personal that tend s to fulfill one‟s satisfaction. This kind of revenge is regarded so brutal for there is no pity in revenge.

Revenge perspective is basically cultural mind set. It is right to have an eye for an eye concept without following the rule. In the eye of law, wrongdoing is sanctioned by punishment in order not to repeat it. On the other hand, revenge is not meant to be equal with legal system. It is free will in terms of showing if you can do this, others also cab do that. Thus, the concept of revenge is basically anger based motivation for equal punishment for satisfaction. To say shortly, punishment in law matter is to let the doer not to do the same action; while in revenge to make the doer to feel satisfied because he has been able to give back the same pain. Law has nothing to do with the pain, but revenge does.

Revenge is an option for people who feel hurt or respond to someone who feels betrayed. But not everyone has the intention of revenge. In general, when someone takes revenge so they can give lessons to the perpetrator. Revenge can blind and destroy the lives of all involved. But our instincts and emotions usually have a purpose. This action can be very unexpected. From a child who feels hurt and is not given love to the family then thinks of taking revenge. They feel the strength and satisfaction that makes them do it.

The writer has listed the quotations in the novel Wuthering Heights related to revenge :

“He went down: I set him a stool by the fire, and offered him a quantity of good things: but he was sick and could eat little, and my attempts to entertain him were

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA thrown away. He leant his two elbows on his knees, and his chin on his hands and remained rapt in dumb meditation. On my inquiring the subject of his thoughts, he answered gravely.. I‟m trying to settle how i shall pay Hindley back i don‟t care how long i wait, If i can only do it at last. I hope he will not die before i do!.” (Bronte,Emily:1947 P 63)

The quotation above explains that Heathcliff want make a plan to take revenge Hindley‟s action which is treating his so bad. He will wait till the time.

Heathcliff hopes Hindley do not die before he do it himself. And this moment,

Heathcliff starts to give her attention and her bad plan to his family. Revenge is one of the emotions that drives Heathcliff and gives him a reason to live.

“No, God won‟t have the satifaction that i shall, he returned. I only wish i knew the best way! Let me alone, and i‟ll plan it out: while i‟m thingking of that i don‟t feel pain. (Bronte,Emily:1947 P 76)”

The quotation above explain that Heathcliff doesn‟t believe and don't feel satisfied that god can avenge for what Hindlye has done. So that he decides to take revenge by himself.

4.1.2 Justice

Revenge is a natural reaction to want to hurt the person who hurts you. Like revenge on the person you love. Heatcliff is described as a poor person. He had a bad experience because the person he loved left him. The girl is Catherine. Catherine accepted the proposal for a man named edgar linton This can be seen from the quotation bellow:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “I want to know what I should do. To-day, Edgar Linton has asked me to marry him, and I‟ve given him an answer. Now, before I tell you whether it was a consent or denial, you tell me which it ought to have been.‟ „Really, Miss Catherine, how can I know?‟ I replied. „To be sure, considering the exhibition you performed in his presence this afternoon, I might say it would be wise to refuse him: since he asked you after that, he must either be hopelessly stupid or a venturesome fool.‟ „If you talk so, I won‟t tell you any more,‟ she returned, peevishly rising to her feet. „I accepted him, Nelly. Be quick, and say whether I was wrong!‟ „You accepted him! Then what good is it discussing the matter? You have pledged your word, and cannot retract.‟ „But say whether I should have done so do!‟ she exclaimed in an irritated tone; chafing her hands together, and frowning”( (Bronte,Emily:1947 P 98) Catherine tells Nelly that she will marry Edgar. She says the various reasons she loves edgar. Nelly realizes that Heathcliff heard the conversation of Catherine and herself. And make heathcliff feel upset. Heathcliff‟s desire for retribution has been stewing since childhood, but Catherine‟s decision to marry Edgar Earnshaw triggered his resolve.

“I want you to be aware that I know you have treated me infernally—infernally! . . . and if you think I can be consoled by sweet words, you are an idiot: and if you fancy I‟ll suffer unrevenged, I‟ll convince you of the contrary, in a very little while! Meantime, thank you for telling me your sister-in-law‟s secret: I swear I‟ll make the most of it..” (Bronte,Emily:1947 P 143) The quotation above explain that Heathcliff tells to Catherine of his plans for revenge and how he has not forgotten how everyone has mistreated him, especially

Catherine. He hints that he will use Isabella Linton to complete his retaliation strategy. He married her.

“Isabella sent to her brother, some six weeks from her departure, a short note, announcing her marriage with Heathcliff. It appeared dry and cold; but at the bottom was dotted in with pencil an obscure apology, and an entreaty for kind remembrance and reconciliation, if her proceeding had offended him: asserting that she could not help it then, and being done, she had now no power to repeal it”(Bronte,Emily:1947 P 73) After six weeks of marriage, Isabella sent a letter to Nelly. Isabella tells her about Heathcliff's plan to take revenge on Edgar. Then, she tells of the heathcliff's cruelty towards him and cruel treatment. Issabella explains that Heathcliff won't stop

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA for anyone or anything. deep desire and need for revenge, he will not be satisfied until he completes all his plans.

"Whatever he may pretend, he wishes to provoke Edgar to desperation; he says he has married me on purpose to obtain power over him; and he shan't obtain it-I'll die first!" (Bronte,Emily:1947 P 172)

Isabella is explaining the real reason Heathcliff married her. The eighteen year-old girl thought she was marrying the man of her dreams, only to find she had entered into a nightmare of a marriage. Heathcliff didn't love her, in fact, he despised her. He only wanted to cause heartache and pain for Edgar Linton, Isabella's brother.

She is defiant and pledges she will die before she gives Heathcliff the pleasure of power over her brother, unfortunately that is exactly what happens. She dies thirteen years after having Heathcliff's son, Linton. She gave guardianship of the boy to her brother, but Heathcliff claims his son. He uses the boy to gain control over Edgar's land by having Linton marry Edgar's daughter.

4.2 Revenge in Alexander Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo

Not so far different from the first, revenge in this novel is also portrayed as natural phenomenon of man whose life has been destroyed by betrayal and the failure to achieve justice. The ideal dream of having perfect love sense is seemingly out of reach. There is no perfection in true sense of love when there is still hindrance to make it real. Again, the willingness to betray one‟s love and the failure to get justice have resulted the passion to do a revenge, anyhow.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2.1 Betrayal

Before the writer analyze the man main characther‟s revenge in the novel The

Count of Monte Cristo. The writer want to give brief introduction as why the man decides to revenge. The Count of Cristo tells about man‟s revenge on the family and love relationship, feel that his family hurt him and also treated so badly like a poor man.

Dantes takes the command of the ship after the death of the real captain,

Leclere. The owner of the ship, Monsieur Morrel, feels happy to find out that his ship returns safely though he has lost the captain. The take over of captaincy to Dantes is given by the late Captain Leclere. Dantes is reliable on it because he is friendly, humble and respected by the ship crew. He is not proud of himself to take over the ship for he respects the late captain.Dantes cannot see the situation of his appointment as captain has arisen jealousy for his cargo man called Danglars.

Danglars make a plan to destroy career dante. And her cousins Fernand want to take her girl from him.

in the novel, The Count of Monte Cristo Dantes realizes that his revenge is not the satisfied answer of his blind anger. He can understand that love is meant to get free. It is not represented by killing into death because there is a force in it.

Wisdom must be translated into justice which belongs to the right of every person without exception. This can be seen from the quotation bellow :

“It is thus that God rewards virtue, Monsieur. Just look at me. I have never done a wrong action apart from the one I related to you a moment ago, yet I live in poverty, while Fernand and Danglars are rolling in wealth. Everything they have touched has turned into gold,whereas everything I have done has gone all wrong.” (Dumas, Alexandre:1864 P 144).

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All seems sour to Dantes that the names of Danglars, Fernand are the first target of his revenge. Caderousse and Villefort will be next after the two. From the statement above it can be noted down that Dantes‟great frustration is implied in the sentence „I have done has gone all wrong‟. In its relation to the word God, Dantes claims himself that his revenge is not wrong. This is really a personal judgment to look at the real truth. He makes his own truth in order to satisfy his choice.

4.2.2 Justice

To start his revenge, Dantes meets Fernand ,who has become colonel, in doing a duel. Dantes wants to create fair play for making himself satisfied to revenge his heart. On the other side, Fernand does not realize that the man in front of him is

Dantes the one who suffers because of his slenderous statement. Dantes looks down him by saying Fernand is the real traitor of the country and is not reliable for being a colonel. Dantes further says :

“Bah!” said Monte Cristo, with the same exasperating coolness.”Are you not the soldier Fernand who deserted on the eve of the battle of Waterloo? Are you not the Lieutenant Fernand who served the French Army as guide and spy in Spain? Are you not the Colonel Fernand who betrayed, sold, and assasinated his benefactor, Ali? And have not all these Fernands combined made Lieutenant, General Count of Morcerf, Peer of France ?” (Dumas, Alexandre:1864 P 473).

Fernand does not expect that the list of his bad deed has been known by

Dantes. He does not realize that it is Dantes‟ trick to weaken him in the duel. Dantes is not able to keep his great disappointment for Fernand has taken Mercedes from him in unfair way. That is why the reward for Fernand‟s wrong deed is to meet his own death.

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In fearless wish, Dantes completely fulfills his revenge on Fernand. He cannot forgive Fernand for whatever the reason is. It is an even deed to punish a coward such as Fernand. In stead of his cowardice, Fernand is also a corrupted

General who raises his level in a wicked way. For that all hypocritical cover up manner, Fernand is liable to die. In his last breath, Fernand finds out that the man who is in great anger is Dantes. It is described as follows :

“With head thrown back and hands stretched out, the General stared at this terrible apparition in silence; then, leaning against the wall for support, he glided slowly along it to the door through which he went out backward, uttering but the one distressing and piercing cry: “Edmond Dantes!” (Dumas, Alexandre:1864 P 474). The death of Fernand makes the complication clearly described for the way out of the conflict. Yet, Dantes feels that it is the way to solve his own conflict that is by taking revenge until death risk.

On his way of thinking, he is already empty to fill his life with the fact that he has lost his great love on Mercedes. He blames all this to the implementation of his anger.

Dantes has complete one of his target to satisfy hiw own desire. He regards that

Mercedes has also betrayed her love. Dantes is so selfish for himself for a woman like her is waiting for fourteen years without uncertainty to marry another man. What makes Dantes to have such a strong hatred is the unfaithful love of Mercedes. He wants her to feel how bitter it is to miss the one to be loved. Dantes wants Mercedes to feel it as what he feels at the fearful life he has traced through.

After the death of Fernand, Dantes directs his frustrated heart to meet

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Danglars, as a banker, Danglars has succeeded in his life with his wife and kids. For his richness he has got a prestigious name as Baron Danglars. To have such a good social status makes him recognized well in his social environment. But, for Dantes it has nothing to do with the social recognition Danglars has achieved.Danglars deserves to be placed as thief or wicked person who grabs his richness wrongly.

Dantes has a strategy to ruin Danglars by taking all his wealth by giving some loan. In this respect, Dantes has known that Danglars will meet his bankcrupcy for being unable to pay back the money. In such a clever and tricky way, Danglars has been brought into Dantes‟ trap. It happens true that the instinct to pay back the money by the appointed time as proposed by Dantes cannot be paid by Danglars.

In order to make Danglars frustrated and fearful, Dantes hires some bandits to oppress Danglars. In great frustration, Danglars cannot pertain his shameness. It is a name which is prescious for a successful banker. The failure to manage money in banking business will become mockery for people. Danglars thinks his life is meaningless to find out his down fall. Let alone, he finds out that the cause of his down is initiated by Dantes makes Danglars in deep disappointment. He then decides to write a letter to his wife and kids with the implicit implication of his own death. It means Danglars takes a shortcut way by having intention to kill himself. The letter is written down that contains message as follows :

“When you receive this letter, you will no longer have a husband. Oh, you need not be alarmed, you will only have lost him in the same way in which you have lost your daughter, that is to say, I shall be travelling along one of the thirty or fourty roads which lead out of France (Dumas, Alexndre:1864 P 530).

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It needs knowing that Danglars‟ expression of „the same way you have lost your daughter‟ denotes how the daughter takes some poison to end her life. It is happening for the daughter is in great disappointment to find out the fact that the father is very greedy on money than the love he has to show as a father. The daughter cannot gain her satisfaction only because of money. What she needs is love and attention that the money can give. So, it is an indicator of Danglars‟ suicide with the example of his own daughter.

Death is the correct term for Dantes to fulfill his satisfaction on the way he resolves his conflict. The death of Fernand and Danglars have at least given the way to see the truth Dantes has made. The last target of the most hated and cruellest one is the deputy that is Villefort. Dantes cannot forget Villefort‟s face let alone every breath of his life that has directed Dantes‟ down fall. The world of Chateau‟ d‟If still lingers on Dantes‟ heart as if it were a hell for him. In reverse, this kind of hell should be returned to Villefort in order to know his great mistake.

Dantes cannot forget Merecedes‟s statement that she will love him forever. It is tearing his heart to know that the words are only lips service. He is unable to see back the time when Mercedes is confidently saying her love as follows :

“I love Edmond Dantes,” the girl answered coldly, “and none other shall be my husband.” “ you will always love him?” “As long as I live.” Fernand bowed his head in defeat... (Dumas, Alexandre:1864 P 15). The complication is related when conflict rises to higher level. It is more serious to materialize the solution of the conflict itself. As a matter of fact, Dantes has got the answers that the best solution of resolving his conflict is take revenge.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The death of his opponents will make the bitter experience event for all. In great anger, Dantes who has got new name as the Count of Monte Cristo, expresses his deep frustration as follows :

“It is thus that God rewards virtue, Monsieur. Just look at me. I have never done a wrong action apart from the one I related to you a moment ago, yet I live in poverty, while Fernand and Danglars are rolling in wealth. Everything they have touched has turned into gold, whereas everything I have done has gone all wrong.” (Dumas, Alexandre:1864 P 144).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Fernand does not expect that the list of his bad deed has been known by

4.3 FINDING

4.3.1 Similarities and Differences Wuthering Heights and The Count of Monte

Cristo

On the genre perspective the two works are grouped into novel genre. The key point of novel is narrative in its writing. Both of the novels tell the story of love as the thematic frame of mind. The love theme is supported by characters in terms of people. These people are known as main characters. Therefore, the two novels are constructed by the existing of theme and character. The setting is directed to introduce the place and time available in the works. In Bronte‟s Wuthering Height the setting take place in London as the country, meanwhile Dumas‟ The Count of

Monte Cristo takes place in French in wider scope of nation. Larger setting is made small in the circle of family life when the plot or conflict starts.

Both of the novels equally start from describing love conflict as domestic matter happens among family. The conflict grows higher when jealousy is dominant in the main character‟s personality. Love is supposed to have power to influence lover to feel angry and hate on others. To say simply, love has been made as trigger of conflict for revenge in the two novels. The idea of love and its negative effect

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA becomes the central of the two novels. On one way or another, love matter is equally centered as central ideas of the two works.

Within the two novels, the portrait of love matter is commonly directed to lay man who has brave heart on the beautiful lady. In contrast, the picture of a high man in better life class is representing the one who has lowered the common man. Thus, the contrast of man picture is clearly from high class man and low class man. The problem of this stratification sounds so classical because it has been noted to exist from time to time. It is implicitly spoken out that the love of a man from higher class is so precious than those who are not coming from higher class. That concept still exists in the two novels as conventional frame of mind. Unexpectedly, the role of revenge is possibly happened for any man without looking at the class stratification.

Yet, the higher class is supposed to be more liable to make it right than the lower one.

Besides the similarity there must be a sort of difference of course as the key point of comparing. In Emily Bronte‟s Wuthering Heights, the concept of love revenge is started from jealousy because of unwillingness to receive other come into family life circle. In Alexandre Dumas‟s The Count of Monte Cristo, the concept of love revenge takes place because love among family between cousin and nephew is supposed to be ideal than from other people. Such a difference comes from cultural mind- set that close family guarantees love much better than out of family. Such a different portrayal seems to happen because the standpoint of the novelists has been different personally and culturally.

In addition, the difference of the two novels also takes place in the denoument or resolution of the conflict of love matter. The revenge of Wuthering Heights is

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA marked by the death of the main character to end the conflict available, while the revenge in The Count of Monte Cristo is more humbly by making up the lies into the truth publictly. To say simply, in Alexandre Dumas‟s The Count of Monte Cristo it is open truth publicly is the remark of revenge. If the former tends to picture death as equal ideal for revenge, the latter is focused on making the shame on public because of false attitude. In simple way, lies are supposed to be the enemy of social beings, whatever the reason is.

For clarity the simple explanation above can be seen in the following table :

NO. Element of The Similarities The differences

The novel Wuthering The Wuthering The Count of

Heights Count of Heights Monte Cristo

Monte

Cristo

 Love 1. Theme/ Both of the novels  Love betrayal is about Love and betrayal is signed by Motif Revenge because of signed by the regret betrayal and failure to marrying up to the get justice another death man who

is not in  Justice does love. not come to happen in order to  Justice revenge comes to happen because revenge succeeds to take place. 37

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. Setting  England  French (Yorkshire) (Monsieur )

3. Plot Both of the novels  Death  Shame have linear plots becomes becomes conflict to conflict answer love because of and lies to revenge answer love and revenge 4. Resolution Both of the novels  A sense of  A sense of have Traditional regret satisfactio concept of resolution : happens n happens the good win the life because because revenge is lies are not the real not answer for reliable wrong for the doing truth of revenge

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTHER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

After having done the analysis of comparing the two literary works, the writer of this thesis comes to conclude as follows :

1. Revenge is a sort of punishment that has nothing to do with the sense of

regret. Revenge is said to be a wild justice that connects to sense of

satisfaction. The sense of betrayal that results disappointment is the

representation of revenge in order to get equality in the action done. In

this study, the two novels picture the sense of revenge takes place because

of the betrayal and the injustice.. Love has become the trigger of the

revenge to be taken. When love brings unfair disappointment because of

betrayal seems to lead the desire to do revenge. In addition, the betrayal is

supposed to increase the feeling of justice so far away. In other word,

betrayal is the trigger for the injustice. The two novels are discussing the

point as thematic framework through love matter. Thus, revenge is

supposed to be dealing with victims and the victims become the target in

order to have pain in return as an effect. To say simply, revenge has

nothing to do with wrongdoing, but it is supposed to be a mistake for

satisfaction.

2. On one way or another, the similarity the two novels picture the revenge

as an answer for disappointment of love feeling. Each of the novels

emphasizes how strong revenge is when love fails to reach. It sounds so

classical that love is humanistic matter from old time up to ne one. It is

even right to say that love matter is eternal and that matter offers act of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA revenge anytime love gives disappointment. Besides the similarity, the

difference of revenge portrayal is finally addressed to the impact of the

revenge. In Alexander Dumas‟s The Count of Monte Cristo the revenge

has nothing to do with the death of physical being, but it is the death of

humanity. The major character finds out that his life has been senseless

because of the love betrayal in terms of revenge. It is finally closed up by

the happy ending when love wins. Different from it, Emily Bronte‟s

Wuthering Heights represents the revenge is not a good answer for love

when it is supposed to be true love. It is no true love that hurts at the end.

Thus, the consequence of love that hurts is to escape from it. Anger in

revenge is bought in the way by not making something destroyed but it is

hindered out. If one is not ready to get hurt by giving revenge, it is better

not to come with it.

5.2 Suggestion

The analysis of comparing two literary works in this thesis is still far away from being perfect. The analysis of this thesis is only a little bit from many possibilities that can be done through these tow novels. The presence of revenge as thematic matter compared in the two novels have given the truth that literary works are reflection of life matter. Since there are more ideas of life matter, the writer of this thesis wants its readers to expand the analysis more that what the writer of this thesis has done. In one way or another, this thesis may give a guidance for those who want to take these two novels as the source of study and this theseis as reference for further study.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY

1. Emily Bronte

Born in Thornton, Yorkshire, England, on July 30, 1818, Emily Jane Brontë lived a quiet life in Yorkshire with her clergyman father; brother, Branwell Brontë; and two sisters, Charlotte and Anne. The sisters enjoyed writing poetry and novels, which they published under pseudonyms. As "Ellis Bell," Emily wrote Wuthering

Heights (1847) her only published novel which garnered wide critical and commerical acclaim. Emily Brontë died in Haworth, Yorkshire, England, on

December 19, 1848 the same year that her brother, Branwell, passed away.

Born on July 30, 1818, in Thornton, Yorkshire, England, Emily Brontë is best remembered for her 1847 novel, Wuthering Heights. She was not the only creative talent in her family—her sisters Charlotte and Anne enjoyed some literary success as well. Her father had published several works during his lifetime, too.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Emily was the fifth child of Reverend Patrick Brontë and his wife, Maria

Branwell Brontë. The family moved to Haworth in April 1821. Only a few months later, Brontë's mother died of cancer; her death came nearly nine months after the birth of her sister, Anne. Her mother's sister, Elizabeth Branwell, came to live with the family to help care for the children.

At the age of 6, Emily was sent to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan

Bridge with Charlotte and her two oldest sisters, Elizabeth and Maria. Both Elizabeth and Maria became seriously ill at school and returned home, where they died of tuberculosis in 1825. Brontë's father removed both Emily and Charlotte from the school as well.

At home in Haworth, Brontë enjoyed her quiet life. She read extensively and began to make up stories with her siblings. The surviving Brontë children, which included brother Branwell, had strong imaginations. They created tales inspired by toy soldiers given to Branwell by their father. In 1835, the shy Emily tried leaving home for school. She went with Charlotte to Miss Wooler's school in Roe Head where Charlotte worked as a teacher. But she stayed only a few months before heading back to Haworth.

Coming from a poor family, Brontë tried to find work. She became a teacher at the Law Hill School in September 1837, but she left her position the following

March. Brontë and her sister Charlotte traveled to Brussels in 1842 to study, but the death of their aunt Elizabeth forced them to return home.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Wuthering Heights'

Some of Emily's earliest known works involve a fictional world called

Gondal, which she created with her sister Anne. She wrote both prose and poems about this imaginary place and its inhabitants. Emily also wrote other poems as well.

Her sister Charlotte discovered some of Emily's poems and sought to publish them along with her own work and some by Anne. The three sisters used male pen names for their collection—Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. Published in 1846, the book only sold a few copies and garnered little attention.

Again publishing as Ellis Bell, Brontë published her defining work, Wuthering Heights, in December 1847. The complex novel explores two families—the Earnshaws and the Lintons—across two generations and their stately homes, Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. Heathcliff, an orphan taken in by the Earnshaws, is the driving force between the action in the book. He first motivated by his love for his Catherine Earnshaw, then by his desire for revenge against her for what he believed to be rejection.

At first, reviewers did not know what to make of Wuthering Heights. It was only after Brontë's death that the book developed its reputation as a literary masterwork. She died of tuberculosis on December 19, 1848, nearly two months after her brother, Branwell, succumbed to the same disease. Her sister Anne also fell ill and died of tuberculosis the following May.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Interest in Brontë's work and life remains strong today. The parsonage where

Brontë spent much of her life is now a museum. The Brontë Society operates the museum and works to preserve and honor the work of the Brontë sisters.

2. Alexandre Dumas

Alexandre Dumas was born on July 24, 1802, in Villers-Cotterêts, France. He adopted the last name "Dumas" from his grandmother, a former Haitian slave.

Dumas established himself as one of the most popular and prolific authors in France, known for plays and historical adventure novels such as The Three

Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo. He died on December 5, 1870, in Puys,

France. His works have been translated into more than 100 languages and adapted for numerous films.

Alexandre Dumas was born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie on July 24, 1802, in Villers-Cotterêts, France, to Marie Louise Labouret and General Thomas-

Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie. The Dumas family name was adopted from

Alexandre's grandmother, an enslaved Haitian woman named Marie-Césette Dumas.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA His grandfather was the Marquis Alexandre Antoine Davy de La Pailleterie.

Thomas-Alexandre took the name Dumas when he enlisted in Napoleon's army, where he acquired the dubious nickname "Black Devil."

Thomas-Alexandre rose to the rank of general at the age of 31, the highest rank of any black man in a European army. In 1797, he distinguished himself at the battle of

Adige when he surprised and defeated an Austrian battery. Thomas-Alexandre left the armed forces following a disagreement with Napoleon over his Egypt campaign.

He was imprisoned for nearly two years and died shortly after his release. After her husband's death, Marie Louise Labouret worked hard to provide an education for her son. Dumas attended Abbé Grégoire's school before dropping out to take a job assisting a local notary.

Writing Career

In 1822, Dumas moved to Paris and immersed himself in literature. He worked as a scribe for the duc d'Orléans (later named King Louis Philippe) during the 1830 revolution. He began writing plays, both comedies and dramas. Dumas's

Romantic style often compared to that of his contemporary and rival, Victor Hugo proved to be exceptionally popular.

Dumas was a prolific writer of essays, short stories and novels, as well as plays and travelogues. His interests also encompassed crime and scandals and wrote eight volumes of essays on infamous cases in history such as that of Lucrezia

Borgia and Cesare Borgia, and names more contemporary to his time, like Karl

Ludwig Sand. But he achieved widespread success with his novels The Count of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers, initially published as serials. The Three

Musketeers was one of three novels in his D'Artagnan Romances, the others being Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later. The story "The Man in the Iron Mask" from Le Vicomte de Bragelonne, also stands out as one his most widely known. Among his many volumes of romantic novels are the series of Valois, which center on Queen Marguerite, the last in the Capetian dynasty, and eight novels dubbed the Marie Antoinette romances. He also penned the fantasy novel The Wolf Leader, which is considered one of the earliest werewolf-themed books. The popularity of his writing made Dumas a household name in France and a celebrity throughout much of Europe.

With the money he earned from publishing his novels, Dumas purchased land and built the Château de Monte Cristo in Port Marly, Yvelines, France. This home

(which is now a museum) was intended to be a sanctuary for the author, and he spent much of his time writing and entertaining there before debt overtook him, forcing him to sell the property. He fled to Belgium in 1851, and later to Russia, to evade creditors. Dumas continued to publish books, including travel books on Russia, during his period of exile.

Personal Life

Dumas had a son, also named Alexandre, with Marie Laure Catherine Labay.

His son followed in his literary footsteps. In 1840, Dumas married actress Ida

Ferrier, but continued his affairs with other women. He had at least one daughter,

Marie Alexandrine, out of wedlock, and dated much younger women in his old age.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Death and Legacy

Dumas died on December 5, 1870, at his son's home in Puys, France. He was buried in the cemetery of Villers-Cotterêts. In 2002, his body was moved to the

Panthéon in Paris, where Dumas rests among such other French literary greats like his rival Victor Hugo, Émile Zola and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. "Alexandre Dumas will finally take his place beside Victor Hugo and Emile Zola, his brothers in literature," said President Jacques Chirac. "With you, it is childhood, hours of reading relished in secret, emotion, passion, adventure and panache that enter the

Pantheon. With you we dreamed. With you we still dream.”

Dumas' swashbuckling adventures continue to appeal to readers worldwide, with his work having been translated into more than 100 languages and adapted into a multitude of films. In 2008, an unfinished manuscript, The Last Cavalier, was published.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA SUMMARY

SUMMARY- Wuthering Heights Novel by Emily Bronte

Wuthering Heights is narrated through the diary of Mr. Lockwood as he writes down both his own experiences and the recollections of others. Desiring solitude, Lockwood has recently begun renting Thrushcross Grange, a remote house in the Yorkshire Moors of Northern England. One day, he decides to visit Wuthering

Heights, the nearby home of his new landlord, Heathcliff. At Wuthering Heights,

Lockwood encounters several strange and unpleasant characters: Cathy, Heathcliff‟s beautiful but rude daughter-in-law; Hareton Earnshaw, an uncivilized yet prideful young man; Joseph, a surly old servant; and Heathcliff, the misanthropic owner of both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. Mystified by the obvious animosity between the occupants of Wuthering Heights, Lockwood returns for a second visit but is forced to spend the night when a snowstorm hits. In the middle of the night, Lockwood is awakened by a ghostly child who calls herself Catherine

Linton and begs to be let in through the window. Utterly terrified, Lockwood wakes

Heathcliff, who then proceeds to throw open the window and call out to the ghost, begging it to return. Desperate to leave this haunted house and its eerie residents,

Lockwood sets off for Thrushcross Grange as soon as possible.

After returning home, Lockwood asks the housekeeper at Thrushcross

Grange, Nelly Dean, whether she knows anything about the strange occupants of

Wuthering Heights. Nelly explains that she grew up as a servant at the Heights and is well acquainted with the history of the house. Taking over the narration, Nelly begins her story nearly thirty years earlier, when Wuthering Heights was owned by the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Earnshaw family: Mr. and Mrs. Earnshaw and their two young children, Catherine and Hindley. One day, Mr. Earnshaw returns from a trip with a swarthy young orphan boy, who the family later names Heathcliff. Catherine warms to Heathcliff and the two become fast friends, while Hindley, jealous of Mr. Earnshaw‟s obvious preference for his adopted son, resents and abuses Heathcliff. As the conflict between

Heathcliff and Hindley grows, Mr. Earnshaw finally decides to resolve the situation by sending Hindley away to college. When Mr. Earnshaw dies, Hindley returns from school with his new wife, Frances, and takes control of Wuthering Heights.

Almost immediately, Hindley reduces Heathcliff to the position of a servant.

Though

Heathcliff‟s life is now full of difficult and degrading work, his friendship with

Catherine keeps him going. Hindey is utterly devoted to Frances and, as a result, gives little thought to Heathcliff‟s and Catherine‟s upbringing. Largely unmonitored, they spend their childhoods wandering through the moors and misbehaving together.

On one of their adventures, they sneak over to nearby Thrushcross Grange, where the refined Linton family resides. After the children are attacked by the Lintons‟ dogs while spying through the windows, the Lintons take Catherine in but turn

Heathcliff—who they call a “frightful thing”—away. Catherine stays with the

Lintons for several weeks as her dog bite heals. When Catherine finally returns to

Wuthering Heights, she dresses and acts more like a lady. To humiliate Heathcliff,

Hindley orders him to greet Catherine like all the other servants. Catherine insensitively calls Heathcliff dirty, comparing him to her elegant and pristine new friends, Edgar and Isabella Linton. When Mr. and Mrs. Linton allow young Edgar and Isabella to visit Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff lashes out at Edgar after being

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA humiliated yet again by Hindley. Young Heathcliff vows revenge on Hindley, though

Nelly counsels him to learn to forgive.

Frances eventually gives birth to a son, Hareton, though she dies soon after.

Devastated, Hindley sinks into alcoholism, becoming even more erratic and abusive.

During this time,

Edgar Linton begins to court Catherine, who often feels caught in the middle of

Edgar‟s and Heathcliff‟s animosity toward one another. One day, Catherine tells

Nelly that Edgar has proposed and she has accepted. Catherine admits, however, that she would have gladly married Heathcliff over Edgar had Hindley not made him a lowly servant. Unbeknownst to Catherine, Heathcliff overhears her, and after hearing

Catherine say it would “degrade” her to marry him, he leaves Wuthering Heights.

Heathcliff thus does not hear the rest of Catherine and Nelly‟s conversation, during which Catherine explains how deeply she loves Heathcliff.

After three years, Catherine and Edgar are married and live at Thrushcross

Grange with Edgar‟s sister, Isabella. Heathcliff finally returns, having mysteriously acquired a fortune during his time away. To everyone‟s surprise, Heathcliff stays at

Wuthering Heights with Hindley, who has now become a degenerate gambler.

Catherine is overjoyed to see Heathcliff once more, and he soon becomes a regular visitor at Thrushcross Grange. Edgar, however, still dislikes Heathcliff and is uncomfortable with Catherine and

Heathcliff‟s unusual relationship. Knowing that Isabella is the heir to Edgar‟s property, Heathcliff begins courting her. A confrontation finally occurs between

Heathcliff, Catherine, and Edgar, and Heathcliff is ordered to leave by Edgar. The stress of the situation causes Catherine to fall ill, and she remains mentally and

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA physically weak for months. Meanwhile, Heathcliff elopes with Isabella, causing

Edgar to cut off all communication with Isabella. Increasingly frail, Catherine dies soon after giving birth to a daughter, who is also named Catherine.

Heathcliff is devastated by Catherine‟s death and vows revenge on Edgar.

Isabella eventually flees the increasingly abusive and violent atmosphere at

Wuthering Heights for London. Several months later, she gives birth to a son, Linton

Heathcliff, whom she raises alone. Upon Hindley‟s death, Nelly realizes that

Wuthering Heights has been mortgaged extensively to Heathcliff who is now the de facto owner. As the years pass, Edgar is a doting father to young Cathy, though he takes pains to conceal the existence of Heathcliff and Wuthering Heights from her.

When Isabella dies, Edgar tries to adopt Linton (now twelve), but he is thwarted by

Heathcliff, who demands that his son come to live with him at Wuthering Heights.

Several years later, Cathy accidentally discovers both Wuthering Heights and her cousin Linton. This meeting puts Heathcliff‟s larger revenge plot into motion: by forcing Cathy to marry the terminally ill Linton, Heathcliff ensures that he will gain control over both Edgar‟s daughter and his family home.

Heathcliff eventually succeeds by kidnapping Cathy and forcing her to marry

Linton. Edgar dies and Linton inherits Thrushcross Grange. Heathcliff compels

Cathy to move to Wuthering Heights, and Linton dies soon after, bequeathing all of his property to Heathcliff. The story has now caught up to the present, and

Lockwood‟s earlier visit to Wuthering Heights confirms that Heathcliff‟s revenge has been a success. Heathcliff has raised Hindley‟s promising son, Hareton, as a rude, uneducated servant, mirroring what Hindley once did to young Heathcliff. Heathcliff has also taken revenge on Edgar by gaining ownership of Thrushcross Grange and

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA making Edgar‟s beloved daughter miserable in the process. Disgusted by the whole affair, Lockwood decides to leave the area.

Several months later, Lockwood visits Wuthering Heights once more. He is surprised to hear that Heathcliff is dead, his desire for revenge having been overshadowed by his desire to be reunited with Catherine. According to Nelly,

Heathcliff began behaving strangely and claimed he was “within sight of heaven” after spending a night wandering on the moors. A few days later, he died. Since his death, several villagers claim to have seen Heathcliff‟s and Catherine‟s ghosts walking through the moors. Lockwood is surprised to hear that Cathy and Hareton are now in love and plan to be married in the New Year. Nelly tells Lockwood that she and the young couple plan to move back into Thrushcross Grange after the wedding. Leaving Wuthering Heights, Lockwood wanders over to the graves of

Edgar, Catherine, and Heathclif, certain in the belief that they are finally at peace.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA SUMMARY- The Count of Monte Cristo Novel by Alexander Dumas

The novel begins with the handsome young sailor Edmond Dantes. He has just returned from a journey aboard the Pharaon. The Pharaon's shipowner, M.

Morrel, rushes out to meet the ship. He finds that the captain has died en route, and

Dantes has assumed the post with admirable skill. He thus plans to make Dantes officially the next captain of the ship.

Dantes future is thus promising. His father's financial situation as well as his own will be greatly ameliorated. In addition, Dantes has plans to marry the beautiful

Mercedes who has awaited his return from sea with great anxiety and love. Dantes will not get the chance to realize his bright future, however. His success has earned him three conspiring enemies. They write a letter falsely incriminating him in a

Bonapartist plot (the royalists are currently in power). These three enemies are Danglars, Fernand Mondego, and Caderousse. Danglars will become captain of the Pharaon once Dantes is removed, Fernand aspires to win Mercedes' love, and

Caderousse is a jealous neighbor of Dantes.

Perhaps the conspiracy would not have been so successful had not the denunciation fallen into the hands of the public prosecutor, Monsieur de Villefort.

This man has nothing personal against Dantes, however, he has Dantes incarcerated as a most dangerous criminal. His policy against Bonapartists must be extremely vigilant in order to counter the reputation of his father. His father is a known

Bonapartist, and Villefort is paranoid that this fact shall hurt his career among the ruling royalists. Thus, he throws Dantes, an innocent man, into the Chateau D'If.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Political regimes change, yet Dantes is forgotten. M. Morrel attempts to have him freed, yet to no avail. In prison, Dantes loses hope and decides to starve himself to death. Thankfully, the prisoner in the next cell was building a tunnel to escape.

Miscalculations bring the Abbe Faria, to Dantes cell instead of freedom. The two become friends, and the learned Abbe teaches Dantes all his vast knowledge of literature, the sciences and languages. The Abbe also reveals to Dantes the location of an immense treasure on the Isle of Monte Cristo. He hopes Dantes will retrieve this treasure should he escape. When the Abbe dies, Dantes replaces his body with the Abbe's. The Abbe's body bag is thrown into the sea. Dantes is free at last, after fourteen years of imprisonment. Dantes is saved from the sea by Italian smugglers.

Dantes' only reason for living now is to have vengeance upon those who threw his life away. He becomes a smuggler for a time, and finally has the opportunity to retrieve the treasure spoken of by Abbe Faria. He shall use this treasure to calculate the downfall of the four men who imprisoned him. Dantes', now the Count of Monte Cristo, shall calculate his revenge over the next10 years. He has already waited fourteen years, thus he has learned the virtue of patience. These men deserve to suffer. Their downfall shall be all the more destructive if his revenge is not brash, but calculated. Over the next ten years, Monte Cristo conditions himself, and learns of all the details of his enemies past. He also amasses a circle of servants who are forever indebted to him. Using his immense fortune he buys back freedom of men such as Peppino. Luigi Vampa, the great Italian bandit is also indebted to the

Count. These men owe the Count their lives, and will prove indispensable to the

Count's plans for revenge.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Before exacting revenge, however, the Count rewards the one family that remained true to him. He saves the Morrel firm from financial disaster by providing a diamond and a new ship to the family anonymously.

The count is now ready to exact revenge. He understands his duty to act as divine justice. When the Count is ready to enter Parisien society, and to destroy his enemies, he does so through contact with Albert de Morcerf. This is the son of Count de Morcerf, a new title given to the very same Fernand Mondego who conspired against Dantes. By winning Albert's trust he is introduced to all his former enemies, including Danglars, Count de Morcerf, and Monsieur de Villefort. These men are at the center of social and political life in Paris and are very rich. Monte Cristo's arrival in Paris causes a great stir, for his fortune is immense.

None of his enemies recognize him however. In fact, they are all eager to associate with this great man. Mercedes, now the Countess de Morcerf, recognizes him, yet she does not reveal his identity to anyone. The Count of Monte Cristo also disguises himself as an Abbe and returns to find Caderousse still a poor man. He gives Caderousse a diamond, yet he knows this shall not bring Caderousse happiness.

Caderousse's greed is far too great.

The diamond is part of Caderousse's slow punishment. First, Caderousse kills a jeweler, his wife, and is then thrown into prison. The Count, disguised as a

Lord Wilmore, later helps Caderousse escape from prison. Caderousse then attempts to rob the count, still not knowing that it is Dantes. During this robbery attempt,

Caderousse is murdered by his accomplice, Benedetto. As Caderousse is dying, the

Count whispers his identity in Caderousse's ear. Caderousse then cries out to God.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Fernand Mondego became a military hero and had married Mercedes who had given up hope to ever see Dantes again. Mercedes was unaware of the treachery of her husband. They have a fortune, and exist in Parisien society as the Count and

Countess de Morcerf. The Count destroys Morcerf by revealing his military treachery to all of Parisien society. Monte Cristo had bought Haydee as a slave. This girl was once the daughter of Ali Pasha who was betrayed by Morcerf. She testifies that the Count sold her into slavery. Her father had been the Count de Morcerf's benefactor. Morcerf had killed her father, surrendered her father's Greek City to the

Turks, and sold his wife and daughter into slavery. When this news is revealed to

Paris, the Count de Morcerf is thus ruined. His wife and son flee, and he shoots himself.

Monsieur de Villefort had married twice. He has one daughter by his first wife and a son by his second wife. Valentine is his daughter. The Count destroys de

Villefort by introducing Andrea Calvacanti into society. Benedetto, alias Calvacanti, is the son of Monsieur de Villefort and and Madame Danglars. Long ago, Villefort had attempted to bury the newborn baby alive, but Bertuccio, now Monte Cristo's servant had dug the baby up and saved it. Villefort's crime is revealed in a court of law, since Calvacanti is on trial as an escaped convict. Villefort is thus destroyed. His wife as treacherous as he had also poisoned his entire family. Her motive was to gain a fortune for her son. The Count however, had saved Valentine, since Maximilien

Morrel, the son of M. Morrel was in love with her. Villefort goes insane.

Danglars had become a rich banker. He has a wife and daughter. His wife is of noble birth, yet when Danglars married her, her repute as a woman was suspect.

The Count destroys Danglars by opening credit with him for six million francs. Right when Danglars needs this money, the Count also takes a receipt for five million

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA francs from him to cash. Danglars can no longer uphold his firm. He follows

Danglars to Italy, once Danglars flees Paris. (Danglars has been alienated from his wife for years, and his daughter runs off, as a result of a failed marriage contract to

Andrea Calvacanti. Monte Cristo had also arranged this failed enterprise. Danglars thus had no reason to stay in Paris.)

Danglars tries to redeem his five million francs from Monte Cristo's firm in

Italy. Once he does this, Monte Cristo's bandits follow him, and they destroy him financially by holding him captive and requiring him to pay vast sums of money to survive on a little food. Danglars is left with nothing and his hair turns white during his brief captivity with the Monte Cristo's bandits. Monte Cristo does not fail to inform Danglars his true identity.

Thus, the Count's revenge is now complete. He has succeeded in his quest for slow revenge. His enemies have suffered for their sins. He has one last meeting with

Mercedes. Mercedes shall lead a life of prayer in a convent, for her son has gone to rebuild his future in the army.

The Count of Monte Cristo had assumed the role of Providence by destroying all that had been built by his enemies during his long years of imprisonment. He must now leave. After leaving much of his belongings to Maximilien Morrel and

Valentine, to whom he wishes eternal love and happiness, he leaves aboard a ship with Haydee his own new love

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