Session-3 Role of Broadcasting in Warning and Disaster Management

Home , Doordarshan, Zee Nepal, Zee Smile

Mr. Baljeet Singh Lalli Prasar Bharati

Mr. P.G.DharChakraborty Mr. David Astley Dr. Yasuhiro Ito Mr. Rahul Kumar Ms. J. Josiah NIDM ABU NHK World Space UNESCO Broadcasters' preparedness for disaster

Mr. Baljeet Singh Lalli Prasar Bharati

Baljit Singh Lalli has taken over as the new CEO of Prasar Bharati. A 1971 batch IAS Officer of UP Cadre, Shri Lalli comes to head India's national broadcasting organization, comprising All India Radio and Doordarshan, with a vast administrative and managerial experience spanning over three decades. Shri Lalli was Secretary, Border Management in the Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India, prior to taking over as CEO, Prasar Bharati. A Post Graduate in English literature, Shri Baljit Singh Lalli has also worked as Secretary, Ministry of Panchayati Raj. Earlier, he worked as Additional Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development and Ministry of Agriculture. He was Member Secretary of the National Capital Region Planning Board and contributed towards the formulation of the Regional NCR Plan 2021. Shri Lalli has also been Part-time Chairperson of the Delhi Urban Art Commission (DUAC). Mr. P.G.DharChakraborty National Institute of Disaster Management, India Abstract

The increasing incidents of disasters throughout the world, due to various factors ranging from global warming and climate change to unplanned settlement of vulnerable communities in hazards prone areas and the consequential mounting graph of loss of life and property, have brought the issue of disaster risk reduction and management at the core of development planning, particularly in developing countries. The management issues of disaster are now being approached in a holistic framework covering the entire cycle of disasters - from the pre disaster phase of prevention, preparedness and mitigation to the post disaster issues of response, relief and rehabilitation. Disaster communication system plays an important role in every phase of disaster management, particularly during the phase of disaster preparedness through timely and accurate early warning and its dissemination to the last mile and quick response after the disaster events. Sometimes, the communication system itself becomes a victim of disasters disrupting the link of the disaster- affected communities with the world outside. Therefore, a reliable and full proof disaster communication system is extremely important for efficient management of disasters. Revolution in information and communication technologies has made it possible to design a fail proof disaster communication system. In this system various modes of communication play their role, but the most important role is played by the radio and TV broadcasting system, which has a large penetration and maximum outreach among the communities all over the country including the most difficult and inaccessible areas. Areas not covered by the network can still be accessed by ham radio network, which can transmit relevant disaster related messages to the affected communities. This paper would examine the disaster communication system of India and the role that various types of private and public radio and TV broadcasters can play in further streamlining the dissemination of early waning and transmission of vital information and awareness materials before during and after disasters.

III-1 Broadcasters' preparedness for disaster

Mr. Baljeet Singh Lalli Prasar Bharati

III-1 Disaster management & prevention-the role of broadcasters

Mr. David Astley ABU, Malaysia

David Astley is Secretary-General of the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU). Abstract David started his media career as a newspaper journalist, has worked as a magazine editor, and has had more than 20 years experience in television and radio management. Many countries in Asia have suffered devastating disasters in recent years, and there has been enormous loss of life from tsunami, earthquakes, typhoons, floods and landslides. These tragedies and their aftermath have highlighted the challenges that Prior to joining the ABU in 2002, he was Director of Business Development of the Malaysian Asian broadcasters face in covering natural disasters, but more importantly their responsibility to disseminate accurate satellite pay-TV operator, ASTRO. information rapidly in disaster management, and to create awareness of what causes disasters and how they may be prevented in Before moving to Malaysia in 1997, he was Managing Director of a publicly listed free-to-air the future. This presentation will discuss the role of broadcasting in disaster management and prevention, and propose some television network in regional Australia. initiatives that broadcasters should consider both in internal disaster management plans and in the production of content that David has an MBA from the University of New England. will contribute to raising awareness of disasters and how to prepare for them.

III-2 III-3 Disaster management & prevention-the role of broadcasters

Mr. David Astley ABU, Malaysia

III-2 III-3 Emergency Warning System with Analogue & Digital Broadcasting

Dr. Yasuhiro Ito NHK, Japan Abstract

The Emergency Warning System (EWS) is a broadcasting system which remotely activates receivers equipped with EWS function, and informs listeners/viewers of information on such disasters as earthquakes and tsunami etc. Besides, the EWS control signal should be robust against the abuse of this feature. Broadcasting is an ideal means to alert and to inform large parts of the population. The EWS has been in operation in Japan since 1985 for analog AM, FM sound and TV broadcasting. At present, the EWS is also being operated for digital satellite and digital terrestrial broadcasting as well. However, even if EWS- ready receivers were remotely activated in the living room, it is useless unless there is a person to be informed of emergency warning. So EWS-ready portable receivers which are installed in cellular phone terminals would make the EWS more and ABOUT THE SPEAKER more effective. David Astley is Secretary-General of the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU). The EWS for analogue broadcasting should use relatively simple equipment and ensure stable operations. In an emergency, the EWS control signal, which is an analogue audible signal, replaces the programme signal (radio and TV sound), remotely David started his media career as a newspaper journalist, has worked as a magazine editor, and has activating the receivers equipped with EWS function even when they are sleeping. The EWS control signal can be used also for had more than 20 years experience in television and radio management. alarm sound to draw the attention of listeners/viewers to emergency broadcasting programmes. Any broadcaster operating TV Prior to joining the ABU in 2002, he was Director of Business Development of the Malaysian and radio can transmit the EWS control signal. satellite pay-TV operator, ASTRO. In digital broadcasting, the EWS control signal is transmitted by multiplexing with broadcast wave. It remotely activates the Before moving to Malaysia in 1997, he was Managing Director of a publicly listed free-to-air receivers equipped with EWS function when they are sleeping as well as analogue system. It is foreseen that the receiving function television network in regional Australia. of digital broadcasting will be installed in mobile terminals such as cellular phones. It is effective to send emergency information David has an MBA from the University of New England. to such mobile terminals. Therefore, such mobile terminals are recommended to be equipped with EWS function for digital broadcasting.

III-4 III-5 Emergency Warning System with Analogue & Digital Broadcasting

Dr. Yasuhiro Ito NHK, Japan Abstract

III-4 III-5 Emergency Warning System with Analogue & Digital Broadcasting images at the moment when the quake occurred. In 1992, the NHK News Center installed an With these automatically produced quake/tsunami "emergency console" (Figure 2) to further speed up 1 Introduction Under this system, the agency increases the number information images, robot cameras, and monitoring the broadcasting of earthquake and other Broadcasters have two functions in disaster of seismographs to improve the accuracy of quake system, NHK is the first to provide accurate emergency news programs. This console makes it management. One is gathering or receiving intensity measurement and tsunami warnings. First, information on earthquakes and tsunami far simpler and quicker to make changes in information from disaster radiocommunication the emergency quake intensity gives preliminary immediately after they occur. prearranged programs as such changes are networks connected to administrative information about the earthquake, enabling the The commercial broadcasters also set robot necessary to broadcast emergency news. organizations. The exclusive line connected to the agency to quickly assess whether a tsunami warning cameras and use it breaking report of the If a tsunami warning is issued, NHK will broadcast administrative organizations is preferable to be should be issued or not. Next, the individual quake earthquake as well as NHK. an emergency warning to warn the public of used for urgent alerts and such information as intensity is issued. possible dangers. The moment it receives a tsunami earthquake and tsunami data. The other function is The new system is thus designed primarily to speed warning from the Meteorological Agency, NHK delivering information to the general public. Some up the process of issuing a tsunami warning. uses the console to complete preparations for municipalities in some countries may have a Furthermore, as the tsunami danger area is divided emergency broadcasting through all of its 13 media multicasting system to outdoor receivers with into 66 zones, the agency can issue a tsunami (terrestrial television, radio, satellite broadcasting). loudspeakers in their own disaster radio warning with greater accuracy. In addition to its Upon pressing only one button of the console, communication network. However, it may be domestic quake observation network that emergency news programs will be aired difficult to hear the sound indoors, especially in bad crisscrosses the country, the agency uses automatically. weather such as storm or heavy rain. Therefore, information provided by the incorporated research disaster alerts and information via broadcasting is institutions for seismology (IRIS) and the pacific useful for disaster relief. tsunami warning center (PTWC) in Hawaii to issue 2 Gathering emergency information a tsunami warning in the event of an earthquake in the seabed of the Pacific ocean. 2.1 Japan meteorological agency's quick reports on Figure 1 : The Earthquake and Tsunami Warning Broadcasting System earthquake and tsunami 2.2 Broadcaster's own network of 3 Delivering emergency information In Japan, an archipelago that lies on several active seismographs seismic faults, has experienced numerous The seismic data from the Meteorological Agency 3.1 Earthquake and tsunami warning earthquakes in the past that have left many people reaches NHK about 2 minutes after an earthquake. broadcasting system dead. The 1993 earthquake off the southwestern Other than this seismic observation network The Meteorological Agency had modified and part of Hokkaido created a massive tsunami that operated by the agency, NHK has its own upgraded its earthquake and tsunami warning struck the island of Okushiri in just 5 minutes, seismographs installed at 72 points across the system from 1995 till 1999, and NHK had followed killing 202 people and leaving 28 people missing, country, from which it gathers seismic data about 20 by renewing its tsunami warning broadcasting Figure 2 : Emergency Console and severely damaging property. It was after this seconds to 1 minute after an earthquake. With this system. Earthquake and tsunami data issued by the 4 Emergency Warning System (EWS) incident that the Meteorological Agency began data, NHK can immediately prepare to broadcast agency are first transmitted to NHK over data lines. over analogue broadcasting studying a system to quickly issue a tsunami warning the seismic data from the agency upon arrival. If the At NHK, its computers will then automatically in the event of an earthquake. quake intensity is estimated to exceed the danger produce a variety of visual information including 4.1 Overview level, NHK begins broadcasting seismic In March 1995, the agency launched a system "superimposed quake/tsunami images", The emergency warning system (EWS) developed information ahead of the agency. capable of the following: "earthquake maps", "tsunami maps", and "expected by NHK Science and Technical Research tsunami arrival times". Scripts to be read by an - About 2 minutes after an earthquake, issuing The commercial broadcasters also measure seismic Laboratories (NHK STRL) in the 1980s, promptly announcer on air will also be automatically emergency quake intensity intensity data and use it emergency broadcasting and effectively conveys to the public emergency operation as well as NHK. produced by an announcement script display notices such as tsunami warnings. It works through (quake intensity of a particular zone viewed as a system based on data provided by the agency. Upon 2.3 Robot cameras conventional broadcasting systems by automatically two-dimensional plane, with the entire country receiving seismic data from the agency, NHK will actuating warning receivers. This service has been in NHK has about 440 robot cameras stationed across divided into about 180 zones. immediately begin broadcasting quake/tsunami operation since 1985 in Japan. the country. Those installed along coastlines are the programs with the latest information (Figure 1). - About 3 minutes after the quake, issuing a tsunami first to warn the public of the most imminent The EWS enables a public warning to be made in warning tsunami danger. Although of low image quality, the The commercial broadcasters also construct the the case of emergency due to disasters etc. through - About 5 minutes after the quake, issuing individual pictures recorded by these 440 robot cameras are system that can promptly broadcast latest analogue radio and/or analogue TV sound quake intensity (at about 3,700 points across the stored for 12 hours in a robot camera monitoring information on the earthquake and the tidal wave as channels. As analogue radio broadcasting is still one country where seismographs are installed, including system. The system automatically picks robot well as NHK. of the most widespread broadcasting services, it is those managed by municipalities) cameras of the most affected areas, and displays the 3.2 Emergency console quite effective to make the public warning using this method. III-6 III-7 Emergency Warning System with Analogue & Digital Broadcasting images at the moment when the quake occurred. In 1992, the NHK News Center installed an With these automatically produced quake/tsunami "emergency console" (Figure 2) to further speed up 1 Introduction Under this system, the agency increases the number information images, robot cameras, and monitoring the broadcasting of earthquake and other Broadcasters have two functions in disaster of seismographs to improve the accuracy of quake system, NHK is the first to provide accurate emergency news programs. This console makes it management. One is gathering or receiving intensity measurement and tsunami warnings. First, information on earthquakes and tsunami far simpler and quicker to make changes in information from disaster radiocommunication the emergency quake intensity gives preliminary immediately after they occur. prearranged programs as such changes are networks connected to administrative information about the earthquake, enabling the The commercial broadcasters also set robot necessary to broadcast emergency news. organizations. The exclusive line connected to the agency to quickly assess whether a tsunami warning cameras and use it breaking report of the If a tsunami warning is issued, NHK will broadcast administrative organizations is preferable to be should be issued or not. Next, the individual quake earthquake as well as NHK. an emergency warning to warn the public of used for urgent alerts and such information as intensity is issued. possible dangers. The moment it receives a tsunami earthquake and tsunami data. The other function is The new system is thus designed primarily to speed warning from the Meteorological Agency, NHK delivering information to the general public. Some up the process of issuing a tsunami warning. uses the console to complete preparations for municipalities in some countries may have a Furthermore, as the tsunami danger area is divided emergency broadcasting through all of its 13 media multicasting system to outdoor receivers with into 66 zones, the agency can issue a tsunami (terrestrial television, radio, satellite broadcasting). loudspeakers in their own disaster radio warning with greater accuracy. In addition to its Upon pressing only one button of the console, communication network. However, it may be domestic quake observation network that emergency news programs will be aired difficult to hear the sound indoors, especially in bad crisscrosses the country, the agency uses automatically. weather such as storm or heavy rain. Therefore, information provided by the incorporated research disaster alerts and information via broadcasting is institutions for seismology (IRIS) and the pacific useful for disaster relief. tsunami warning center (PTWC) in Hawaii to issue 2 Gathering emergency information a tsunami warning in the event of an earthquake in the seabed of the Pacific ocean. 2.1 Japan meteorological agency's quick reports on Figure 1 : The Earthquake and Tsunami Warning Broadcasting System earthquake and tsunami 2.2 Broadcaster's own network of 3 Delivering emergency information In Japan, an archipelago that lies on several active seismographs seismic faults, has experienced numerous The seismic data from the Meteorological Agency 3.1 Earthquake and tsunami warning earthquakes in the past that have left many people reaches NHK about 2 minutes after an earthquake. broadcasting system dead. The 1993 earthquake off the southwestern Other than this seismic observation network The Meteorological Agency had modified and part of Hokkaido created a massive tsunami that operated by the agency, NHK has its own upgraded its earthquake and tsunami warning struck the island of Okushiri in just 5 minutes, seismographs installed at 72 points across the system from 1995 till 1999, and NHK had followed killing 202 people and leaving 28 people missing, country, from which it gathers seismic data about 20 by renewing its tsunami warning broadcasting Figure 2 : Emergency Console and severely damaging property. It was after this seconds to 1 minute after an earthquake. With this system. Earthquake and tsunami data issued by the 4 Emergency Warning System (EWS) incident that the Meteorological Agency began data, NHK can immediately prepare to broadcast agency are first transmitted to NHK over data lines. over analogue broadcasting studying a system to quickly issue a tsunami warning the seismic data from the agency upon arrival. If the At NHK, its computers will then automatically in the event of an earthquake. quake intensity is estimated to exceed the danger produce a variety of visual information including 4.1 Overview level, NHK begins broadcasting seismic In March 1995, the agency launched a system "superimposed quake/tsunami images", The emergency warning system (EWS) developed information ahead of the agency. capable of the following: "earthquake maps", "tsunami maps", and "expected by NHK Science and Technical Research tsunami arrival times". Scripts to be read by an - About 2 minutes after an earthquake, issuing The commercial broadcasters also measure seismic Laboratories (NHK STRL) in the 1980s, promptly announcer on air will also be automatically emergency quake intensity intensity data and use it emergency broadcasting and effectively conveys to the public emergency operation as well as NHK. produced by an announcement script display notices such as tsunami warnings. It works through (quake intensity of a particular zone viewed as a system based on data provided by the agency. Upon 2.3 Robot cameras conventional broadcasting systems by automatically two-dimensional plane, with the entire country receiving seismic data from the agency, NHK will actuating warning receivers. This service has been in NHK has about 440 robot cameras stationed across divided into about 180 zones. immediately begin broadcasting quake/tsunami operation since 1985 in Japan. the country. Those installed along coastlines are the programs with the latest information (Figure 1). - About 3 minutes after the quake, issuing a tsunami first to warn the public of the most imminent The EWS enables a public warning to be made in warning tsunami danger. Although of low image quality, the The commercial broadcasters also construct the the case of emergency due to disasters etc. through - About 5 minutes after the quake, issuing individual pictures recorded by these 440 robot cameras are system that can promptly broadcast latest analogue radio and/or analogue TV sound quake intensity (at about 3,700 points across the stored for 12 hours in a robot camera monitoring information on the earthquake and the tidal wave as channels. As analogue radio broadcasting is still one country where seismographs are installed, including system. The system automatically picks robot well as NHK. of the most widespread broadcasting services, it is those managed by municipalities) cameras of the most affected areas, and displays the 3.2 Emergency console quite effective to make the public warning using this method. III-6 III-7 The control signal in this EWS for public warning draw the attention of all the listeners/viewers to the 2) The preceding code for the start signal is occurs. The end signal can be used for the purpose shall activate sleeping receivers. Remote activation emergency broadcasting programmes that follow "1100"; of preventing such a situation. Transmission of the of the receivers requires keeping a part of the the EWS control signal. 3) The fixed code is a 16 bit code word that starts end signal is optional. receiver circuit alive to monitor the emission of a Modulation method of the EWS signal is the with "00" and ends with "01"; control signal. frequency shift keying (FSK) method with a space 4) The arbitrary code is a 16 bit code word that The composition of a typical emergency warning frequency of 640 Hz and a mark frequency of 1024 starts with "01" or "10", and ends with "00" or system is shown in Figure 3. In an emergency, the Hz. The allowable frequency deviation is plus or "11". The remaining 12 bits can be any bit control signal replaces the program signal (radio minus ten parts per million in each case. patterns with consideration of proper and and TV sound), remotely activating the warning Transmission speed of the EWS signal is at 64 bits stable receiver operation. receivers even when they are sleeping. The control per second. It is preferable that the modulation level signal is composed of two frequencies near 1 kHz for the EWS control signal is about 80 % in order to The starting and ending two bits of the fixed and and set at a level higher than the normal program detect the EWS control signal reliably. The EWS arbitrary codes are set so that the same bit pattern signal. The control signal is also used as the warning control signal comprises two kinds of signals; a start of fixed and arbitrary codes never appears. sound. The system uses relatively simple equipment signal and an end signal. An audible start signal to ensure stable operations. denotes the beginning of the emergency warning The warning receiver issues a special alarm sound, a broadcasting programme and activates equipped demodulated control signal, to draw the attention receivers. An audible end signal denotes the end of of listeners/viewers to emergency broadcasting the emergency warning broadcasting programme, programs. At NHK, the control signal can be and the activated receiver returns to its original transmitted through satellite TV, terrestrial TV, MF state. radio and FM radio. Many commercial broadcasters 4.2.1 Start signal Figure 5 : Structure of end signal operating terrestrial TV and MF radio can also The structure of the start signal is shown in Figure 4.2.3 Common fixed code transmit the control signal. 4. The start signal comprises an unmodulated signal A massive disaster may affect many countries. Once In Japan, several types of warning receivers have period, preceding code, fixed code and arbitrary such a disaster occurs, the emergency warning been commercially produced. NHK and many code. The unmodulated signal period allows the information should be distributed widely, even commercial broadcasters periodically transmit test EWS control signal to be clearly distinguished from across national borders. Therefore a common EWS control signals in emergency warning broadcasting the broadcasted program by silence. The preceding control signal is desirable. To detect the EWS on the first day of each month. code can be used as an indication as to whether the control signal, an EWS receiver continuously signal is a start signal or an calculates the cross-correlation between the given

end signal. The fixed code fixed code and the input signal. A high correlation Program Trans- Figure 4 : Structure of start signal signal Switch mitter is the most important value means the detection of the fixed code by the Program signal 4.2.2 End signal reception Radio code in the EWS control receiver. To avoid incorrect detection in this matter, Control Control An end signal informs the receivers of the end of TV signal. The fixed code has the fixed code is desired to have the following Signal Control Signal the emergency broadcasting programme. The generator reception the following two features. functions: 1. Receiver activated receiver returns to its original state after Broadcasting station Alarming sound, receiving the end signal. The structure of the end The number of bits with values "0" and "1" is equal. Receiver with followed by announcement activation, 2. Timing warning function A code that contains long continuous streams of reference for the arbitrary signal shown in Figure 5 is similar to that of the start "0" or "1" produces continuous 640 Hz or 1024 Hz Figure 3 : Composition of emergency warning system code. The arbitrary code carries additional signal. The fixed code employed in the end signal is sound components. As these sound components information such as the time or location of the identical to that in the start signal. The preceding for analogue broadcastings may exist in some broadcasting programmes, such event. BLOCK-S as shown in Fig. 4 comprises fixed code of the end signal is "0011". 4.2 Audible Baseband EWS control signal codes are not suitable for use as the fixed code. and arbitrary codes and should be transmitted In an emergency, the EWS control signal replaces In preparation for an actual emergency, it is repeatedly - at least four times. This multiple The bit pattern of this fixed code does not appear the programme signal (analogue radio and/or important to test the automatic activation of the transmission of the fixed codes prevents mis- anywhere else within the combination of this code analogue TV sound), to automatically activate receivers with regularly scheduled (for example activation of receivers and also ensures activation and any consecutive arbitrary code. If the bit receivers equipped with the EWS function, even once a month) test broadcasts that include the EWS of receivers in a poor reception environment. control signal. In such test broadcasts, it is necessary pattern of this fixed code reappears, both the when they are on stand by. The employment of correct reference position and the false bit pattern analogue sound in this EWS has the feature of very The specification of each code is as follows for the receivers to turn off at the end of the test. If the receiver is not turned off, the power source of position are detected as EWS reference positions by low power consumption by the receiver when 1) The unmodulated signal period lasts more than the receiver. If the detection of multiple reference monitoring the signal. The sound of the EWS portable receivers will be discharged, and the one second; battery might be empty when an actual disaster positions may occur, this is not suitable for control signal is used as an alarm sound as well to demodulation of the arbitrary codes.

III-8 III-9 The control signal in this EWS for public warning draw the attention of all the listeners/viewers to the 2) The preceding code for the start signal is occurs. The end signal can be used for the purpose shall activate sleeping receivers. Remote activation emergency broadcasting programmes that follow "1100"; of preventing such a situation. Transmission of the of the receivers requires keeping a part of the the EWS control signal. 3) The fixed code is a 16 bit code word that starts end signal is optional. receiver circuit alive to monitor the emission of a Modulation method of the EWS signal is the with "00" and ends with "01"; control signal. frequency shift keying (FSK) method with a space 4) The arbitrary code is a 16 bit code word that The composition of a typical emergency warning frequency of 640 Hz and a mark frequency of 1024 starts with "01" or "10", and ends with "00" or system is shown in Figure 3. In an emergency, the Hz. The allowable frequency deviation is plus or "11". The remaining 12 bits can be any bit control signal replaces the program signal (radio minus ten parts per million in each case. patterns with consideration of proper and and TV sound), remotely activating the warning Transmission speed of the EWS signal is at 64 bits stable receiver operation. receivers even when they are sleeping. The control per second. It is preferable that the modulation level signal is composed of two frequencies near 1 kHz for the EWS control signal is about 80 % in order to The starting and ending two bits of the fixed and and set at a level higher than the normal program detect the EWS control signal reliably. The EWS arbitrary codes are set so that the same bit pattern signal. The control signal is also used as the warning control signal comprises two kinds of signals; a start of fixed and arbitrary codes never appears. sound. The system uses relatively simple equipment signal and an end signal. An audible start signal to ensure stable operations. denotes the beginning of the emergency warning The warning receiver issues a special alarm sound, a broadcasting programme and activates equipped demodulated control signal, to draw the attention receivers. An audible end signal denotes the end of of listeners/viewers to emergency broadcasting the emergency warning broadcasting programme, programs. At NHK, the control signal can be and the activated receiver returns to its original transmitted through satellite TV, terrestrial TV, MF state. radio and FM radio. Many commercial broadcasters 4.2.1 Start signal Figure 5 : Structure of end signal operating terrestrial TV and MF radio can also The structure of the start signal is shown in Figure 4.2.3 Common fixed code transmit the control signal. 4. The start signal comprises an unmodulated signal A massive disaster may affect many countries. Once In Japan, several types of warning receivers have period, preceding code, fixed code and arbitrary such a disaster occurs, the emergency warning been commercially produced. NHK and many code. The unmodulated signal period allows the information should be distributed widely, even commercial broadcasters periodically transmit test EWS control signal to be clearly distinguished from across national borders. Therefore a common EWS control signals in emergency warning broadcasting the broadcasted program by silence. The preceding control signal is desirable. To detect the EWS on the first day of each month. code can be used as an indication as to whether the control signal, an EWS receiver continuously signal is a start signal or an calculates the cross-correlation between the given end signal. The fixed code fixed code and the input signal. A high correlation Program Trans- Figure 4 : Structure of start signal signal Switch mitter is the most important value means the detection of the fixed code by the Program signal 4.2.2 End signal reception Radio code in the EWS control receiver. To avoid incorrect detection in this matter, Control Control An end signal informs the receivers of the end of TV signal. The fixed code has the fixed code is desired to have the following Signal Control Signal the emergency broadcasting programme. The generator reception the following two features. functions: 1. Receiver activated receiver returns to its original state after Broadcasting station Alarming sound, receiving the end signal. The structure of the end The number of bits with values "0" and "1" is equal. Receiver with followed by announcement activation, 2. Timing warning function A code that contains long continuous streams of reference for the arbitrary signal shown in Figure 5 is similar to that of the start "0" or "1" produces continuous 640 Hz or 1024 Hz Figure 3 : Composition of emergency warning system code. The arbitrary code carries additional signal. The fixed code employed in the end signal is sound components. As these sound components information such as the time or location of the identical to that in the start signal. The preceding for analogue broadcastings may exist in some broadcasting programmes, such event. BLOCK-S as shown in Fig. 4 comprises fixed code of the end signal is "0011". 4.2 Audible Baseband EWS control signal codes are not suitable for use as the fixed code. and arbitrary codes and should be transmitted In an emergency, the EWS control signal replaces In preparation for an actual emergency, it is repeatedly - at least four times. This multiple The bit pattern of this fixed code does not appear the programme signal (analogue radio and/or important to test the automatic activation of the transmission of the fixed codes prevents mis- anywhere else within the combination of this code analogue TV sound), to automatically activate receivers with regularly scheduled (for example activation of receivers and also ensures activation and any consecutive arbitrary code. If the bit receivers equipped with the EWS function, even once a month) test broadcasts that include the EWS of receivers in a poor reception environment. control signal. In such test broadcasts, it is necessary pattern of this fixed code reappears, both the when they are on stand by. The employment of correct reference position and the false bit pattern analogue sound in this EWS has the feature of very The specification of each code is as follows for the receivers to turn off at the end of the test. If the receiver is not turned off, the power source of position are detected as EWS reference positions by low power consumption by the receiver when 1) The unmodulated signal period lasts more than the receiver. If the detection of multiple reference monitoring the signal. The sound of the EWS portable receivers will be discharged, and the one second; battery might be empty when an actual disaster positions may occur, this is not suitable for control signal is used as an alarm sound as well to demodulation of the arbitrary codes.

III-8 III-9 The fixed codes shown in this Annex satisfy the features above. As the common fixed code, one of the codes 4.3 Operation of EWS listed in Table 1 should be selected. It is recommended to use the code "0010 0011 1110 0101" as the Broadcasters operate EWS only in the following common fixed code of the EWS control signal for analogue broadcasting. The remaining codes can be used, cases as shown in Table 2. for example, as regional fixed codes for a country or a region. Possible fixed codes are listed in Table 1. Table 1 : List of Fixed codes Start signal Area code No. Fixed code (Category I) Fixed code (Category II) Notes (1) Large-scale earthquake warning statement is declared by Meteorological Agency Category I Nation wide 1 0010 0011 1110 0101 1101 1100 0001 101 Recommended to be used as (2) Including broadcasting of evacuation order is Category I Prefecture or wide area common fixed code set requested by governor of prefecture 2 0000 1011 0011 1101 1111 0100 1100 0010 Can be used as regional fixed code sets (3) Tsunami warning is declared by Category II Nation wide, Meteorological Agency Prefecture or wide area * Used in Japan 3 0000 1011 1100 1101 1111 0100 0011 0010 4 0000 1100 1011 1101 1111 0011 0100 0010 Table 2 : Three cases for EWS operation in Japan 5* 0000 1110 0110 1101 1111 0001 1001 0010 Category I activates all EWS receivers in the service 6 0000 1110 1011 1001 1111 0001 0100 0110 area. On the other hand, Category II activates EWS 7 0000 1110 1110 1001 1111 0001 0001 0110 receivers only set activating by this signal. Reverse 8 0000 1111 0011 0101 1111 0000 1100 1010 codes of the fixed codes for Category I are used as 9 0000 1111 0101 1001 1111 0000 1010 0110 the fixed codes for Category II as shown in Table 1. 10 0000 1111 0110 0101 1111 0000 1001 1010 In cases (1) and (2), broadcasters will transmit the 11 0001 0001 1110 1101 1110 1110 0001 0010 Category I Start Signal. In case (3), as inland users 12 0001 0011 1110 0101 1110 1100 0001 1010 do not need to evacuate, broadcasters will transmit 13 0001 0100 1110 1101 1110 1011 0001 0010 the Category II Start Signal. 14 0001 0100 1111 1001 1110 1011 0000 0110 After the emergency warning message, 15 0001 0110 1110 0101 1110 1001 0001 1010 broadcasters will transmit the End Signal to turn 16 0001 1010 0111 1001 1110 0101 1000 0110 off EWS receivers. 17 0001 1010 1110 1001 1110 0101 0001 0110 18 0001 1011 1100 0101 1110 0100 0011 1010 5 Digital EWS 19 0001 1110 1100 0101 1110 0001 0011 1010 This chapter introduces regarding the digital EWS 20 0001 1110 1101 0001 1110 0001 0010 1110 using digital broadcasting. In digital broadcasting, 21 0001 1111 0010 0101 1110 0000 1101 1010 the EWS signal is transmitted by multiplexing with 22 0001 1111 0010 1001 1110 0000 1101 0110 broadcast wave. The digital EWS control signal Figure 6 : Structures of Transport Stream (TS), Program Map Table 23 0010 0001 1101 1101 1101 1110 0010 0010 consists of two kinds of signals, one is emergency (PMT) and Emergency Information Descriptor 24 0010 0011 0101 1101 1101 1100 1010 0010 warning flag and the other is emergency Notes for Figure 6: 25 0010 0110 0011 1101 1101 1001 1100 0010 information descriptor. 1 ES (Elementary Stream): ES is encoded video 26 0010 0111 1001 0101 1101 1000 0110 1010 5.1 Technical specifications on digital EWS and audio etc. 27 0010 0111 1100 0101 1101 1000 0011 1010 The emergency warning flag and the emergency 2 PES (Packetized Elementary Stream): PES is 28 0011 0000 1011 1101 1100 1111 0100 0010 information descriptor are used for ISDB-TSB 29 0011 0000 1111 0101 1100 1111 0000 1010 recommended in Rec. ITU-R BS.1114-5 (System F), packetized ES in each significant unit. 30 0011 0111 1000 0101 1100 1000 0111 1010 ISDB-T recommended in Rec. ITU-R BT.1306-1 3 TS (Transport Stream): TS is divided PES, and 31 0011 1011 0000 1101 1100 0100 1111 0010 (System C), broadcasting-satellite service (sound) the size is 188 bytes including 32 bytes of the 32 0011 1011 0100 0101 1100 0100 1011 1010 system using the 2.6GHz band recommended in header. 33 0011 1100 1000 1101 1100 0011 0111 0010 Rec. ITU-R BO.1130-4 (System E), and ISDB-S 4 PID (Packet Identifier): PID shows what the 34 0011 1100 1001 0101 1100 0011 0110 1010 recommended in Rec. ITU-R BO.1408-1. The transmitted packet is. 35 0011 1100 1010 1001 1100 0011 0101 0110 emergency information descriptor for EWS is 36 0011 1100 1011 0001 1100 0011 0100 1110 placed in the Descriptor 1 field of Program Map 5 CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check): CRC is a type 37 0011 1110 0010 0101 1100 0001 1101 1010 Table (PMT), which is periodically placed in the of hash function used to produce a checksum, 38 0011 1110 0010 1001 1100 0001 1101 0110 Transport Stream (TS). The detail of the emergency which is a small number of bits, from a large 39 0011 1110 0100 0101 1100 0001 1011 1010 information descriptor is shown in Figure 6. block of data, such as a packet of network 40 0011 1110 0101 0001 1100 0001 1010 1110 traffic or a block of a computer file, in order to detect errors in transmission or storage. III-10 III-11 The fixed codes shown in this Annex satisfy the features above. As the common fixed code, one of the codes 4.3 Operation of EWS listed in Table 1 should be selected. It is recommended to use the code "0010 0011 1110 0101" as the Broadcasters operate EWS only in the following common fixed code of the EWS control signal for analogue broadcasting. The remaining codes can be used, cases as shown in Table 2. for example, as regional fixed codes for a country or a region. Possible fixed codes are listed in Table 1. Table 1 : List of Fixed codes Start signal Area code No. Fixed code (Category I) Fixed code (Category II) Notes (1) Large-scale earthquake warning statement is declared by Meteorological Agency Category I Nation wide 1 0010 0011 1110 0101 1101 1100 0001 101 Recommended to be used as (2) Including broadcasting of evacuation order is Category I Prefecture or wide area common fixed code set requested by governor of prefecture 2 0000 1011 0011 1101 1111 0100 1100 0010 Can be used as regional fixed code sets (3) Tsunami warning is declared by Category II Nation wide, Meteorological Agency Prefecture or wide area * Used in Japan 3 0000 1011 1100 1101 1111 0100 0011 0010 4 0000 1100 1011 1101 1111 0011 0100 0010 Table 2 : Three cases for EWS operation in Japan 5* 0000 1110 0110 1101 1111 0001 1001 0010 Category I activates all EWS receivers in the service 6 0000 1110 1011 1001 1111 0001 0100 0110 area. On the other hand, Category II activates EWS 7 0000 1110 1110 1001 1111 0001 0001 0110 receivers only set activating by this signal. Reverse 8 0000 1111 0011 0101 1111 0000 1100 1010 codes of the fixed codes for Category I are used as 9 0000 1111 0101 1001 1111 0000 1010 0110 the fixed codes for Category II as shown in Table 1. 10 0000 1111 0110 0101 1111 0000 1001 1010 In cases (1) and (2), broadcasters will transmit the 11 0001 0001 1110 1101 1110 1110 0001 0010 Category I Start Signal. In case (3), as inland users 12 0001 0011 1110 0101 1110 1100 0001 1010 do not need to evacuate, broadcasters will transmit 13 0001 0100 1110 1101 1110 1011 0001 0010 the Category II Start Signal. 14 0001 0100 1111 1001 1110 1011 0000 0110 After the emergency warning message, 15 0001 0110 1110 0101 1110 1001 0001 1010 broadcasters will transmit the End Signal to turn 16 0001 1010 0111 1001 1110 0101 1000 0110 off EWS receivers. 17 0001 1010 1110 1001 1110 0101 0001 0110 18 0001 1011 1100 0101 1110 0100 0011 1010 5 Digital EWS 19 0001 1110 1100 0101 1110 0001 0011 1010 This chapter introduces regarding the digital EWS 20 0001 1110 1101 0001 1110 0001 0010 1110 using digital broadcasting. In digital broadcasting, 21 0001 1111 0010 0101 1110 0000 1101 1010 the EWS signal is transmitted by multiplexing with 22 0001 1111 0010 1001 1110 0000 1101 0110 broadcast wave. The digital EWS control signal Figure 6 : Structures of Transport Stream (TS), Program Map Table 23 0010 0001 1101 1101 1101 1110 0010 0010 consists of two kinds of signals, one is emergency (PMT) and Emergency Information Descriptor 24 0010 0011 0101 1101 1101 1100 1010 0010 warning flag and the other is emergency Notes for Figure 6: 25 0010 0110 0011 1101 1101 1001 1100 0010 information descriptor. 1 ES (Elementary Stream): ES is encoded video 26 0010 0111 1001 0101 1101 1000 0110 1010 5.1 Technical specifications on digital EWS and audio etc. 27 0010 0111 1100 0101 1101 1000 0011 1010 The emergency warning flag and the emergency 2 PES (Packetized Elementary Stream): PES is 28 0011 0000 1011 1101 1100 1111 0100 0010 information descriptor are used for ISDB-TSB 29 0011 0000 1111 0101 1100 1111 0000 1010 recommended in Rec. ITU-R BS.1114-5 (System F), packetized ES in each significant unit. 30 0011 0111 1000 0101 1100 1000 0111 1010 ISDB-T recommended in Rec. ITU-R BT.1306-1 3 TS (Transport Stream): TS is divided PES, and 31 0011 1011 0000 1101 1100 0100 1111 0010 (System C), broadcasting-satellite service (sound) the size is 188 bytes including 32 bytes of the 32 0011 1011 0100 0101 1100 0100 1011 1010 system using the 2.6GHz band recommended in header. 33 0011 1100 1000 1101 1100 0011 0111 0010 Rec. ITU-R BO.1130-4 (System E), and ISDB-S 4 PID (Packet Identifier): PID shows what the 34 0011 1100 1001 0101 1100 0011 0110 1010 recommended in Rec. ITU-R BO.1408-1. The transmitted packet is. 35 0011 1100 1010 1001 1100 0011 0101 0110 emergency information descriptor for EWS is 36 0011 1100 1011 0001 1100 0011 0100 1110 placed in the Descriptor 1 field of Program Map 5 CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check): CRC is a type 37 0011 1110 0010 0101 1100 0001 1101 1010 Table (PMT), which is periodically placed in the of hash function used to produce a checksum, 38 0011 1110 0010 1001 1100 0001 1101 0110 Transport Stream (TS). The detail of the emergency which is a small number of bits, from a large 39 0011 1110 0100 0101 1100 0001 1011 1010 information descriptor is shown in Figure 6. block of data, such as a packet of network 40 0011 1110 0101 0001 1100 0001 1010 1110 traffic or a block of a computer file, in order to detect errors in transmission or storage. III-10 III-11 ing 6 Descriptor tag: The value of the descriptor tag * Transmission and Multiplexing Configuration To solve this problem, we are studying a low-power- lex al 203 ultip ign bit d M C) S n an MC shall be 0xFC, representing the emergency Control consumption EWS flag stand-by circuit that can sio ol (T mis ontr rans n C information descriptor. maintain stand-by for the digital terrestrial T ratio it26 Digital EWS for mobile and portable reception is figu b Con broadcasting EWS flag. bit0 7 Descriptor length: The descriptor length shall the same as described in §5.1, but the actual receiver ` ÿ•ÿ§Rÿäÿ•Mÿ• ` ÿ•ÿ§Rÿäÿ•Mÿ• ` ÿ•ÿ§Rÿäÿ•Mÿ• e be a field that writes the number of data bytes is under development. Features of the low-power-consumption EWS flag Tim ÿ’wÿ’bÿ’_ ÿ’wÿ’bÿ’_ ÿ’wÿ’bÿ’_ r Seg ade following this field. In digital reception with a mobile terminal such as stand-by circuit are as follows: He y ÿ•0 enc erg 8 Service id: The service id shall be used to cellular phone and PDA - The stand-by circuit consumes less power than an (429kHz) Em ing arn W gnal identify the broadcast program number. ordinary cellular phone's stand-by mode. Frequency FSliag (Portable Digital Assistance), the following effects One segment service (BW : 429 kHz) 9 Start/end flag: The value of the start/end flag are expected in the disaster prevention field: - The system does not employ a Fast Fourier seg seg seg seg seg seg seg seg seg seg seg seg seg shall be '1' and '0,' respectively, when Transform, which is commonly used for digital ÿ•11 ÿ•9 ÿ•7 ÿ•5 ÿ•3 ÿ•1 ÿ•0 ÿ•2 ÿ•4 ÿ•6 ÿ•8 ÿ•10ÿ•12 - Realize a congestion-free transmission path even (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) transmission of emergency information signal in times of disaster; terrestrial broadcasting reception, but instead stays Frequency starts (or is currently in progress) or when exclusively on stand-by for the EWS flag frequency HDTV servic(eBW : 5.6MHz) transmission ends. - Realize stable information transmission even in component. times of emergency or disaster, through start-up Figure 9 : Emergency Warning Flag Allocation in ISDB-T. 10 Signal types: The value of the signal type must control; - Even under extremely poor reception conditions 5.4 Development of One-Seg receiver ready for be '0' and '1,' respectively, when Category I and the system's EWS flag stand-by function is active. EWS II start signals. - Realize communication paths according to areas and targets. - The technology can be applied to other services. In order to realize remote activation, emergency 11 Area code length: The area code length shall be For instance, a home receiver could have it installed warning flags in one or more TMCC carriers are to a field that writes the number of data bytes in TV remote control. be continuously monitored. Furthermore, following this field. Concurrent mobile receiver activation using continuous monitoring shall be realized without 12 Area code: The area code shall be a field emergency warning flags of digital terrestrial substantially shortening stand-by time of portable transmitting the area code. broadcasting is shown in Figure 8. receivers. 5.2 Mobile and portable reception(One-Seg It is easily achieved to monitor emergency warning service in ISDB-T) flags by using the One-Seg receiving module. At In Japan, One-Seg service, which is digital terrestrial present, however, since consumption power of at television broadcasting service for mobile and least 100 mW is required, the stand-by time lasts for portable reception using 1 of 13 segments in ISDB- merely one day. Thus, this method is not a practical T, has been launched from April 2006. An example idea. of technical parameters for One-Seg service is Figure 7 : A Concept of digital EWS for Mobile and Portable Reception Accordingly, in order to save power, NHK shown in Table 3. 5.3 Waking up a One-Seg handheld receiver considered a dedicated stand-by algorithm that i) Table 3 with an emergency warning extracts TMCC carriers, and ii) monitors only Example of technical parameters Should the remote activation function be realized emergency warning flags of bit 26. Figure 10 shows for One-Seg service by the EWS on portable receivers that are normally the prototype circuit for EWS stand-by with very Number of segments 1 carried by many people, the EWS would effectively low power consumption based upon the algorithm. Bandwidth (kHz) 429 alleviate an impending disaster and reduce damages It is assumed that power consumption of the Number of subcarriers 432 (TMCC* : 4 carriers) to be caused by the disaster. Digital terrestrial Figure 8 : Concurrent mobile receiver activation using emergency warning prototype circuit is approximately 1/10, below 10 Subcarrier bandwidth (Hz) 992 broadcasting has an emergency warning flag of digital terrestrial broadcasting milliwatts, compared to the case where the One-Seg Symbol duration (ìsec) 1008 mechanism similar to that of analogue receiving module is directly used for the monitoring Guard interval (ìsec) 126 As shown in Figure 9, EWS flags of the ISDB-T broadcasting. Broadcasting differs from of the emergency warning flags. Since the actual Modulation QPSK (TMCC : DBPSK) (Terrestrial Integrated Services Digital communications in that it can send information to a Inner FEC Convolution rate : 2/3 Broadcasting) system are located in bit 26 of TMCC operation of the circuit is greatly reliant upon boot- Outer FEC Reed Solomon (204,188) large number of handheld receivers at one time. signals. In case of Mode 3 (the number of carriers is up characteristics and stability of an analog system Time interleave I=4 (0.5 sec) The ability to activate handheld receivers to receive 5,617), the number of TMCC carriers is 52 in total at its front-end unit, and a reception environment Information rate (kbit/s) 416 emergency information would further the disaster for 13 segments, or four carriers per segment. including fluctuation in reception power, NHK will Video rate (kbit/s) 244 prevention schemes of the national and municipal Information of 204 bits, modulated by DBPSK continue verification experiments for putting the Audio rate (kbit/s) 55 governments. For this to be effective, a handheld (differential binary phase shift keying) and circuit into practical use. Data rate (kbit/s) 55 receiver would have to be in the constant stand-by containing almost the same content, is transmitted Closed caption (kbit/s) 5 mode for the EWS flag, and if power consumption at an interval of approximately 0.2 seconds. Electric Program Guide (kbit/s) 20 were too high, it would be difficult to maintain Control signals (kbit/s) 37 stand-by for a long time. III-12 III-13 ing 6 Descriptor tag: The value of the descriptor tag * Transmission and Multiplexing Configuration To solve this problem, we are studying a low-power- lex al 203 ultip ign bit d M C) S n an MC shall be 0xFC, representing the emergency Control consumption EWS flag stand-by circuit that can sio ol (T mis ontr rans n C information descriptor. maintain stand-by for the digital terrestrial T ratio it26 Digital EWS for mobile and portable reception is figu b Con broadcasting EWS flag. bit0 7 Descriptor length: The descriptor length shall the same as described in §5.1, but the actual receiver ` ÿ•ÿ§Rÿäÿ•Mÿ• ` ÿ•ÿ§Rÿäÿ•Mÿ• ` ÿ•ÿ§Rÿäÿ•Mÿ• e be a field that writes the number of data bytes is under development. Features of the low-power-consumption EWS flag Tim ÿ’wÿ’bÿ’_ ÿ’wÿ’bÿ’_ ÿ’wÿ’bÿ’_ r Seg ade following this field. In digital reception with a mobile terminal such as stand-by circuit are as follows: He y ÿ•0 enc erg 8 Service id: The service id shall be used to cellular phone and PDA - The stand-by circuit consumes less power than an (429kHz) Em ing arn W gnal identify the broadcast program number. ordinary cellular phone's stand-by mode. Frequency FSliag (Portable Digital Assistance), the following effects One segment service (BW : 429 kHz) 9 Start/end flag: The value of the start/end flag are expected in the disaster prevention field: - The system does not employ a Fast Fourier seg seg seg seg seg seg seg seg seg seg seg seg seg shall be '1' and '0,' respectively, when Transform, which is commonly used for digital ÿ•11 ÿ•9 ÿ•7 ÿ•5 ÿ•3 ÿ•1 ÿ•0 ÿ•2 ÿ•4 ÿ•6 ÿ•8 ÿ•10ÿ•12 - Realize a congestion-free transmission path even (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) (429kHz) transmission of emergency information signal in times of disaster; terrestrial broadcasting reception, but instead stays Frequency starts (or is currently in progress) or when exclusively on stand-by for the EWS flag frequency HDTV servic(eBW : 5.6MHz) transmission ends. - Realize stable information transmission even in component. times of emergency or disaster, through start-up Figure 9 : Emergency Warning Flag Allocation in ISDB-T. 10 Signal types: The value of the signal type must control; - Even under extremely poor reception conditions 5.4 Development of One-Seg receiver ready for be '0' and '1,' respectively, when Category I and the system's EWS flag stand-by function is active. EWS II start signals. - Realize communication paths according to areas and targets. - The technology can be applied to other services. In order to realize remote activation, emergency 11 Area code length: The area code length shall be For instance, a home receiver could have it installed warning flags in one or more TMCC carriers are to a field that writes the number of data bytes in TV remote control. be continuously monitored. Furthermore, following this field. Concurrent mobile receiver activation using continuous monitoring shall be realized without 12 Area code: The area code shall be a field emergency warning flags of digital terrestrial substantially shortening stand-by time of portable transmitting the area code. broadcasting is shown in Figure 8. receivers. 5.2 Mobile and portable reception(One-Seg It is easily achieved to monitor emergency warning service in ISDB-T) flags by using the One-Seg receiving module. At In Japan, One-Seg service, which is digital terrestrial present, however, since consumption power of at television broadcasting service for mobile and least 100 mW is required, the stand-by time lasts for portable reception using 1 of 13 segments in ISDB- merely one day. Thus, this method is not a practical T, has been launched from April 2006. An example idea. of technical parameters for One-Seg service is Figure 7 : A Concept of digital EWS for Mobile and Portable Reception Accordingly, in order to save power, NHK shown in Table 3. 5.3 Waking up a One-Seg handheld receiver considered a dedicated stand-by algorithm that i) Table 3 with an emergency warning extracts TMCC carriers, and ii) monitors only Example of technical parameters Should the remote activation function be realized emergency warning flags of bit 26. Figure 10 shows for One-Seg service by the EWS on portable receivers that are normally the prototype circuit for EWS stand-by with very Number of segments 1 carried by many people, the EWS would effectively low power consumption based upon the algorithm. Bandwidth (kHz) 429 alleviate an impending disaster and reduce damages It is assumed that power consumption of the Number of subcarriers 432 (TMCC* : 4 carriers) to be caused by the disaster. Digital terrestrial Figure 8 : Concurrent mobile receiver activation using emergency warning prototype circuit is approximately 1/10, below 10 Subcarrier bandwidth (Hz) 992 broadcasting has an emergency warning flag of digital terrestrial broadcasting milliwatts, compared to the case where the One-Seg Symbol duration (ìsec) 1008 mechanism similar to that of analogue receiving module is directly used for the monitoring Guard interval (ìsec) 126 As shown in Figure 9, EWS flags of the ISDB-T broadcasting. Broadcasting differs from of the emergency warning flags. Since the actual Modulation QPSK (TMCC : DBPSK) (Terrestrial Integrated Services Digital communications in that it can send information to a Inner FEC Convolution rate : 2/3 Broadcasting) system are located in bit 26 of TMCC operation of the circuit is greatly reliant upon boot- Outer FEC Reed Solomon (204,188) large number of handheld receivers at one time. signals. In case of Mode 3 (the number of carriers is up characteristics and stability of an analog system Time interleave I=4 (0.5 sec) The ability to activate handheld receivers to receive 5,617), the number of TMCC carriers is 52 in total at its front-end unit, and a reception environment Information rate (kbit/s) 416 emergency information would further the disaster for 13 segments, or four carriers per segment. including fluctuation in reception power, NHK will Video rate (kbit/s) 244 prevention schemes of the national and municipal Information of 204 bits, modulated by DBPSK continue verification experiments for putting the Audio rate (kbit/s) 55 governments. For this to be effective, a handheld (differential binary phase shift keying) and circuit into practical use. Data rate (kbit/s) 55 receiver would have to be in the constant stand-by containing almost the same content, is transmitted Closed caption (kbit/s) 5 mode for the EWS flag, and if power consumption at an interval of approximately 0.2 seconds. Electric Program Guide (kbit/s) 20 were too high, it would be difficult to maintain Control signals (kbit/s) 37 stand-by for a long time. III-12 III-13 It is recommended that systems for transmission Digital Satellite Technology for Disaster and reception include the EWS for forcing suitably Warning & Management equipped and suitably primed receivers (whether switched on or in standby mode) to present programme material for disaster mitigation and relief without intervention from listeners/viewers, so that all citizens can become informed of a possible disaster within the shortest possible period of time, with a robust mechanism against abuse of this feature. References Figure 10: Prototype circuit ready for EWS with very low power 1) Rec. ITU-R BT.1774, "Use of satellite and consumption terrestrial broadcast infrastructures for public 6 Conclusion warning, disaster mitigation and relief" Broadcasting is an ideal means to alert and to 2) ARIB STD-B32 (Version 1.5; 2004), "Video inform large parts of the population. The satellite coding, audio coding and multiplexing and terrestrial broadcasting infrastructure can specifications for digital broadcasting", Part 3, provide means for alerting the public that a natural Chapter 3. disaster may happen, for informing the public on 3) ARIB TR-B14 (Version 1.6; 2005), "Digital preventive measures, for informing the public on terrestrial television broadcasting general operation rescue measures after a disaster has happened and information", Volume 4, Chapter 26 and Volume 7, for disseminating coordinating action information. Section 7.9.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS Mr. Rahul Kumar Yasuhiro Ito World Space, India Yasuhiro Ito is a Senior Associate Director, Broadcasting Systems at NHK Science and Technical Research Laboratories. His current research interests are in transmission systems for digital TV broadcasting. He is a senior member of the IEEE and a member of the SMPTE, IEICE and ITE. He received his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan in 1991. Abstract Hiroyuki Hamazumi Hiroyuki Hamazumi is a Senior Research Engineer, Broadcasting Systems at NHK A standards-based, all media, all-hazards public warning strategy has most recently been adopted by the International Science and Technical Research Laboratories. His current research interests are in community. This XML-based protocol has been adapted to suit WorldSpace digital satellite radio system to deliver digital transmission systems for TV broadcasting. He is a member of IEICE and audio/multi-media alerts selectively, securely and reliably. An easy-to-use web application allows the generation of the alert. The ITE. He received his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at Tokyo Institute of alert message can be addressed by specific receivers, groups of receivers as well as broadcast to every receiver falling within the Technology, Tokyo, Japan in 1999. footprint of the satellite. As this system is independent of any terrestrial communication infrastructure it can be deployed and sustained even in the most remote locations. . Besides the textual display of the alert parameters and their updates, the radio plays the special alert audio Makoto Taguchi channel to provide authentic information to the community in local languages. Makoto Taguchi is a Research Engineer, Broadcasting Systems at NHK Science The receive configuration in AREA is adaptable to the needs and conditions of the location where the service is intended. This and Technical Research Laboratories. His current research interests are in digital includes the requirements of a first responder with a stable power supply and computers, the community user with undependable transmission systems for TV broadcasting. He is a member of IEICE and ITE. power supply and the mobile user for whom the alerting has to be based on the current location of the receiver. The system has been successfully field tested in South and South East Asia and is ready to be deployed.

III-14 III-15 It is recommended that systems for transmission Digital Satellite Technology for Disaster and reception include the EWS for forcing suitably Warning & Management equipped and suitably primed receivers (whether switched on or in standby mode) to present programme material for disaster mitigation and relief without intervention from listeners/viewers, so that all citizens can become informed of a possible disaster within the shortest possible period of time, with a robust mechanism against abuse of this feature. References Figure 10: Prototype circuit ready for EWS with very low power 1) Rec. ITU-R BT.1774, "Use of satellite and consumption terrestrial broadcast infrastructures for public 6 Conclusion warning, disaster mitigation and relief" Broadcasting is an ideal means to alert and to 2) ARIB STD-B32 (Version 1.5; 2004), "Video inform large parts of the population. The satellite coding, audio coding and multiplexing and terrestrial broadcasting infrastructure can specifications for digital broadcasting", Part 3, provide means for alerting the public that a natural Chapter 3. disaster may happen, for informing the public on 3) ARIB TR-B14 (Version 1.6; 2005), "Digital preventive measures, for informing the public on terrestrial television broadcasting general operation rescue measures after a disaster has happened and information", Volume 4, Chapter 26 and Volume 7, for disseminating coordinating action information. Section 7.9.

III-14 III-15 Digital Satellite Technology for Disaster Warning & Management

III-16 III-17 Digital Satellite Technology for Disaster Warning & Management

III-16 III-17 III-18 III-19 III-18 III-19 Community Radio

Ms. J. Josiah UNESCO, India

Abstract

This presentation will look at the role of Community Broadcasting and in particular Community Radio in emergency and disaster preparedness as well as in post-disaster relief activity. Citing examples of the recent disasters such as the Tsunami and Earthquake disasters in South Asia in 2004 and 2005 respectively, the presentation highlights developments in the design and application of Innovative low cost solutions in Community Media for Disaster Relief Operations and Management. ABOUT THE SPEAKER Such solutions range from mobile phone stations to solar-powered transmitters and receivers, from interactive radio broadcasts on Col Rahul is the Vice President and Chief Technology Officer at the WorldSpace India Pvt Ltd. local cable television to portable radio units that fit into a suitcase. The “e-tuk tuk” as well as self learning modules that teach Having served in the Corps of Signals, Indian Armed Forces for 21 years Col Rahul moved on to disaster preparedness to remote marginalized communities and introduce disaster management plans into school curricula and pioneer paging India with Motorola. He was General Manager Technical with the Company for 6 workplaces will also be briefly discussed. years. Subsequently he moved to BPO and was associated with Talisma, ICT Solutions and HP in The presentation includes digital communication tools designed by community members themselves for disaster relief and setting up a few leading Call Centers. management. These include the innovative format of digital storytelling, made up of short audio and video clips featuring A Telecommunication graduate from Military College of Technical Engineering Mhow has a Post various community initiatives being undertaken in South Asian countries that have been found to be highly effective in preparing Graduation in Defense Studies. While with Motorola Col Rahul has also being trained in Six Sigma for and dealing with natural disasters in timely and all-encompassing ways. It also discusses market dynamics and business at the University of Motorola Schaumburg USA. challenges arising from the spread of low-cost technological innovations in Community Radio markets poised for major expansion resulting from Cabinet approval of the new Indian Community Radio Policy Document. In his presently role Col Rahul is providing Engineering Solutions, Product Development and New Business Development Technology support to WorldSpace India. This presentation heralds a major milestone in the development of Community Radio as an inclusive, powerful medium that is about to join the spectrum of mainstream broadcast operations.

III-20 III-21 Community Radio

Ms. J. Josiah UNESCO, India

Abstract

III-20 III-21 Community Radio CMC - the “etuktuk” (Sri Lanka) emphasise the programme on AIR as they feared that before or concept of mobile radio/multimedia centre. The after their programme on organic agriculture, AIR Introduction Radio continues to be the most pervasive medium “eTuktuk”, while satisfying a need for broadcasting may play an ad of a pesticide company. Those Community Broadcasting implies the use of a because nearly everyone has a receiver or access to a in rural or remote communities attempts to answer women now run their own radio station and medium such as community radio or community radio in whatever social condition that may prevail. some crucial questions related to the access to narrowcast the programmes. television for transmission and dissemination of This fact endows community radio with much information. The reality of being able to take a In Budikote, near Bangalore, India, Namma information relevant to particular communities, on potential community strength, providing community radio and telecentre physically to village Dhwani (Our Voice), a UNESCO-supported a not-for-profit basis. governments with a highly cost-effective tool of levels, opens up significant new avenues for development. community radio station inspires good governance As you know only too well, during the last ten to reaching remote and marginalised communities. practices. Using cablecasting techniques, the fifteen years, the tremendous rates of development The recently announced CR policy by the Indian Community broadcasters currently enable self- community broadcasters creatively covered the of new information and communication government is considered to be a great leap forward education of community members themselves local Gram Panchayat elections in 2005. They technologies (ICTs) have affected every aspect of in enabling people to participate in development through programmes on issues relating to the ensured village opinions and voices were heard live, our lives. In Community Broadcasting, the new through access to radio, and the number of these Millenium Development Goals: drinking water; particularly on sensitive issues like bribery, ICTs have heralded a still evolving combination stations is poised to swell tremendously. education; literacy; environmental sustainability corruption and violence using creative message now referred to as “multimedia” of new The Minister of Information and Broadcasting has and disaster management; social equity. Through delivery formats like radio plays and songs. The techniques and systems and technologies, with stated that India could have as many as 4000 digital sharing of concerns and experiences elections went smoothly with requisite other more traditional mass communication community stations with 2000 operational by end community members become aware of their transparency. approaches as is currently in practice at UNESCO's 2008. disadvantages and begin claiming their rights as In Nepal, Community Radio Madanpokhara one of Community Multimedia Centres, (CMCs) in human beings to improved conditions. This is UNESCO's experiments over the years in the country's first community radio stations, different countries in Asia and worldwide. particularly documented in the UNESCO “Finding a combining traditional communication technologies established with support from UNESCO-IPDC Voice” project where digital stories, short personal Amazingly, production, delivery and dissemination such as community radio with new ICTs has demonstrates the vital impact that community radio multimedia movies on DVD using audio, video, of local content have become more 'user friendly' revealed significantly novel approaches for has on community lives. It managed to extend its photographs and sketches….are produced, and more effective in our increasingly multi- engaging ordinary people in their own network to village schools, through a Distance broadcast, exchanged and disseminated. dimensional world. The good news regarding development. education programme called Hamro Pathshala reduction of poverty as an important millennium Community radio in itself however, has become (Our School) begun in August 2005 in close Public awareness and public education are made development goal, is that these innovations, when famous in different parts of the world for collaboration with the local school teachers. This more effective through the use of multimedia combined with techniques such as narrowcasting, responding to community concerns: programme helped to increase the pass percentage podcasting and cablecasting, have reduced the per formats such as digital storytelling, in allowing At Tambuli Radio in the Philippines…..it has been of pupils from the dismal rate of 26.43% in Palpa capita cost of establishing interactive connections community members to educate and teach known to influence undesirable behaviour patterns District. with dispersed populations. themselves. A diversity of messages and materials by such community members, in their own especially among the men in certain villages. In Nepal also, experiments are carried out at Radio Community broadcasting impacting languages and addressing particular community At Radio Muye in Suriname….it impacts positively Lumbini in technology and training options for people's lives issues, are broadcast on community radio and cable on behaviours beginning from childhood with the disabled persons… Globally, the greatest needs are in deprived, television channels such as at Nhamma Dhwani in broadcaster being used as a role model. The combination of community radio, multimedia marginalized communities that have neither a India or Tanseng in Nepal. They use the At Radio Kothmale in Sri Lanka…. It has and the internet also permits more authentic 'voice' nor any opportunity to make any of the multimedia formats and solutions also to adapt empowered community groups and women and is a benchmarks in terms of challenges and milestones important decisions that affect the quality of their generic content from different sources including leading model in local content creation in local amongst village people. Using the techniques of lives. the internet, to suit particular information and Ethnographic Action Research (EAR) they knowledge building needs within their language; also just opened a disaster management The answer to the question “how can society help network through collective and individual websites, communities. unit to address landslide and environmental communities to help themselves” can be found in sustainability issues with the Etuktuk going into share and discuss outcomes amongst themselves recognition that poverty often has much less to do These range from mobile phone to solar-powered affected areas…and broadcasting with information thus building a wider understanding of the crucial with money than with the absence of a “voice” and transmitters and receivers; from interactive radio being posted on its website….. role community broadcasting and ICTs is playing the means to express feelings, exchange ideas, work broadcasts on local cable television to portable in knowledge building and their own development. In India, the Dalit women of Amedak district in towards collaborative and cooperative community radio units that fit into a suitcase, and battery or New open source software such as the new OPEN Andhra Pradesh, supported by the Deccan activities while building strength through unified wind up receivers. UNESCO's 1980s' introduction eNRICH software, a customized open-source development society, refused to air their radio efforts. of the 30W solar powered FM transmitters and browser developed by UNESCO, One World South broadcasting kit, and its more recent autorickshaw

III-22 III-23 Community Radio CMC - the “etuktuk” (Sri Lanka) emphasise the programme on AIR as they feared that before or concept of mobile radio/multimedia centre. The after their programme on organic agriculture, AIR Introduction Radio continues to be the most pervasive medium “eTuktuk”, while satisfying a need for broadcasting may play an ad of a pesticide company. Those Community Broadcasting implies the use of a because nearly everyone has a receiver or access to a in rural or remote communities attempts to answer women now run their own radio station and medium such as community radio or community radio in whatever social condition that may prevail. some crucial questions related to the access to narrowcast the programmes. television for transmission and dissemination of This fact endows community radio with much information. The reality of being able to take a In Budikote, near Bangalore, India, Namma information relevant to particular communities, on potential community strength, providing community radio and telecentre physically to village Dhwani (Our Voice), a UNESCO-supported a not-for-profit basis. governments with a highly cost-effective tool of levels, opens up significant new avenues for development. community radio station inspires good governance As you know only too well, during the last ten to reaching remote and marginalised communities. practices. Using cablecasting techniques, the fifteen years, the tremendous rates of development The recently announced CR policy by the Indian Community broadcasters currently enable self- community broadcasters creatively covered the of new information and communication government is considered to be a great leap forward education of community members themselves local Gram Panchayat elections in 2005. They technologies (ICTs) have affected every aspect of in enabling people to participate in development through programmes on issues relating to the ensured village opinions and voices were heard live, our lives. In Community Broadcasting, the new through access to radio, and the number of these Millenium Development Goals: drinking water; particularly on sensitive issues like bribery, ICTs have heralded a still evolving combination stations is poised to swell tremendously. education; literacy; environmental sustainability corruption and violence using creative message now referred to as “multimedia” of new The Minister of Information and Broadcasting has and disaster management; social equity. Through delivery formats like radio plays and songs. The techniques and systems and technologies, with stated that India could have as many as 4000 digital sharing of concerns and experiences elections went smoothly with requisite other more traditional mass communication community stations with 2000 operational by end community members become aware of their transparency. approaches as is currently in practice at UNESCO's 2008. disadvantages and begin claiming their rights as In Nepal, Community Radio Madanpokhara one of Community Multimedia Centres, (CMCs) in human beings to improved conditions. This is UNESCO's experiments over the years in the country's first community radio stations, different countries in Asia and worldwide. particularly documented in the UNESCO “Finding a combining traditional communication technologies established with support from UNESCO-IPDC Voice” project where digital stories, short personal Amazingly, production, delivery and dissemination such as community radio with new ICTs has demonstrates the vital impact that community radio multimedia movies on DVD using audio, video, of local content have become more 'user friendly' revealed significantly novel approaches for has on community lives. It managed to extend its photographs and sketches….are produced, and more effective in our increasingly multi- engaging ordinary people in their own network to village schools, through a Distance broadcast, exchanged and disseminated. dimensional world. The good news regarding development. education programme called Hamro Pathshala reduction of poverty as an important millennium Community radio in itself however, has become (Our School) begun in August 2005 in close Public awareness and public education are made development goal, is that these innovations, when famous in different parts of the world for collaboration with the local school teachers. This more effective through the use of multimedia combined with techniques such as narrowcasting, responding to community concerns: programme helped to increase the pass percentage podcasting and cablecasting, have reduced the per formats such as digital storytelling, in allowing At Tambuli Radio in the Philippines…..it has been of pupils from the dismal rate of 26.43% in Palpa capita cost of establishing interactive connections community members to educate and teach known to influence undesirable behaviour patterns District. with dispersed populations. themselves. A diversity of messages and materials by such community members, in their own especially among the men in certain villages. In Nepal also, experiments are carried out at Radio Community broadcasting impacting languages and addressing particular community At Radio Muye in Suriname….it impacts positively Lumbini in technology and training options for people's lives issues, are broadcast on community radio and cable on behaviours beginning from childhood with the disabled persons… Globally, the greatest needs are in deprived, television channels such as at Nhamma Dhwani in broadcaster being used as a role model. The combination of community radio, multimedia marginalized communities that have neither a India or Tanseng in Nepal. They use the At Radio Kothmale in Sri Lanka…. It has and the internet also permits more authentic 'voice' nor any opportunity to make any of the multimedia formats and solutions also to adapt empowered community groups and women and is a benchmarks in terms of challenges and milestones important decisions that affect the quality of their generic content from different sources including leading model in local content creation in local amongst village people. Using the techniques of lives. the internet, to suit particular information and Ethnographic Action Research (EAR) they knowledge building needs within their language; also just opened a disaster management The answer to the question “how can society help network through collective and individual websites, communities. unit to address landslide and environmental communities to help themselves” can be found in sustainability issues with the Etuktuk going into share and discuss outcomes amongst themselves recognition that poverty often has much less to do These range from mobile phone to solar-powered affected areas…and broadcasting with information thus building a wider understanding of the crucial with money than with the absence of a “voice” and transmitters and receivers; from interactive radio being posted on its website….. role community broadcasting and ICTs is playing the means to express feelings, exchange ideas, work broadcasts on local cable television to portable in knowledge building and their own development. In India, the Dalit women of Amedak district in towards collaborative and cooperative community radio units that fit into a suitcase, and battery or New open source software such as the new OPEN Andhra Pradesh, supported by the Deccan activities while building strength through unified wind up receivers. UNESCO's 1980s' introduction eNRICH software, a customized open-source development society, refused to air their radio efforts. of the 30W solar powered FM transmitters and browser developed by UNESCO, One World South broadcasting kit, and its more recent autorickshaw

III-22 III-23 Asia and the National Information Centre (NIC) of Community Radio, reaching communities along the Challenges for community broadcasting movement we would need to see substantial India, allows community members themselves to affected Eastern coast, attended daily progress investments in broadcast equipment and The users and beneficiaries of Community Media store, retrieve, exchange and disseminate their meetings and broadcast vital information from infrastructure, content generation, capacity [and now MultiMedia] need: achievements and failures. government officials and NGOs. They also relayed building, research and innovation; bringing down information back to those managing the crisis from == support and advice about most appropriate the cost of transmitters, and creating inexpensive Community broadcasting and Disaster members of the community, on their problems and equipment/technology and durable equipment configurations for Management: community broadcasting is vital for sustainability needs. == maintenance of community radio equipment Today, there is more scientific knowledge and of community radio; technological know-how than ever before to “Last night a father came to the station; he wanted == on-the-job training of technical community Examples of situations in which a working anticipate the potential effects of a disaster. Of all to go on air to thank us for reuniting him with his radio personnel partnership between technically oriented broadcast the global environmental issues, the effects of many son. Every day, many people phone or come here to == independent, informed and competent liaison engineers vs. human development oriented natural hazards can be minimized, firstly by seek help with a range of problems. The station is a between the central government, state government decision makers and grass roots practitioners would reducing or eliminating the degradation of the trusted and familiar institution that people turn to”, and local authorities be ideal and highly valuable, include: environment by people and secondly by forecasting noted the coordinator of another CMC. their occurrence and preparing for worse-case The effectiveness of community broadcasting The BES may well wish to consider partnering with · Small, efficient low cost radios using renewable scenarios. would almost certainly be enhanced if they were stations in fulfilling the vital needs outlined above. energy that could be maintained and repaired by community members themselves; use of Yet, while disaster relief captures the imagination systematically integrated in national disaster The news article of an electronic shop mechanic in preparation and response networks. Such Bihar who started a radio station by creating a radio renewable energy for CR transmitters; use of of the public and the media, disaster prevention lamp-radios; portable outside broadcast units often ranks relatively low on public agendas. integration would also accelerate the transmitter out of a battery powered tape recorder raises the entire question of technical training and like the etuktuk concept a radio station and a Decision makers tend to focus on relief to the demystification of scientific knowledge about the need for appropriate technical learning common service centre in an auto-rickshaw. exclusion of mitigation and preparedness that natural hazards and heighten public awareness. institutions to harness such creativity into a market could help communities learn from disasters and Community-designed techniques such as the · Mainstreaming community radio and force for community radio. reduce their vulnerability. innovative format of digital storytelling, may be community multimedia centres; In the developing world, exact counterparts to the Information and its swift transmission in a form creatively used in self education to instill in people · Capacity building: Developing a critical BES are scarce commodities. There are and a language to the vast majority of target that public confidence in the broadcast media, that understanding of local content creation: critical associations of professional engineers but few populations, is the key to preparedness for disasters, crucial awareness that would enable them to in which: include participation relevance of professional institutions devoted to broadcast elimination of potential disasters [e.g., respond as they should, particularly since information and content sharing; importance engineering. The recent passage of legislation indiscriminate land clearance and de-forestation] evacuation and the quality of shelters are the major of audience and context; incorporating Government's thinking about the and quick response. Community radio stations are causes of deaths. This, in the long term may be far · Challenge of pooling resources to ensure that a role that community radio will play in India's more cost-effective than recovery and short-term group of community stations can call upon the uniquely appropriate for such messages because of development creates ideal conditions for Best relief or reconstruction and rehabilitation. same set of shared resources /skilled technical their close relationship with their target audiences. Practice Model for Community Broadcasting knowledge and expertise. Use existing While a number of communication technologies In the meantime, the potential for mobile relevant to all developing jurisdictions. technologies plus the link with radio to address are known to be used in Early warning and disaster broadcasting must be explored, both with a view to For community radio to become a sustainable mass and relieve existing negatives management, [VHF communication; BSNL; preparedness and response needs. Spare 30W World-space Radio; 2WACOM; Radi Data System transmitters, powered by solar or other alternate (Germany); Ham Radio], experience has proven the form of energy, together with a dedicated usefulness of Village Knowledge Centres and the temporary/emergency may greatly enhance the effectiveness of community broadcasting in such fulfillment of vital information needs in far off reporting. shelters and devastated areas. Following the December 2004 tsunami, while the Interactive community radio, community ICT internet connection was down and the six centres and community multimedia centre models, UNESCO CMC computers were in full use by the be they mobile or fixed due to their intimate ABOUT THE SPEAKER local authorities, the community radio stations had connection with the communities they serve, are rapidly asserting themselves as indispensable in a Jocelyne Josiah is Adviser in communication and information for Asia, UNESCO New Delhi. become an 'information lifeline' for survivors. Ms. Josiah has been working in the field of communication development since 1981, at the localized tsunami media warning chain. Community broadcasters from the Uva Organization's Paris headquarters, and in the Caribbean before joining the New Delhi office.

III-24 III-25 Asia and the National Information Centre (NIC) of Community Radio, reaching communities along the Challenges for community broadcasting movement we would need to see substantial India, allows community members themselves to affected Eastern coast, attended daily progress investments in broadcast equipment and The users and beneficiaries of Community Media store, retrieve, exchange and disseminate their meetings and broadcast vital information from infrastructure, content generation, capacity [and now MultiMedia] need: achievements and failures. government officials and NGOs. They also relayed building, research and innovation; bringing down information back to those managing the crisis from == support and advice about most appropriate the cost of transmitters, and creating inexpensive Community broadcasting and Disaster members of the community, on their problems and equipment/technology and durable equipment configurations for Management: community broadcasting is vital for sustainability needs. == maintenance of community radio equipment Today, there is more scientific knowledge and of community radio; technological know-how than ever before to “Last night a father came to the station; he wanted == on-the-job training of technical community Examples of situations in which a working anticipate the potential effects of a disaster. Of all to go on air to thank us for reuniting him with his radio personnel partnership between technically oriented broadcast the global environmental issues, the effects of many son. Every day, many people phone or come here to == independent, informed and competent liaison engineers vs. human development oriented natural hazards can be minimized, firstly by seek help with a range of problems. The station is a between the central government, state government decision makers and grass roots practitioners would reducing or eliminating the degradation of the trusted and familiar institution that people turn to”, and local authorities be ideal and highly valuable, include: environment by people and secondly by forecasting noted the coordinator of another CMC. their occurrence and preparing for worse-case The effectiveness of community broadcasting The BES may well wish to consider partnering with · Small, efficient low cost radios using renewable scenarios. would almost certainly be enhanced if they were stations in fulfilling the vital needs outlined above. energy that could be maintained and repaired by community members themselves; use of Yet, while disaster relief captures the imagination systematically integrated in national disaster The news article of an electronic shop mechanic in preparation and response networks. Such Bihar who started a radio station by creating a radio renewable energy for CR transmitters; use of of the public and the media, disaster prevention lamp-radios; portable outside broadcast units often ranks relatively low on public agendas. integration would also accelerate the transmitter out of a battery powered tape recorder raises the entire question of technical training and like the etuktuk concept a radio station and a Decision makers tend to focus on relief to the demystification of scientific knowledge about the need for appropriate technical learning common service centre in an auto-rickshaw. exclusion of mitigation and preparedness that natural hazards and heighten public awareness. institutions to harness such creativity into a market could help communities learn from disasters and Community-designed techniques such as the · Mainstreaming community radio and force for community radio. reduce their vulnerability. innovative format of digital storytelling, may be community multimedia centres; In the developing world, exact counterparts to the Information and its swift transmission in a form creatively used in self education to instill in people · Capacity building: Developing a critical BES are scarce commodities. There are and a language to the vast majority of target that public confidence in the broadcast media, that understanding of local content creation: critical associations of professional engineers but few populations, is the key to preparedness for disasters, crucial awareness that would enable them to in which: include participation relevance of professional institutions devoted to broadcast elimination of potential disasters [e.g., respond as they should, particularly since information and content sharing; importance engineering. The recent passage of legislation indiscriminate land clearance and de-forestation] evacuation and the quality of shelters are the major of audience and context; incorporating Government's thinking about the and quick response. Community radio stations are causes of deaths. This, in the long term may be far · Challenge of pooling resources to ensure that a role that community radio will play in India's more cost-effective than recovery and short-term group of community stations can call upon the uniquely appropriate for such messages because of development creates ideal conditions for Best relief or reconstruction and rehabilitation. same set of shared resources /skilled technical their close relationship with their target audiences. Practice Model for Community Broadcasting knowledge and expertise. Use existing While a number of communication technologies In the meantime, the potential for mobile relevant to all developing jurisdictions. technologies plus the link with radio to address are known to be used in Early warning and disaster broadcasting must be explored, both with a view to For community radio to become a sustainable mass and relieve existing negatives management, [VHF communication; BSNL; preparedness and response needs. Spare 30W World-space Radio; 2WACOM; Radi Data System transmitters, powered by solar or other alternate (Germany); Ham Radio], experience has proven the form of energy, together with a dedicated usefulness of Village Knowledge Centres and the temporary/emergency may greatly enhance the effectiveness of community broadcasting in such fulfillment of vital information needs in far off reporting. shelters and devastated areas. Following the December 2004 tsunami, while the Interactive community radio, community ICT internet connection was down and the six centres and community multimedia centre models, UNESCO CMC computers were in full use by the be they mobile or fixed due to their intimate ABOUT THE SPEAKER local authorities, the community radio stations had connection with the communities they serve, are rapidly asserting themselves as indispensable in a Jocelyne Josiah is Adviser in communication and information for Asia, UNESCO New Delhi. become an 'information lifeline' for survivors. Ms. Josiah has been working in the field of communication development since 1981, at the localized tsunami media warning chain. Community broadcasters from the Uva Organization's Paris headquarters, and in the Caribbean before joining the New Delhi office.

III-24 III-25 Session-4 Digital Media Lifestyle

Mr. R. C. Chopra Deptt. of IT, India

Mr. A. Saxena Mr. C.K. Jain Mr. Hing Tung Lau Mr. A.K. Bhargava DMCL, India Doordarshan, India Media Corp., Singapore MTNL, India Session-4 Digital Media Lifestyle

Mr. R. C. Chopra Deptt. of IT, India

Mr. A. Saxena Mr. C.K. Jain Mr. Hing Tung Lau Mr. A.K. Bhargava DMCL, India Doordarshan, India Media Corp., Singapore MTNL, India Consumers expectations/more media or more services/PRDs

Mr. R. C. Chopra Deptt. of IT, India M.Sc (IIT Kanpur), Ph.D(TIFR) Served DoE/DIT for about 33 years During these years held charge of various activities viz. Planning & Analysis, for consumer electronics-Mass Communications: Head of Consumer electronics & capital goods Divn., Exports promotion, Manpower Dev for H/W & S/W secto, Promotion of hardware Manufacturing in the Electronic/IT sector, R&D in Mr. A. Saxena consumer electronis, Capital goods, Convergence, Communication, Broadband and Strategic Electronics. DMCL, India Authored 25 research papers and over 60 technical reports Abstract

It's no longer the digital home. It's the digital lifestyle. And when it comes to communications and entertainment, convergence and integration are becoming more important to consumers who want to enjoy the benefits of anytime, anywhere communications. In an effort to give consumers what they want, when they want it, companies are building a strategy around the four screens Theatrical screen, the TV, the PC and the wireless phone. Technology is the new frontier of entertainment and new devices and access technologies has given the kind of choice that was previously unimagined. India is Fastest growing Mobile Telephony market in the world. It has about 150 million mobile subscribers as of now and is adding about 5 million subscribers per month. This has fueled the growth of Mobile VAS. Indian Mobile VAS currently a $500 million industry projected to grow to $10 billion by 2010. Broadband is slated to be the big growth driver in the coming year. DoT projects the broadband subscriber base to be 20 million by 2010. Content like before is still the king but the walls are being broken. In the convergent world, consumers will be in control of their entertainment and media content; what they want, when they want it, and where they want it. The digital future is interactive A significant cultural phenomenon is taking place in the way that we use media: from a passive “couch potato” attitude towards media, such as traditional TV or Cinema, towards an interactive consumer attitude similarly to blogging or chatting. Some call this the transition from push to pull. Our vision is to PRODUCE, ACQUIRE, AGGREGATE, ADAPT AND DISTRIBUTE CONTENT / FORMATS FOR NEW MEDIA The world is on the verge of a whole new wave of ICT applications and services that will transform the way we live, do business and spend our leisure time.

IV-1 Consumers expectations/more media or more services/PRDs

IV-1 HDTV Trends

Mr. C.K. Jain Doordarshan India

ABOUT THE SPEAKER Abhijit Saxena is currently Chief Executive Officer of Digital Media Convergence Ltd. (DMCL) an Essel Group Enterprise. DMCL deals in the emerging potential of Digital Entertainment. Prior to his current assignment he was President of Zee Telefilms Ltd. (An Essel Group Enterprise) and the Business Head of Zee TV. As the head he looked after Programming, Marketing and Sales of the Channel. He has been with the organization since March 1996. Since he joined the Group in March 1996, he has held various senior positions in marketing services, exposure sales, the events and music division, international operations and syndication. He took charge of international operations when the channels were encrypted in the year 2000. He was responsible for launching the channels on DTH as well as cable in USA, Middle East, Australia, New Zealand, South East Asia and the Far East. He handled advertising sales from India for overseas channels and advertising sales from international market for Indian channels. Abstract He was also the Business Head of Zee English (English Entertainment Channel), Zee MGM (English Movie Channel), Zee Trendz (Fashion & Lifestyle channel), Zee Smile TV (Hindi Comedy HDTV is very rapidly growing globally. Its film like picture quality delivered at home is opening new vistas for manufacturers, Channel) and Fx (English Action movie channel) in 2003. broadcasters and consumers alike. In the recent past HDTV has seen growth not only in broadcasting but also in several non Before joining the Group, Mr. Saxena was with the Times of India, and prior to that he was with the broadcasting applications namely films, gaming, medical and military. Though late starter but Indian broadcasting is on its way State Trading Corporation of India. He has done his graduation in Physics and completed his MBA to take this amazing technology to the viewers sooner than expected. This presentation discusses finer details of HDTV from a premiere institute in India. technology, various aspects of production & transmission, current and future trends globally and in Indian perspective.

IV-2 IV-3 HDTV Trends

Mr. C.K. Jain Doordarshan India

IV-2 IV-3 HDTV Trends

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IV-4 IV-5 HDTV Trends

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER C.K.Jain is an Electronics Engineer with more than 16 years of experience in the field of television. He did his post graduation from Kanpur University in Power Electronics and Control in the year 1991. He started his career in Indian Air Force in 1979 as Radar maintenance Engineer of Ground as well as airborne Radar. During his career in IAF, he served at various places and underwent many training courses both within and outside the country. He joined Doordarshan in the year 1991 through Indian Engineering Services and was posted to Central Production Center, Doordarshan, Delhi. CPC was then one of the most modern TV center in the country and he fully capitalized this opportunity and learned the technicalities of 27 28 broadcasting in a short period of time. He showed his engineering potential during the TV coverage of 1996 and 1998 general elections, which Doordarshan covered with NDTV and TV Today respectively. He was also associated with TV coverage of Parliament. And for his contribution and experience of Parliament TV coverage, he was sent for training abroad on first robotically controlled multi camera set up. This was also a first digital set up in the country. He was also associated in the installation of this set up. On his first promotion he went to Doordarshan Kendra, Jaipur in 1999. In Jaipur, he left his mark by motivating the staff for best utilization of infrastructure. He conducted numerous training courses there to instill confidence in the staff and give their best. In 2001, he was posted to Directorate General, Doordarshan where he was involved in the digitalization and modernization of Doordarshan's studio facilities. During his five years tenure in Studio systems and Designing in the Directorate, he was instrumental in digitalizing more than 50% of Doordarshan's network. He is presently working in Doordarshan Kendra Delhi and is looking after studio operations and post production facilities. 29 30

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IV-8 IV-9 DTTB : Issues and Challenges

Mr. Hing Tung Lau Media Corp., Singapore

Abstract

With support of the government, MediaCorp rolled out its High-Definition TV trial service, the first in Southeast Asia to launch HDTV trial on the terrestrial platform on 18 June 2006 - The trial would involve 1000 households, community clubs, libraries and retail outlets. During the 6-month trial, now further extended for another 3 months, users will get to experience an average of 14 hours of HD content per week during the prime time hours of 7pm and 11pm. Additionally, programmes from the English Channel 5 will be up-converted to HD format for viewing during the prime time hours. Trial users had enjoyed the best of the World Cup matches (Semi-Finals on 5 & 6 July 2006 and the Finals on 10 July 2006 local time) 'live' in HD. As the media industry makes the transition to digital technology, MediaCorp will need to invest heavily in new equipment, facilities and skills to produce local shows in HD. The results of the trial will help determine the viability and direction of HDTV over the free-to-air platform. Apart from the determining viewers' preference for programme genres in high-definition, the other main objective of the 6 months trial period is to ensure that the new technology of MPEG4 AVC to be tested in the trial is stable and has better quality than the older MPEG2 technology. Another challenge is to gauge terrestrial reception in homes which require roof-top or indoor antenna. The presentation will give some insights of the technical system deployed and the initial findings of the trial.

IV-11 DTTB : Issues and Challenges

Mr. Hing Tung Lau Media Corp., Singapore

Abstract

IV-11 Consumers expectations/more media or bandwidth requirement of one single analogue TV 3.1 Programming more services/PRDs channel. In order to gather enough information about viewers' preferences and the willingness to stay The above factors contribute the practical home to watch the channel and if they are also implementation of HDTV service around the 1. Introduction serve ver well the education, information and willing to pay for the contents, the trial schedule globe. The high picture/sound quality of HDTV is HDTV has been started early in the 1970s, a system entertainment needs of the general public. involved 3 main areas of attraction - Movies, TV also one of the drivers that certainly help to migrate know as Hi-Vision developed by the Japanese Series and MediaCorp's own production. This argument never ends and will continue to the analogue TV world to the digital TV world. national broadcaster NHK and Sony. The video Examples of the programmes are : make significant noise when new technology Supported by the Media Development Authority picture contains 1125 scanning lines and introduces fundamental shifts to consumers' way of transmitted at 60 interlaced fields per second. Due (MDA) of Singapore, MediaCorp started its HDTV o Hollywood Movies enjoying entertainment. Broadcasters and trial service on 18 June 2006. MediaCorp started to mainly to the high bandwidth requirement of governments both want new technology help the o Lord Of The Rings HDTV services, the world has not adopted the the trial with the Hollywood blockbuster, The Lord industry to improve the standard of living of their of The Rings: The Two Towers. During its nine- o Shanghai Noon implementation of HDTV terrestrial service until citizens, as well as developing new business digital television system and standards appeared. month trial covering 1,000 households, 10 o Cradle 2 The Grave opportunity for organisations to grow. New community clubs and retail outlets, an average of 14 technology brings in new opportunities in R & D, o Shallow Hal By 1996, FCC of the USA approved the ATSC hours of HD content per week will be telecast Manufacturing and Service operations which also during primetime hours of 7 pm and 11 pm. These o Pirates Of The Caribbean (advanced Television System Committee) digital create more jobs. Therefore HDTV is a natural television standard which incorporates HDTV will comprise locally produced and acquired o Reign Of Fire development in the advance of the TV industry programmes, as well as simulcasts of the English picture resolutions. Similarly the DVB (Digital o Charlie Angels: Full Throttle similar to the migration of B &W TV to colour TV Channel 5 programmes which will be upconverted Video Broadcasting) project in Europe had adopted in the early 1970s. its DVB-S standard and DVB-T digital television to HD format. o TV Series standards in 1995 and 1997 respectively. These new By adopting new technology, like digital television , Mr. Chang Long Jong, MediaCorp Deputy Group o CSI (V), CSI Miami (III) there are of course numerous technical benefits to standards open up a lot of new opportunity and Chief Executive Officer (Television) outline the o Prison Break benefits to the governments and broadcasters to both the viewers and the broadcasters and the purpose of the trial, "We are proud to be working o The OC deliver higher quality of TV contents through regulators as well. To mention a few : with the government to be the first in Southeast digital television and higher resolution without a) Analogue TV picture & sound suffers from Asia to launch a HDTV terrestrial trial. We look o Smallville excessively consuming too much spectrum transmission problems like interference, low signal forward to the trial as an important step for us to o Ghost Whisperer resources. The Japanese decided to adopt its ISDB levels (noise) and reflections (ghosting). Digital offer a better viewing experience for Singaporeans (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting) digital Television can eliminate all these defects giving the as well as a chance to explore new business o Master Swordsman TV system which appeared to be an improved audience studio-like quality picture. opportunities." o FIFA World Cup 2006 version of the DVB standard. b) Analogue TV standard has limited resolution Down the line, the Programming Team and the o Semi-Finals & Finals Singapore started its digital TV service in 2001 after which was based on a relatively small screen size. Technical team has to collect information during o MediaCorp Production a series of trials in 1999 where we decided to select Picture details will be lost even the viewers use a the trial to confirm the Programming model and the DVB-T system as Singapore's Terrestrial TV bigger TV screen because of the room size and they Technical system deployed are workable and o Beautiful World standard. Until today, MediaCorp is still running a are deprived of cinema-like experience when matches the business direction. We have to : o The Finer side TV Mobile network in Singapore servicing watching television programmes. The current o To gain first hand experience in commuters traveling on 1,500 buses daily around o NDP2006 Highlights digital TV standards embrace HDTV service implementing an HD workflow & system the island. offerings thus it enables viewers with much The initial General grid is as follows : o To assess & optimise transmission 2. About The HDTV Trial improved viewing experience on picture and sound 0600 - 1200 : Loop HD Generic Contents quality. parameters and determine transmission Australia (based on DVB) and USA (based on coverage (both indoors & outdoors) for HD 1200 - 2400 : Simulcast English channel ATSC) had started HDTV services. Consumers and c) Analogue TV occupies a fixed bandwidth on a unconverted SD and mix with o To determine viewers' preference for Viewers are configuring out if there is a need to dedicated TV channel. The scarcity of terrestrial dedicated HD contents. broadcast in HD. People who are content with the spectrum in many countries limits the development programme genres in HD analogue TV pictures may argue that analogue and of HDTV which requires 5 times the nominal SD 3.2 Communication and Marketing o To ascertain users' demand and willingness MediaCorp and the government have provided two even SD television is good enough to serve a broad analogue TV bandwidth. Using digital television, to pay for HD content range of programmes of the TV viewers at large. the different compression technology can reduce links to their websites to deliver the details of the The current service is highly affordable and can the bandwidth of a HDTV signal to less than the 3. HD Programming and Publicity trial and the updated Programming schedules.

IV-12 IV-13 Consumers expectations/more media or bandwidth requirement of one single analogue TV 3.1 Programming more services/PRDs channel. In order to gather enough information about viewers' preferences and the willingness to stay The above factors contribute the practical home to watch the channel and if they are also implementation of HDTV service around the 1. Introduction serve ver well the education, information and willing to pay for the contents, the trial schedule globe. The high picture/sound quality of HDTV is HDTV has been started early in the 1970s, a system entertainment needs of the general public. involved 3 main areas of attraction - Movies, TV also one of the drivers that certainly help to migrate know as Hi-Vision developed by the Japanese Series and MediaCorp's own production. This argument never ends and will continue to the analogue TV world to the digital TV world. national broadcaster NHK and Sony. The video Examples of the programmes are : make significant noise when new technology Supported by the Media Development Authority picture contains 1125 scanning lines and introduces fundamental shifts to consumers' way of transmitted at 60 interlaced fields per second. Due (MDA) of Singapore, MediaCorp started its HDTV o Hollywood Movies enjoying entertainment. Broadcasters and trial service on 18 June 2006. MediaCorp started to mainly to the high bandwidth requirement of governments both want new technology help the o Lord Of The Rings HDTV services, the world has not adopted the the trial with the Hollywood blockbuster, The Lord industry to improve the standard of living of their of The Rings: The Two Towers. During its nine- o Shanghai Noon implementation of HDTV terrestrial service until citizens, as well as developing new business digital television system and standards appeared. month trial covering 1,000 households, 10 o Cradle 2 The Grave opportunity for organisations to grow. New community clubs and retail outlets, an average of 14 technology brings in new opportunities in R & D, o Shallow Hal By 1996, FCC of the USA approved the ATSC hours of HD content per week will be telecast Manufacturing and Service operations which also during primetime hours of 7 pm and 11 pm. These o Pirates Of The Caribbean (advanced Television System Committee) digital create more jobs. Therefore HDTV is a natural television standard which incorporates HDTV will comprise locally produced and acquired o Reign Of Fire development in the advance of the TV industry programmes, as well as simulcasts of the English picture resolutions. Similarly the DVB (Digital o Charlie Angels: Full Throttle similar to the migration of B &W TV to colour TV Channel 5 programmes which will be upconverted Video Broadcasting) project in Europe had adopted in the early 1970s. its DVB-S standard and DVB-T digital television to HD format. o TV Series standards in 1995 and 1997 respectively. These new By adopting new technology, like digital television , Mr. Chang Long Jong, MediaCorp Deputy Group o CSI (V), CSI Miami (III) there are of course numerous technical benefits to standards open up a lot of new opportunity and Chief Executive Officer (Television) outline the o Prison Break benefits to the governments and broadcasters to both the viewers and the broadcasters and the purpose of the trial, "We are proud to be working o The OC deliver higher quality of TV contents through regulators as well. To mention a few : with the government to be the first in Southeast digital television and higher resolution without a) Analogue TV picture & sound suffers from Asia to launch a HDTV terrestrial trial. We look o Smallville excessively consuming too much spectrum transmission problems like interference, low signal forward to the trial as an important step for us to o Ghost Whisperer resources. The Japanese decided to adopt its ISDB levels (noise) and reflections (ghosting). Digital offer a better viewing experience for Singaporeans (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting) digital Television can eliminate all these defects giving the as well as a chance to explore new business o Master Swordsman TV system which appeared to be an improved audience studio-like quality picture. opportunities." o FIFA World Cup 2006 version of the DVB standard. b) Analogue TV standard has limited resolution Down the line, the Programming Team and the o Semi-Finals & Finals Singapore started its digital TV service in 2001 after which was based on a relatively small screen size. Technical team has to collect information during o MediaCorp Production a series of trials in 1999 where we decided to select Picture details will be lost even the viewers use a the trial to confirm the Programming model and the DVB-T system as Singapore's Terrestrial TV bigger TV screen because of the room size and they Technical system deployed are workable and o Beautiful World standard. Until today, MediaCorp is still running a are deprived of cinema-like experience when matches the business direction. We have to : o The Finer side TV Mobile network in Singapore servicing watching television programmes. The current o To gain first hand experience in commuters traveling on 1,500 buses daily around o NDP2006 Highlights digital TV standards embrace HDTV service implementing an HD workflow & system the island. offerings thus it enables viewers with much The initial General grid is as follows : o To assess & optimise transmission 2. About The HDTV Trial improved viewing experience on picture and sound 0600 - 1200 : Loop HD Generic Contents quality. parameters and determine transmission Australia (based on DVB) and USA (based on coverage (both indoors & outdoors) for HD 1200 - 2400 : Simulcast English channel ATSC) had started HDTV services. Consumers and c) Analogue TV occupies a fixed bandwidth on a unconverted SD and mix with o To determine viewers' preference for Viewers are configuring out if there is a need to dedicated TV channel. The scarcity of terrestrial dedicated HD contents. broadcast in HD. People who are content with the spectrum in many countries limits the development programme genres in HD analogue TV pictures may argue that analogue and of HDTV which requires 5 times the nominal SD 3.2 Communication and Marketing o To ascertain users' demand and willingness MediaCorp and the government have provided two even SD television is good enough to serve a broad analogue TV bandwidth. Using digital television, to pay for HD content range of programmes of the TV viewers at large. the different compression technology can reduce links to their websites to deliver the details of the The current service is highly affordable and can the bandwidth of a HDTV signal to less than the 3. HD Programming and Publicity trial and the updated Programming schedules.

IV-12 IV-13 Readers can refer to these websites for updated b) Interlaced Coding (PicAFF & MBAFF) The majority of the respondents to the survey are 7.2 Technical Issues The trial has exposed some technical issues which information. c) Motion block size 4x4,8x4,8x8,16x8,16x16 male (88%), out of which 88% belong to the Chinese race. Most of the viewers fall into the age MediaCorp's engineering team would have to Websites: d) 4:2:0 Chroma format o MediaCorp - profile between 30-45 years old. resolve. These can be summaries as follows: http://www.corporate.mediacorp.sg/technol e) 8 bit sample depth Findings : a) Due to the unique reception installation situation ogies/hdtv/ in Singapore, indoor reception becomes a f) Max. bit rate 20Mbps • 90 % of the average respondents enjoy the convenient means for government housing o MDA - http://www.hdtv-trial.sg/ HDTV viewing experience. For those who are 4.4 Audio Compression: Dolby Digital (AC3) 5.1 residents to capture new RF channels signals. not satisfied, coverage problem is one of the MediaCorp also market this trial through their own channel capability. Therefore it is important that our transmission main factors. SD TV channels, newspapers and provided selected 5 HDTV Set-Top-Box and Installations should well cover inside the homes of the viewers. public places HD set-top boxes which feeds the The following basic features are required : • About ½ of the trial viewers encountered Stronger outdoor field strength becomes one of the received HD programmes into the bid screen various problems in watching HDTV. These necessary factors to improve penetration. displays of the respective venues for public viewing. • FTA Box complies with Singapore digital TV problems attributed mainly to set-top box and standard. Singapore adopts DVB-T as its b) The current MPEG 4 set-top still pose some The Selected Public Areas include - the transmission related problems. terrestrial digital TV standard operating on the problems in terms of stability e.g. box may need o Major retail outlets UHF frequency band based on the original PAL • Trial viewers appreciated the HD service forced reset occasionally. We hope that the second picture quality (>80% satisfaction level), generation boxes will improve in all these areas and o Community clubs (10) G analogue system (i.e. channel bandwidth 8MHz) followed by sound (>48% satisfaction level). the suppliers can also give a better price during the o National libraries (5) This is measured against how they perceived official launch. • Simultaneous SD/HD decoding what HDTV can deliver. o Singapore Science Centre, etc. c) The other aspect which attracted attention is the • RCA interface for SD output, HDMI/ • More than 80% of the trial viewers are happy difference in loudness in the normal SD (up 4. HDTV Trial Technical Details Component for HD output with the content delivered. Areas of conversion) programmes and the original HD The followings are the typical parameters • Dolby Digital pass-through., Stereo downmix improvement include increasing the variety of programmes with 5.1 sound tracks. This is a well MediaCorp employed for the trial. The video output programme genres including Sports. known problem which requires further exploration encoding bit rate is not defined and it will vary from with the supplier and modification of work 10-18 Mbps during the trial in order to assess the • GUI with Channel & Event Information. • We also find that with good programming, 70% of the trial viewers are willing to pay for the practices. picture quality produced by different encoding A more detailed description of the specification of contents. d) Lastly the promise that MPEG 4 AVC can deliver algorithms. The AC3 audio stream will be sent at a the box is shown in the Appendix. constant bit rate of 384kbps. 7. The Challenges up to 2 times better bit-rate reduction than MPEG2 The 1,000 trial set-top boxes were installed and has not been achieved yet. It is believed that the 7.1 Funding 4.1 Transmission Parameters- managed by MediaCorp such that reliable and Implementing a new technology requires encoding algorithm of the current headend is still accurate survey data could be obtained for analysis. a. ERP: 50kW Omni-directional to cover the whole significant investment even for a trial. MediaCorp far from optimum. However we are still working Due to various reasons, we are able to complete island has been prudent to make use of all existing towards of the goal of incorporating 2 HD channel installation of 747 boxes for the public viwers, the into one 8MHz Digital Multiplex. b. Mode: 8K facilities which can be upgraded to handle HD. We rest of which were also installed for internal have converted one analogue transmission to make c. Modulation: 64 QAM monitoring purposes. The reception success rate 8. Conclusion it Digital capable. However, the majority of the d. GI: 1/8 for this exercise is found to be about 86 %. The MediaCorp has been approaching a new milestone playout system has to be acquired, and this installed trial users will be asked to participate in the of TV broadcasting. With the implementation of e. FEC: 2/3 contribute to 50% of the overall trial budget Apart survey programme so that MediaCorp can gather the trial of HDTV, we learn what people like or f. Data rate: 22.12 Mbps from programme acquisition costs, the other major user feedback information. don't like. We are gaining experience to optimize 4.2 Video Format: 1920 x 1080 pixels/ 50i, 16:9 expense is the set-top box which at the current stage our programming as well the technical parameters aspect ratio 6. The Survey is still expensive. With the help of the government to further improve the quality and cost of operating The fact finding task was carried out by a sister together with our own investment, MediaCorp has HDTV services. Eventually the reality of business 4.3 Video Compression : MPEG 4 - H264/AVC @ survey company which works closely with made a step forward to enable the implementation decision is to be made when and how to launch a Main Profile Level 4 MediaCorp TV and MCT. The initial feedback of the new technology and bring our viewers to commercial service. MediaCorp Technologies have Typical features of this format are: from the trial viewers can be summaried as follows: enjoy another level of entertainment closer to the the expertise and confidence to give the necessary cinema experience.. technical support to rollout this service for a) I,P,B Slices, Basic Profiles: MediaCorp as well as other interested broadcasters.

IV-14 IV-15 Readers can refer to these websites for updated b) Interlaced Coding (PicAFF & MBAFF) The majority of the respondents to the survey are 7.2 Technical Issues The trial has exposed some technical issues which information. c) Motion block size 4x4,8x4,8x8,16x8,16x16 male (88%), out of which 88% belong to the Chinese race. Most of the viewers fall into the age MediaCorp's engineering team would have to Websites: d) 4:2:0 Chroma format o MediaCorp - profile between 30-45 years old. resolve. These can be summaries as follows: http://www.corporate.mediacorp.sg/technol e) 8 bit sample depth Findings : a) Due to the unique reception installation situation ogies/hdtv/ in Singapore, indoor reception becomes a f) Max. bit rate 20Mbps • 90 % of the average respondents enjoy the convenient means for government housing o MDA - http://www.hdtv-trial.sg/ HDTV viewing experience. For those who are 4.4 Audio Compression: Dolby Digital (AC3) 5.1 residents to capture new RF channels signals. not satisfied, coverage problem is one of the MediaCorp also market this trial through their own channel capability. Therefore it is important that our transmission main factors. SD TV channels, newspapers and provided selected 5 HDTV Set-Top-Box and Installations should well cover inside the homes of the viewers. public places HD set-top boxes which feeds the The following basic features are required : • About ½ of the trial viewers encountered Stronger outdoor field strength becomes one of the received HD programmes into the bid screen various problems in watching HDTV. These necessary factors to improve penetration. displays of the respective venues for public viewing. • FTA Box complies with Singapore digital TV problems attributed mainly to set-top box and standard. Singapore adopts DVB-T as its b) The current MPEG 4 set-top still pose some The Selected Public Areas include - the transmission related problems. terrestrial digital TV standard operating on the problems in terms of stability e.g. box may need o Major retail outlets UHF frequency band based on the original PAL • Trial viewers appreciated the HD service forced reset occasionally. We hope that the second picture quality (>80% satisfaction level), generation boxes will improve in all these areas and o Community clubs (10) G analogue system (i.e. channel bandwidth 8MHz) followed by sound (>48% satisfaction level). the suppliers can also give a better price during the o National libraries (5) This is measured against how they perceived official launch. • Simultaneous SD/HD decoding what HDTV can deliver. o Singapore Science Centre, etc. c) The other aspect which attracted attention is the • RCA interface for SD output, HDMI/ • More than 80% of the trial viewers are happy difference in loudness in the normal SD (up 4. HDTV Trial Technical Details Component for HD output with the content delivered. Areas of conversion) programmes and the original HD The followings are the typical parameters • Dolby Digital pass-through., Stereo downmix improvement include increasing the variety of programmes with 5.1 sound tracks. This is a well MediaCorp employed for the trial. The video output programme genres including Sports. known problem which requires further exploration encoding bit rate is not defined and it will vary from with the supplier and modification of work 10-18 Mbps during the trial in order to assess the • GUI with Channel & Event Information. • We also find that with good programming, 70% of the trial viewers are willing to pay for the practices. picture quality produced by different encoding A more detailed description of the specification of contents. d) Lastly the promise that MPEG 4 AVC can deliver algorithms. The AC3 audio stream will be sent at a the box is shown in the Appendix. constant bit rate of 384kbps. 7. The Challenges up to 2 times better bit-rate reduction than MPEG2 The 1,000 trial set-top boxes were installed and has not been achieved yet. It is believed that the 7.1 Funding 4.1 Transmission Parameters- managed by MediaCorp such that reliable and Implementing a new technology requires encoding algorithm of the current headend is still accurate survey data could be obtained for analysis. a. ERP: 50kW Omni-directional to cover the whole significant investment even for a trial. MediaCorp far from optimum. However we are still working Due to various reasons, we are able to complete island has been prudent to make use of all existing towards of the goal of incorporating 2 HD channel installation of 747 boxes for the public viwers, the into one 8MHz Digital Multiplex. b. Mode: 8K facilities which can be upgraded to handle HD. We rest of which were also installed for internal have converted one analogue transmission to make c. Modulation: 64 QAM monitoring purposes. The reception success rate 8. Conclusion it Digital capable. However, the majority of the d. GI: 1/8 for this exercise is found to be about 86 %. The MediaCorp has been approaching a new milestone playout system has to be acquired, and this installed trial users will be asked to participate in the of TV broadcasting. With the implementation of e. FEC: 2/3 contribute to 50% of the overall trial budget Apart survey programme so that MediaCorp can gather the trial of HDTV, we learn what people like or f. Data rate: 22.12 Mbps from programme acquisition costs, the other major user feedback information. don't like. We are gaining experience to optimize 4.2 Video Format: 1920 x 1080 pixels/ 50i, 16:9 expense is the set-top box which at the current stage our programming as well the technical parameters aspect ratio 6. The Survey is still expensive. With the help of the government to further improve the quality and cost of operating The fact finding task was carried out by a sister together with our own investment, MediaCorp has HDTV services. Eventually the reality of business 4.3 Video Compression : MPEG 4 - H264/AVC @ survey company which works closely with made a step forward to enable the implementation decision is to be made when and how to launch a Main Profile Level 4 MediaCorp TV and MCT. The initial feedback of the new technology and bring our viewers to commercial service. MediaCorp Technologies have Typical features of this format are: from the trial viewers can be summaried as follows: enjoy another level of entertainment closer to the the expertise and confidence to give the necessary cinema experience.. technical support to rollout this service for a) I,P,B Slices, Basic Profiles: MediaCorp as well as other interested broadcasters.

IV-14 IV-15 Appendix Vertical scan rate 50 Hz MediaCorp Specifications for Terrestrial Free-to-Air Output connectors Composite (RCA), Component Y/Pb/Pr High-Definition TV Set-top Boxes (RCA) and HDMI 1. Basic features c) Audio Output Format Dolby Digital and MPEG (Layer 1 & 2) 1.1 The DVB-T compliant Set-Top Box (STB) should be able to receive Free-to-Air (FTA) Terrestrial Sample rate 32/44.1/48kHz High-Definition (HD) signals in the UHF frequency range. It should be compliant to MPEG-4 AVC H.264 video decoding. Mode Mono, Stereo and Dual (Main/Sub) 1.2 Video decoding should be simultaneous Standard Definition (SD) and HD. Supported video (SD & Digital audio output mode Decompressed PCM, Compressed Dolby Digital HD) formats of 1080i/720p/576p/576i should be changeable via Remote Control or Graphic User Output connector RCA, S/PDIF (optical and coaxial) Interface (GUI). d) Miscellaneous Software upgrading RS-232 port 1.3 Video output connectors to be supplied are composite RCA for SD, Component RCA and High- Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) for HD. Front panel Front panel buttons for operation 1.4 Audio output connectors to be supplied are Analogue (RCA), Digital (S/DPIF optical and coaxial) Display LED or LCD display for channel number, time, etc and HDMI. Surround sound format will be Dolby Digital. e) Power Supply A.C input 100 ~ 240VAC, 50/60Hz 1.5 The GUI should be in English, user-friendly and support these functions: - Consumption (Max.) 30W a) Electronic Program Guide with display for 1-week schedule for each program. b) Teletext decoding and display as full screen or transparent overlay. c) Picture-in-Picture (PIP) and multiple view of programs. d) Channel information Display of DVB-T channel information via decoding of TPS. Information such as Frequency, Modulation, Code Rate, Transmission Mode, Signal level, Signal Quality, etc e) Event information Program information (title, synopsis and duration) for current and next program. 2. Technical Specifications a) RF Input Signal RF Tuner range 470 ~ 858 MHz RF Loop-through 470 ~ 858 MHz Bandwidth 8 MHz Connector IEC-female ABOUT THE SPEAKER Demodulator COFDM Lau Hing Tung, Vice President (Technology Services), MediaCorp Technologies (MCT) FFT Mode 2k and 8k HT Lau currently takes care of the Technology Services and Transmission units in MCT. Apart from operation matters, he also manages the sales and marketing of the broadcasting services Constellation QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM offered by MediaCorp Technologies. He is responsible to lead tender and consultancy proposals in Guard Interval 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 and 1/32 broadcasting engineering and transmission within Singapore as well as the region. He also sets strategy to enhance the operation efficiency and the sales/marketing of MCT's outdoor video Inner Coding Rate 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and 7/8 production and satellite/microwave delivery services within Singapore. b) Video Output Video decoding MPEG-4 MP@Level 4 HT has been serving MediaCorp since 1995, initially as an Operation Manager in TV12 for 4 years Aspect Ratio 4:3 and 16:9, switchable and subsequently the department head of Transmission in MCT until 2002. Previously he had served the radio and TV industry in Hong Kong for 20 years, including Asia Television and Radio Output format 720 x 576i (PAL), 720 x 576p, Television Hong Kong. HT holds a master degree in Engineering Management from the City 1280 x 720p and 1920 x 1080i University of Hong Kong and is a member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers in UK.

IV-16 IV-17 Appendix Vertical scan rate 50 Hz MediaCorp Specifications for Terrestrial Free-to-Air Output connectors Composite (RCA), Component Y/Pb/Pr High-Definition TV Set-top Boxes (RCA) and HDMI 1. Basic features c) Audio Output Format Dolby Digital and MPEG (Layer 1 & 2) 1.1 The DVB-T compliant Set-Top Box (STB) should be able to receive Free-to-Air (FTA) Terrestrial Sample rate 32/44.1/48kHz High-Definition (HD) signals in the UHF frequency range. It should be compliant to MPEG-4 AVC H.264 video decoding. Mode Mono, Stereo and Dual (Main/Sub) 1.2 Video decoding should be simultaneous Standard Definition (SD) and HD. Supported video (SD & Digital audio output mode Decompressed PCM, Compressed Dolby Digital HD) formats of 1080i/720p/576p/576i should be changeable via Remote Control or Graphic User Output connector RCA, S/PDIF (optical and coaxial) Interface (GUI). d) Miscellaneous Software upgrading RS-232 port 1.3 Video output connectors to be supplied are composite RCA for SD, Component RCA and High- Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) for HD. Front panel Front panel buttons for operation 1.4 Audio output connectors to be supplied are Analogue (RCA), Digital (S/DPIF optical and coaxial) Display LED or LCD display for channel number, time, etc and HDMI. Surround sound format will be Dolby Digital. e) Power Supply A.C input 100 ~ 240VAC, 50/60Hz 1.5 The GUI should be in English, user-friendly and support these functions: - Consumption (Max.) 30W a) Electronic Program Guide with display for 1-week schedule for each program. b) Teletext decoding and display as full screen or transparent overlay. c) Picture-in-Picture (PIP) and multiple view of programs. d) Channel information Display of DVB-T channel information via decoding of TPS. Information such as Frequency, Modulation, Code Rate, Transmission Mode, Signal level, Signal Quality, etc e) Event information Program information (title, synopsis and duration) for current and next program. 2. Technical Specifications a) RF Input Signal RF Tuner range 470 ~ 858 MHz RF Loop-through 470 ~ 858 MHz Bandwidth 8 MHz Connector IEC-female ABOUT THE SPEAKER Demodulator COFDM Lau Hing Tung, Vice President (Technology Services), MediaCorp Technologies (MCT) FFT Mode 2k and 8k HT Lau currently takes care of the Technology Services and Transmission units in MCT. Apart from operation matters, he also manages the sales and marketing of the broadcasting services Constellation QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM offered by MediaCorp Technologies. He is responsible to lead tender and consultancy proposals in Guard Interval 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 and 1/32 broadcasting engineering and transmission within Singapore as well as the region. He also sets strategy to enhance the operation efficiency and the sales/marketing of MCT's outdoor video Inner Coding Rate 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and 7/8 production and satellite/microwave delivery services within Singapore. b) Video Output Video decoding MPEG-4 MP@Level 4 HT has been serving MediaCorp since 1995, initially as an Operation Manager in TV12 for 4 years Aspect Ratio 4:3 and 16:9, switchable and subsequently the department head of Transmission in MCT until 2002. Previously he had served the radio and TV industry in Hong Kong for 20 years, including Asia Television and Radio Output format 720 x 576i (PAL), 720 x 576p, Television Hong Kong. HT holds a master degree in Engineering Management from the City 1280 x 720p and 1920 x 1080i University of Hong Kong and is a member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers in UK.

IV-16 IV-17 WiMax

Mr. A.K. Bhargava Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, India

Abstract

Till now the focus of various services providers has been on wired broadband access by making use of existing copper loops as well as cable TV network. This focus is now shifting to wireless broadband access, particularly to Wi-Max which has the advantage of inter operability and international standardization. Wi-Max, shorthand for "Worldwide inter-operability for Microwave Access", is an IEEE 802.16 technology that supports both fixed-nomadic Wi-Max WBA (802, 16e). While wired broadband technologies such as DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) can cover an area of only 3-4 kilometers from telephone exchange, a Wi-Max base station can cover large area upto 30 Kms. Wi-Max enables Wireless Broadband Access (WBA) at a download speed of upto 75 Mbps and provides enough bandwidth so that a single base station can serve a large number of business as well as own home broadband customers. Wi-Max deployments may prove to be cost effective solution for last mile access and backhaul networks, spurring growth of broadband in rural, semi-urban and upcoming urban areas. However, issues of Spectrum allotment for Wi-Max needs to be addressed urgently. In India, telecom operators like MTNL have always been in the forefront of bringing new technologies to the doorsteps of customers. In Wi-Max technology space also, pilot projects are being conducted which may fructify in commercial launch as the technology delivers.

IV-19 WiMax

Mr. A.K. Bhargava Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, India

Abstract

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER A.K. Bhargava belongs to 1976 batch of ITS and an currently posted as General Manager (IT), MTNL Delhi. He did B.E. from BITS Pilani and later acquired Diploma in Management, PG- Diploma in Public Administraction and M. Phil. from Punjab University. He has worked in various fields of telecommunication; installation, operation, maintenance, software and management. He was trained in UK and France for E10B Software Production System and worked in E10B Software Center for five years. He has also worked in Zimbabwe for five years on deputation to TCIL. He has served as DDG for three years in DOT. Currently, He is working in MTNL as General Manager (IT) since last more than 5 years.

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