HUI)fTEA 2000:

HlJ�TEA2000:

The National Trust of Australia (N.S.W.) Hunter Regional Committee Conservation and Landscape Committee

W. A. Enright. Chairman R. S. Woodgate. Honorary Secretary S. C. Alley Mrs. H. A. Bond H. C. Dorman D. J. Lithgow K. McDonald D. D. Morris Prof. K. W. Robinson R. K.wark Mrs. K. H. White R. C. Winston

Valuable assistance was also rendered by: J. Colman, Planning Consultant I. Sim, National Tr ust representative on the Aboriginal Relics Advisory Committee

Published by the National Trust of Australia (New South Wales) 123 Clarence Street. Sydney Copyright© The National Trust of Australia (New South Wales) 1972 Reprinted 1973

National library of Australia and ISBN 0909723 06 0

Registered in Australia for transmission by post as a book

Designed and Printed in Newcastle by Philip Samuels

CONTENTS

Introduction 1

·11 Planning 3

III Proposals for Conservation 8

National Parl(s, State Parks & Nature Reserves 8

Open Space of Regional Significance 8

Scenic Preserves 8

State Forests & Timber Reserves 9

Catchment Areas 10

Crown Lands 10

Historic 'Buildings and Urban Areas of Special Significance 10

Aboriginal Relics in the Hunter Region 16

IV Concl"sion 18

Appendices 1. Descriptions of Park and Reserve Proposals 19 A. National Parks 19 B. State Parks 22 C. Nature Reserves 25 D. Open Space of Regional Significance ,29 E. Scenic Preserves 33 2. Historic Buildings 34

References and General Bibliography 39

Index 40 moves are under way to prepare a planning strategy for the I Introduction Hunter Region, the Trust is firm in its view that these issues are equally essential to planning in this Region. The Trust believes that these vital conservation issues must be in­ Background corporated into the Hunter Region plan from the outset if This report has been prepared for The National Trust of Aus­ the plan is to be worthwhile. tralia (N.S.W.) by the Conservation and Landscape Commit­ tee of the Hunter Regional Committee in response to an Area covered invitation from the State Planning Authority of N.S.W., for This report covers the Hunter Regional Planning District as the Trust's views on planning for nature conservation, defined by the State Planning Authority. As the appended scenic preservation, historic buildings and recreation in the map indicates, the area extends along the coast from Lake Hunter Region. Macquarie north to Forster, to beyond Murrurundi in the Members of the Conservation and Landscape Committee north-west and to Ulan in the west. The main urban areas were drawn from the following regional bodies: are Newcastle, Maitland and Cessnock, with the towns of National Parks Association of N.S.W., Hunter-Manning Singleton, Muswellbrook, Stroud, Dungog, Scone, Region Murrurundi and Merriwa. Newcastle Flora & Fauna Protection Society The approximate area of the region is 10,800 square miles; Northern Parks and Playgrounds Movement it contained a population of 374,500 in 1966, rising to Royal Australian Planning Institute (Newcastle Branch) 400,750 in 1971. The National Trust of Australia (N.S.W.), Hunter The region adjoins the area considered in the Trust's report Regional Committee Sydney 2000: Requirements for Conservation of Natural Town & Country Planning Association of the Hunter Areas, Scenic Preservation and Recreation (Setchell 1968), Valley Treetowners A limited number of copies of the Committee's interim re­ port, entitled : Hunter Valley 2000: Requirements for Conservation, were published in February 1970 and made available to members of the State Planning Authority's Hunter Regional Planning Committee. The present report is based for the most part on that publication.

Purpose The report expresses the views of the National Trust on planning for nature conservation, scenic preservation, historic buildings and recreation in the Hunter Region, and outlines specific proposals the implementation of which the Trust regards as essential. It is expected that this report will be of interest to the public generally. It has been prepared particularly to assist Gov­ ernment Departments and local Councils to identify areas requiring special consideration in the planning and subsequent control of land use in the Hunter Region. Following publication of the Sydney Region Outline Plan by the State Planning Authority in 1968, The National Trust of Australia (New South Wales) published a statement referring to the following matters which the Trust consider­ ed should be provided for in a regional plan for Sydney :- • Conservation of natural areas • Conservation of semi-natural areas and landscaped open space for recreation and visual enjoyment • Conservation of select rural areas for continuing rural usefulness and scenic qualities • Reservation of adequate areas for development for public purposes to avoid future raids on conservation areas • Provision of additional open space in developed areas where necessary to compensate for loss of existing open space by development for public purposes. • Provision for later rehabilitation of areas zoned for extrac- tive industries. • Conservation of foreshores and waterways • Planning for disposal of wastes and control of pollution • Conservation of historic buildings • Conservation of urban areas of special quality The Sydney Region Outlin e Plan made sparse reference to these matters and the National Trust has expressed its deep Will fu ture generations be able to enjoy (he rich natural , 1 concern and disappointment at this ori,ission. Now, as environments which once clothed (he Hunter Valley region? Conservation Since the Conservation & Landscape Committee of the Trust's Hunter Regional Committee commenced work early in 1969, public awareness of the need for conservation has greatly increased. This is due, not only to concern about pollution and widespread degradation of our environment, but also to increasing concern at the wastage of resources. ConselVation requires the management of resources in such a way that the community benefits may be enjoyed, where possible, on a sustained yield basis. A most important resource in this context is the beauty and charm of the environment. It is a resou rce which is difficult to measure, but nevertheless is going to become increasingly important as populations grow and communities become more demanding in their requirements for living, working and rec­ reation space. If present trends continue, within the foreseeable future there will be an almost continuous urban sprawl from south of Wollongong to north of Newcastle. Natural areas will become increasingly scarce and will be more remote. Under these circumstances a statement of the region's requirements for nature conservation, scenic preservation and recreation, is urgent. A number of specific problems have arisen which accentuate the urgent need for planning, which recognises the special values of certa in areas and structures, and which can provide for their conservation. Many controversies have provoked vigorous and sustained public reaction. Among these are: • The proposal by the Department of Main Roads to con­ struct an expressway through Blackbutt Reserve; • The proposals to construct a coal loader near Port Stephens or at Redhead; • Mineral sands mining in the proposed Myall Lakes Na­ tional Park; • The possible destruction of the Old Police Station and Public Works buildings in Newcastle; • The proposal to fill Swan Bay, Lake Macquarie; • Proposed causeway and bridge from Swansea to Wangi Point; • The proposed industrial development at PortStep hens; • Rutile mining of Tomago sand beds; • Sewerage effluent in Lake Macquarie. The principal object of this report is to bring the urgency of such matters to the attention of the community so that the conservation requirements of the Hunter Region are accept­ ed as vital elements in any strategic plan for the area.

2 suffering the effects of heavy usage. As the metropolitan 11 Planning population grows and as pressure on the existing facilities in Sydney increases, so will there be a growing tendency for Sydney people to take their recreation Brief description of region outside the metropolitan region. The area comprises most of the catchment of the Hunter c. Both Sydney and Newcastle have a rich heritage of River, with the inclusion of the headwaters of the historic buildings and places. The National Trust has re­ Macdonald in the south and the Karuah and MyalJ Rivers in ported on the many aspects of this heritage in the the north-east. It possesses a great diversity of landscapes Sydney Region, but unfortunately. public awareness of it and land uses. The vegetation in the eastern part of the has come rather late - too late to prevent the destruction valley is predominantly of a coastal type. The western half of many historic buildings and areas. It can be expected has a generally lower rainfall and the vegetation is more in the future that urban communities generally will take a characteristic of the inland part of N.S.W. To the south much greater interest in the conservation of their historic there are extensive sandstone ranges and escarpments heritage. Too much has been lost in Sydney; in the which are botanically very rich; to the north, Barrington Hunter Region there is still opportunity for this kind of Tops with beautiful and interesting alpine plains and for­ conservation. ests, constitute a water catchment of major significance. Planning assumptions At their maximum range the valley lowlands reach more than 100 miles inland, providing easy access to the POPULATION: On the basis of present trends, by the year hinterland at a low point in the Great Divide. 2000 the population of the Hunter Region may be approaching three-quarters of a million. The bulk of this Historical outline population will continue to be accommodated in the Newcastle urban area with growth extending westerly from For many years land access between Sydney and the Newcastle and in Lake Macquarie Shire. There may also be Hunter Valley was tedious and difficult because of mountain satellite towns established to the north of the city between and river barriers. As a result, the sea was used as an easy the industrial areas and Port Stephens. means of access. The last ships on the run were "Sixty Milers" - coal boats - plying between Hexham and Sydney. Unless the State Government makes firm moves to the From the early days' the rivers in the Region were used for contrary it can be expected that the population growth rate transport; the remains of river ports such as Morpeth, of the secondary urban centres in the region will not be ma­ Paterson, Raymond Terrace and Clarencetown, still stand terially greater than they have been in the recent past. In as evidence of this early activity. other words, towns such as Maitland, Cessnock, Singleton, Dungog and others are most unlikely to undergo marked Away from these a network of settlements was rapidly growth in the foreseeable future. The major growth area established to serve the growing urban and rural popu­ apart from Newcastle itself will almost certainly continue to lations. From very early in the 19th century the Hunter be in the Lake Macquarie area. Valley attracted settlers who have leh behind them a re­ markable heritage of historic buildings. The Region today DEVELOPMENT GENERALLY: The city of Newcastle will c.ontains a collection of early buildings and monuments continue to be the regional capital. As growth continues in comparable with any other area in Australia. A high the region and as the demands for urban services of all proportionof these are in good repair and many are located kinds throughout the region increase, so too will the city in landscapes of great beauty which are historic entities in itself continue as an important focus of cultural, economic themselves. and social activity. The traditional dominance of heavy in­ dustry in Newcastle will continue for some time. But the Hunter and Sydney growth of tertiary industry and of such service activities as the university, hospitals and institutions of all kinds will Sydney Region Outline Plan, In the reference is made in probably increase at a greater rate. many places to the concept of Newcastle, Sydney and The changes in the city will be accompanied by changes in Wollongong forming "a closely integrated linear urban the surrounding countryside. It can no longer be taken for complex of six or seven million people". This complex is to granted that the predominantly agricultural character of the be planned in a manner which will "encourage economic hinterland will remain unchanged. This is particularly so in versatility and to make the most of natural assets for living the coalfields area to the west of the city. and recreation offered by the coastal areas" (p.S). RURAL AREAS : As the population increases so will the It is not the intention in this study to review every aspect of demand for food and other agricultural resources. Planning the relationships between Sydney, Newcastle and the will be required for future agricultural development. It is Hunter Region; but with regard to conservation, it is assumed that urban growth will consume agricultural land; important to note the following : however, planning should aim for a proper balance between a. The coast and inland waterways of the Region. in partic­ the two, not only because of the value of productive ular the Lake Macquarie and Port Stephens areas, have farmland but because of its intrinsic landscape value in a for a long time been used by Sydney people for recrea­ growing urban region. tion. Today acoess to these is easier and quicker than RECREATION: With increasing population and greater ever before, and on the completion of the Sydney/ affluence, it can be assumed that the future wilt see greater Newcastle Expressway it can be expected that the demands on public authorities responsible for the provision demand for facilities and amenities in the whole of the Region will be substantially increased. of facilities for recreation and leisure. b, This tendency will probably be intensified as many of This requires that space provisions for recreation and leisure Sydney's local recreation areas approach saturation; in should be as generous as possible, and should provide the particular, one could mention the coastal beaches in the maximum opportunity for diverse forms of recreation. Sydney region and many of the smaller inland areas, TOURISM: The Region is already a tourist area of some 3 such as the Upper Hawkesbury River, which are already significance. Increasina afflllence 'and mobility will bring more and more people to enjoy its natural and man-made • Watagan Mountains, attractions. and of new sites for heavy industry, for example at:­ Many resources which are vital for the development of the • Salamander Say tourist industry are irreplaceable in the Region. The com­ peting demands from other sectors must be looked at in order to achieve a balance which will be socially accept­ able and economically viable. It must be recognised that some of the most valuable resources of the tourist industry are buildings and places which may well have outlived their original functional value. For example, a building may be functionally obsolete but of such significance that it is a primary reason for people visiting its locality. PU BLIC UTILITIES: The provision of water and fuel, in­ cluding electrical power, will constitute a major activity of government in the future. An area the size of the Hunter Region will require a high standard of servicing. Unfortunately conservation requirements are commonly treated as being of secondary importance whenever they conflict with public utilities. All too often overhead power­ lines have been located through areas of great natural beauty, just as extractive industries have been allowed to dominate fine landscapes. It is assumed that these conflicts will continue in the future but it is hoped that all concerned will take into account the lessons of the past and give full regard to conservation requirements before major determinations are made on the location of services and industries. WASTE DISPOSAL: The comments in the previous section apply equally to the provision of facilities for the disposal of community waste. With the recent introduction of pollution control legislation by the State Government it can be expected that State agencies themselves will be adopting a more responsible attitude in the future. Nevertheless, there will be a continuing need for watchfulness and caution in dealing with all forms of pollution, including waste pollution. Planning for the Hunter Region must give full regard to this critical issue.

Planning objectives The Trust believes the planning process for the Hunter Region should embody an initial phase which will be primarily concerned with a definition of objectives for the future development of the region. These objectives would be broadly stated and would be concerned with settlement patterns, transportation and communication, recreation, the location of major land uses, etc., and with the conservation issues involved therewith. INDUSTRY AND NATU RE: Many parts of the Hunter Region have already been blighted by indiscriminate indus­ trial and Short-sighted rural development. In fact, the City of Newcastle has long had the reputation of being an unpleasant and dirty industrial city. Whilst progress continues to be measured in terms of in­ dustrial growth there will be a tendency for conservation issues to be side-stepped or ignored when land-use decisions are made. In the Hunter Region the Trust is par­ ticularly concerned with the effect of mining activities, for example at:- • Ravensworth • Minmi • Cessnock-Kurri Kurri • lidell • Redhead-Selmont Recreation and tourism place heavy demands on coastal • Myall Lakes, warerways;Lake Macquarie, Port 5tephens and the Myall Lakes the effect of forestry proposa ls, for example at:­ system shown here, must be protected from unsympc1thetic 4 • Sarrington Tops development. The Trust sees as a primary planning objective the need to Before urban development is allowed, landscape studies evaluate such proposals as the foregoing in terms of the should establish the optimum lines of distinction between effect on other kinds of land use. In the past, locational built-up areas and adjacent rural areas. In the Hunter decisions have been made in the absence of adequate data Valley, some of the finest rural scenery in Australia is within and knowledge of the likely consequences of industrial de­ very short distances of urban areas. The Trust believes that velopment in certain key areas. the special va lue of such areas must be taken into account For example, in Port Stephens there is a proposal for a large in determ ining the direction and extent of future urban scale industrial estate; at the same time it is generally growth. No longer is it proper to allow urban development recognised that Port Stephens has great recreational to occur merely because the site happens to be capable of potential. Yet no comprehensive study has been made of easy servicing, or because it is seen by some as being "ripe Port Stephens or indeed in the Region generally. The Trust for development". believes that no decisions of a major nature relating to in­ RECREATION AND LEISURE, The provision in a planning dustrial location should be made until adequate strategy for the preservation of areas of great scenic beauty comparative studies have been carried out which will define may be justified on the grounds of visual amenity alone but the costs and benefits, both economic and environmental, such areas will not necessarily serve the needs of r�creation of alternative uses. and leisure. Many open space areas could serve more than TOWN AND COUNTRY, The Trust puts forward as a one function ; for example forest areas or so-called "non­ planning objective the view that the visual distinction be­ urban" areas might be used for a variety of recreational or tween town and country should as far as possible be educational purposes. However, it is essential to define maintained. more carefu lly, uses which are compatible within any par­ ticular area. Current planning does not place sufficient emphasis on the need for setting aside natural areas for passive recreation. There is considerable potential within the Hunter Region for large areas to be held for this purpose. Although the major portions of the Central Hunter Valley and Merriwa Plateau areas have already been

The Hunter Valley contains rural scenes ofgreat beauty within short dis tances of urban centres such as 'Stradbroke' at Woodville 1840-1900.

5 converted to rural use, there are areas available in the Retention of adequate wetlands in coastal areas is essential south-western sandstone belt and in the Barrington Tops for the conservation of waterfowl, water birds and special­ and Myall Lakes locations; these are detailed in Appendix ised biotic communities. The coastal swamps particularly lA provide summer refuges for waterfowl. WILDLI FE CONSERVATION: Ecological studies show that a Unfortunately, too little regard has been paid to the value of series of large reserves of diverse habitat is necessary to wetlands and to date it has been usual to drain and convert cater for the conservation of both resident and migratory them to pasture, often with the assistance of subsidies, species. A minimum size of 55,000 acres for unmanaged even though it may not be economic to do so. areas has been suggested by Dr. H. F. Recher (1969). A Besides the value of wetlands as refuges, there is a demand compromise is the provision of several large reserves and for duck as game. Providing the birds are taken legitimately many small intensively managed areas. However, even this and the extent of cropping is determined by biological stud­ solution will not necessarily be adequate; the mere ies, no exception is taken to this. Provision needs to be provision of a series of national parks and nature reserves made for the creation of game reserves in selected swamps will not guarantee the needs of conservation. Such a sys­ of the Hunter. The income from this source can be used by tem could degenerate into a series of conservation the National Parks and Wildlife Service in furthering the "islands" separated by developed land, either rural or aims of nature conservation. urban. There must be the utmost encouragement to farmers, perhaps through taxation concessions, to manage Except for Jewells Swamp. contained in the Jewells Nature their properties so as to provide refuges for wildlife. There is Reserve proposal (Appendix 1, C3). Ellalong Swamp (C5) a need to study methods by which taxes and rates on land and Wentworth Swamps (C 12), the swamps have not could be levied in such a way as to encourage greater been dealt with specifically in this report. For a more concern for the environment. The present taxation system comprehensive treatment of values see Goodrick (1970) appears to encourage the indiscriminate clearing of land and Dorman (1969). and does not take into account inherent values which may The Tomago Swamps which lie largely within the Tomago in the long term be far greater than those arising out of sandbeds under the control of the Hunter District Water short term 'improvement'. Board. and the Hexham and Irrawang Swa mps, are three of

Wetlan d habitats are vital to a large range of living organisms providin g the food chain and breeding grounds for many birds, fish and crustaceans.

6 major importance. Special consideration needs to be given to sand and mud flats as habitat for waders and related birds. Typical examples of such areas are the northern flank of Kooragang Island and the shallow stretches around Fullerton Cove as far as Stockton. Special efforts need to be made in the planning of the Port of Newcastle and the Kooragang development, to protect these areas as much as possible. Other areas of like nature occur along the Swansea Channel, including Black Neds Bay, Swan Bay and the areas exposed at low tide. Port Stephens has Corrie Island and many other shallows. COASTAL WATERWAYS : Because of their particular qualities, foreshores and coastal waterways are subject to inordinate pressures from recreation and development. As a consequence they require special consideration in regional planning. The principal cases in the Hunter Region are Lake Macquarie, Port Hunter, Port Stephens, The Broadwater, Myall Lake, Smiths Lake and Wallis Lake. These are prime recreation areas, areas of great scenic value and diversity, breeding, feeding and sheltering areas for a host of marine organisms and bird life. They are, however, convenient sites for certain industries (particularly those utilising marine transport and those with waste disposal problems) and herein lies the conflict. Foreshore land is a valuable and relatively scarce commodity which planning should ensure is reserved for at least 300 feet back from high water mark. As much as pos­ sible of this foreshore land should immediately be reserved and where necessary, resu med, especially around Lake Macquarie ,and PortStephens. EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS : The Trust believes that every school in the Region should have reasonably easy access to areas in which botany, geology and other natural sciences can be taught and studied in natural environments. There is also a need to preserve areas for fundamental scientific research. It is anticipated that there will be a growing interest in the study of early architecture and history of the Region. The Trust notes, however. that many of the areas which were formerly used for some of these purposes are disappearing. Those that remain must be conserved and new ones desig­ nated in order to make it possible for future generations to enjoy such activities within convenient distance of home, school and work place.

7 III Proposals for Open space of regional significance A number of areas, not of sufficient size for dedication as National or State Parks and, in general, not entirely natural Conservation are, nevertheless, worthy of special consideration in regional planning. The proposals (in Appendix 1, D) are for National Parl

National parks and other large reserves maintained in their natural conditions are essential to the conservation of wildlife. View over proposed Hunter National Park.

8 reserve proposals. It is probable that, at least initially, the generally undesirable, especially where the existing forest required protection could be afforded these areas through cover is of special significance, as in the Watagans and appropriate land use zonings under the provisions of the Barrington Tops. The conversion of uneconomic farms to Local Government Act. The zoning would need to require at Pine plantations is seen as being a far more desirable least tree preservation by statutory means; State Planning objective. Whilst the Forestry Commission accepts in Authority approval for any significant changes in land use; principle the multiple use of forests, there is a need for a exclusion of extractive or secondary industries and power or clearer enunciation as to how this is to be achieved. and for pipelines; new buildings and structures to be approved by the writing into the plan of management for each forest the an aesthetics committee. method for providing this, As explained in Sydney 2000, Scenic Preserves as The Trust considers that the clear felling being carried out advocated by the Trust are intended to be run on similar on the Watagan Mountains is contrary to the public ' lines to British National Parks, where much of the Ia nd interest in view of the special importance these mountains remains in private ownership. This scheme would probably have for Newcastle by way of recreational and educational require a special Act of Parliament for its full potential. Whilst admitting that this method is perhaps the implementation in New South Wales, but should be preferred forestry method of establishing Blackbutt, and provided for immediately by appropriate zoning. that this species is the most economic hardwood to produce, the scale of the operation within this forest State Forests and timber reserves seriously prejudices the other va lues. There are several State Forests and timber reserves in the There is also a need for a vigorous policy by the Region (see map); these form an important part of the Commission to set aside significant areas as Flora Reserves scenic landscape and provide reservoirs of natural and Forest Parks within its lands generally. An example of conditions. These forests should be retained on a sustained one such area in need of protection is the Antarctic Beech yield basis and no major changes in their boundaries or forest on the headwaters of the Paterson River. areas should be allowed unless for the purpose of extension over marginal agricultural lands. It is felt that the conversion of native' hardwood forests to exotic pine plantations is

Manmade landscapes of great visual significance such as these Pokolbin vineyards at the fo ot of the Broken Back Range should be protected from unsympathetic development by scenic preserve status.

9 •

Catchment areas lists are published annually. Classification of a building by the Trust does not have legal force, but it is recognised as Existing water catchment areas, apart from those related to an authoritative statement of the relative importance of the ground water, are located mainly on the southern and building. western sides of the Barrington Tops. These, in conjunction with State Forests, provide a valuable means of preserving mountain scenery so long as they are retained in their natural state. There is need for care to ensure that important scenery and wildlife habitats remain inviolate. The swamps at Tomago, currently threatened by rutile mining, represent one such valuable habitat. As it is likely that the demand for water supply will increase very considerably, particularly in the lower Hunter, the proclaimed catchment areas should be increased . Hand in hand with this recommendation goes the plea for the prevention of waste in the use of water (Dorman 1972).

Crown Lands It is commonly overlooked that Crown Land and Council owned land is, in fact, land belonging to the people. It is not the preserve of the Government of the day or of the Lands Department or local authority to do with as they please. Whilst it is not suggested that no such land ever be used the consequences of the very considerable mistakes of the past in alienation and misuse of land argues for extreme caution in the future. Gross mistakes are even now being executed, as witness the subdivision of headlands, and for week­ enders and large scale conversion of prime recreation and conservation lands to mining and other forms of destructive use.

The U.S.A., which has 1/3 of its land under Federal Forested catchment areas and State Forests on the southern ownership is, despite its expanding population, finding it slopes of the Barrington Plateau protect (his mountain scenery necessary to not only reta in, but to increase its holding. To only so long as they are maintained in their natural state. quote from the President's Message on the Environment, February 10th, 1970, to the Congress of the United States: " ... I propose that we adopt a new philosophy for the use of Federally-owned lands, treating them as a precious resource - like money itself - which should be made to serve the highest possible public good . "Until now, the uses to which Federally-owned properties were put has largely been determined by who got them first. As a resu lt, countless properties with enormous potential as recreation areas linger on in the hands of agencies, which could just as well - or better - locate elsewhere." The lesson is one we could well profit by. Subdivision and leasing of second rate farming and grazing lands not only creates problems for sound land use and for conservation but negates futu re efforts at proper town planning, especially near expanding town centres. Examples which come readily to mind within the Hunter Region are the Crown subdivisions at Fingal Bay and around Port Stephens; also the small farming leasehold subdivisions between Toronto and Wyee to the west of Lake Macquarie.

Historic buildings and urban areas of special significance For some years the Trust has been conducting a survey of historic buildings throughout New South Wales. This survey is carried out by an expert co mmittee, the Historic Buildings Committee, which recommends the classification of buildings to the Trust's Council. The committee has made several visits to the Hunter Region and buildings classified 10 at 31st December, 1971, appear in Appendix 2. Revised The techniques for ensuring the preservation of historic buildings vary according to the circumstances. They can in­ clude - 1. Recognition of the list of buildings classified by the Trust. 2. Acquisition by the State Government, Local Council or other bodies. 3. Zoning as an historic site in planning schemes. 4. Zoning surrounding land as non-urban, so that the environment is protected. 5. Benefiting the owners of bu ildings by - (a) Rate concessions such as remissions, deferments or "holidays" . (b) Permitting transfer of development rights in built-up areas. These would require enabling legislation. 6. Commending the work of owners who preserve buildings. 7. Enhancing the surroundings of buildings by street im- provement, tree planting and "good house-keeping". An open mi�d should be kept for any other techniques which may be put forward. The importance of historic buildings is often enhanced by their environment. man-made or natural. The quality of the group of buildings is often greater than the sum of their indi­ vidual values. Areas of especial urban significance are as follows:-

Newcastle The central area of Newcastle must be regarded as an area of special regional importance. It is the entrance to the Hunter Valley and deserves detailed treatment as the ad­ Newcastle Post Office bUilt in 1903 forms part of the best group of ministrative centre of the region. The ' maritime aspect, buildmgs in the city. cliffs, seascape, etc., are of great scenic interest. The proposals outlined deal generally with the area easterly of Stewart Avenue and bounded by the harbour, the ocean and Parkway Avenue. The existing parks of regional importance are National Park, King Edward Park and Civic Park. The extension of these parks where possible, and the linking of them by scenic boulevards, would provide a setting for the development of a centre worthy of the Hunter Region. National Park should be extended through to King Street between National Park Street and Ravenshaw Street, and this area should be developed ultimately as a public reserve comparable with Sydney's Domain-Hyde Park complex. This park should be connected to Civic and Birdwood Parks by the development of a tree-lined boulevard, generally along the line of King Street. Civic Park should be extended to Council Street in the south as part of a redevelopment of the area for parkland and civic buildings. A continuous reserve along the harbour front to an enlarged Camp Shortland Park, which would include Zara Street Power House site, Nobby's Head and. Fort Scratchley, is also desirable. A further link through to the harbour could be provided on land surrounding the Customs House, and to the ocean front through Pacific Park to Newcastle Beach. It is also recommended that King Edward Park be linked by a continuous belt of parkland e)(tendingalong the headlands to Shepherds Hill and thence to Empire Park, Dixon Park and Merewether Beach. A further connection via Nesca Park is proposed through to Darby Street - which should also be developed as a scenic boulevard. Much of this parkland already exists, and with the devel- 11 opment of Broadmeadow as;.t.he main spectator sports · centre, it is considered essential that action be taken to entire block, viz. Church Street from Bolton Street to Watt remove the fences around No. 1 Sports Ground and to Street. Corners of this terrace are emphasised by a hotel preclude the further intrusion of enclosures, licensed clubs, and a former hotel. Some of the bU-i.ldings making up·the etc" onto existing and proposed park areas. terrace have been altered unsympathetically but the Within this framework of parklands and street tree planting massing and detail are still apparent. The scale is heroic and it is proposed that attention be given to the preservation of restoration could make the group an important piece of groups of buildings of historic and/or aesthetic significance townscape. Similar terrace buildings return along the west as follows:- side of Watt Street, terminating at St. Phillips Presbyteri'an Church (1905). FORT SCRATCHLEY. This is an interesting group of 19th century barracks with forts, now in a somewhat neglected The scene proceeds down Bolton Street past the unusually condition. The major buildings should be restored and the distinguished Newcastle East Public School (Braggett 1966) area should be converted for public enjoyment. It is visible reputed to be the site of the oldest school in Australia, the from many places in Newcastle and the present buildings, if massive Cohen's Warehouse (1890), the interesting and restored, would enhance the site, as the massive walls give eccentric Court Chambers (1898) past the Hunter Street the fort an acropolis-like aspect. It would appear that the group of Post Office, Police Station and Public Works build­ area around Parnell Place is to be increasingly developed for ing, and reaches down towards the hitherto neglected water­ k tourist accommodation and the Fort could be easily front of the Hunter River to the outstanding wor of James accessible on foot. Fine views of the harbour and coastline Barnet, the Customs House (1877) on the corner of Watt can be obtained, and the whole area is of great benefit to and Bond Streets, the city. The Post Office, Police Station and Department of Public Works in Hunter Street provide by far the best piece of CENTRAL NEWCASTLE PUBLIC AND COMMERCIAL streetscape in the city. BUILDINGS. This group is an impressive sequence of large­ scale Nineteenth Century buildings. It begins with the The Police Station (1849) was designed by Mortimer Courthouse (1890) in Church Street, which faces down Lewis, the Department of Public Works (1872) by James Bolton Street. Eastward of and opposite to the Courthouse Barnet. and the Post Office (1903) by W. l. Vernon. is .a three-storeyed terrace which is unusual in occupying an

The Newcastle Police Station (1849) by MortimerLewis and the DepartmentofPublic Works (1872) byJames 8arnetadjoin the Newcastle Post Office in Hunter Street.

12 The Historic Buildings Committee, in its report on this formerly river ports the probability of appreciable expansion group, stated : "As an historical record of architectural pro­ seems remote. Their future may well depend on their gress over an impqrtant fifty-year period of development, unspoilt character as tourist attractions with the growth of each building exemplifies clearly and admirably the social, Newcastle. As actual historic villages they have far more economic and architectural conditions and standards of its honesty than the mock villages being erected in the Sydney time. Taken together the changes in society in general and Region for commercial purposes. It is generally recognised architecture in particular that occurred during the second in Europe and the U.S.A., but not yet realised here, that half of the 19th century are exemplified with great clarity. It small towns with a distinctive character and history can was the transitional period from the simple uncomplicated su rvive and prosper, if they have something to offer the ways of the 18th century to the complexity of the 20th tourist. There is, however, a delicate balance to be achieved century. This transition is excellently recorded in the between catering for the tourist and not destroying the sequence of these three buildings." They constitute what is character of the thing he comes to see. Some of the more probably the only example in New South Wales of buildings, significant of these smaller centres are listed below. side by side, by three of the most important Government MAITLAND has one outstanding precinct, a group of Architects. buildings in Church Street which comprises Grossmann THE TERRACE, opposite King Edward Park, is an important House and its twin Brough House, St. Mary's Church and piece of townscape, consisting of Victorian era mansions Rectory together with several neighbouring houses. (notably Nos. 4 and 40) that closes off the vista of the open STROUD is an open, dispersed, mellow town, historically space near the foreshore, Ideally The Terrace should be kept significant as a former headquarters of the Australi�n Agri­ in its present condition; should redevelopment take place, cultural Company. this should conform to the present uniform scale and char­ It is distinguished by some fine buildings in brick dating acter. Opposite The Terrace in King Edward Park are from the late 1820s to the 1880s. The best preserved are located a graceful Victorian band rotunda (1898) and the Church of England group consisting of the Rectory, monumental drinking fountain (1888), both requiring resto­ Church, former school (Ouambi) and hall. The last three are ration and preservation. in remarkably unspoilt condition and the church is the TH E HILL contains other important aspects of Newcastle oldest in the region. townscape, focal points of which are the dramatically sited Stroud House, the earliest known building, has been much Christ Church Cathedral (1885- 1 928) with its Parish hall altered but manages to retain an historic character. The (1884) opposite, and the Obelisk and Look-Out Tower. Any later Post Office and Courthouse also contribute to the development which would alter the scale or dominate these townscape and both the Colonial and Victorian buildings particularly attractive features should be discouraged. have an exceedingly attractive unity. Newcastle Club forms part of the cathedral environment, and includes within its grounds a fine example of the two­ The underground wheat silos on the nearby hill, although of storey Colonial Town House, built about 1840. In this little visual importance, are of great historic interest. Conrad neighbourhood are also a number of unique stone Martens painted Stroud in its setting in the 1840s and it embankment walls, some good Victorian terrace houses retains a similar character to-day, which would be with cast iron ornament, and attractive tree planting and preserved in any future planning. gardens. CIVIC PARK is the nucleus of what could be a most impressive complex; besides the Town Hall-Civic Theatre group (1926) there are in the vicinity two fine churches, St. Andrew's Presbyterian (1889) and The Baptist Tabernacle (1889) which contribute to the townscape. Immediately adjoining Civic Park the terrace houses and narrow streets of the Cook's Hill neighbourhood have considerable charac­ ter and charm, and some appropriate restoration appears to be taking place here as well as on The Hill. Central to the development is St. John's Church of England and Schoolhouse (1857) on the corner of Dawson and Parry Streets, and a fine group of pine trees in the south-east cor­ ner of Centennial Park. Steps are urgently re quired to halt the extensive destruction and mutilation of trees in the whole of this area. NEWCASTLE EAST FORESHORES. The area comprising Nobby's Island, the Breakwater, Camp Shortland, Fort Scratchley and portion of Zara Street Power Station land should be dedicated an Historic Site, Tile area had direct links with the discovery and exploration of the Hunter Valley, the founding of the City of Newcastle, the devel­ opment of its port and the discovery of coal, The creation of an Historic Site would ensure a unified and harmonious de­ Grossmann House in Maitland was built in 1862 andis now used velopment of this magnificent area and would serve the as a his torical museum by the National Trust. important pu rpose of securing the land from any threat of possible disastrous private development, and at the same time create a tourist attraction .ofenormous potential and a The mellow bric kwork of "Quambi", a former school built in 1837, recreation area for the whole of the Hunter Region. is typical of many Stroud buildin gs built when the town was the 13 In the case of small rural centres and towns which were headquarters of theAustralian Agricultural Company. 14 MORPETH was originally the principal river port of the Street, rather than remodelling or redevelopment. The entire Hunter Valley, its history is of great importance and accessibility to the river from Hunter Street is also very de­ the town is remarkably unspoilt. The river front has a sirable; this locality has some interesting early houses. It is strongly maritime aspect, emphasised by stone to be regretted that the well-sited hotel has lost a great deal warehouses, At Swan Street and the bridge, a group of its character through poor treatment. It is an important centres round the former Courthouse, Commercial Hotel visual link with King and Williams Streets and deserves and a particularly fine row of stone shops, warehouses and ca refu I restoration. other commercial premises. St. James' Church, Rectory Preservation of the historic character of a river town close and old schoolhouse form another interesting group. to Newcastle could pay long-term dividends to the town in Elsewhere in the town, num.erous fine buildings and many the form of tourist potential. small weatherboard cottages. although of little commercial value, contribute greatly to the historical and architectural CLARENCETOWN has a most attractive feature in the U­ character of the town. The approach from the north is prob­ shaped road giving access to properties whose houses are ably the most dramatic riverscape in the Hunter Valley. The sited on the riverbank. One of these, Hua Tsa, is a Georgian streetscape is particularly fine. as yet with a minimum intru­ house of great charm and character, and if restored co uld sion of unsightly and unsympathetic additions. Some well become a major attraction for tourists. control aimed at restricting such additions, and encouraging The former Commercial Inn in Rifle Street has an interesting restoration, is urgently required. Tourist potential is great. history but neglect over the years makes its future dou btfu l. In RAYMONO TERRACE. King Street and environs retain PATERSON, whilst not so obviously related visually to its the character of an almost traditional country town main river as Morpeth, Raymond Terrace or Clarencetown, has street with the added interest of waterfront warehouses. strong historical links with fhe river and it is a village of like Morpeth and Clarencetown, development was strongly tremendous charm and character. It is compact and orientated to the river front and, like these centres, the achieves a unity quite unlike the other villages, which are town recalls vividly the former river ports. This character more dispersed. Unsympathetic intrusion is limited to the could be more easily destroyed at Raymond Terrace minimum. It is beautifu lly contained in a loop of the river. It because of the present growth of the town. Preservation is strongly recommended that the character of the town be could extend to reconditioning and restoration in King preserved.

' St. James church was built between 1837 and 7875 when Morpeth, situated about 26 miles from the mouth of the Hunter, ' was theprincipal riverport of the valley.

15 In addition to two fine churches, notable features of the town include its association with the important colonial ar­ chitect, John Verge, in a cottage and hotel which he de­ signed. Sympathetic restoration of the hotel could assist in the growth of the tourist industry. The main street was closed with a vista of a remarkably well preserved colonial Georgian shop and its demolition seriously eroded the Qual­ ity of the town. At WOLLOM BI the Great North Road laid out by Sir Thomas Mitchell forks. lt became the gateway to the Hunter Region for those approaching by land. Located on the Wollombi Brook in a picturesque valley, its principal buildings are of stone. They include a distinguished Courthouse, a fine small church by E. T. Blacket, a store, Post Office, school and residence. Some distance to the south are two very old homesteads - Lagoona House and Mulla Villa. It is an area of great visual attractiveness. MURRURUNDI is also located on a picturesque stream. Its outstanding feature is the line of civic buildings on the western bank above this stream, consisting of a church, rectory, police residence and lock-up and courthouse. In ad­ dition to this Victorian group there is a series of Colonial houses and hotels along the main street. SI NGLETON has a special precinct in portion of John Street between Campbell and George Streets running parallel to the river front from the former river crossing to the present bridge. It is an area containing some interesting Colonial and Victorian buildings which, because of the diversion of traffic, have remained until to-day with little intrusion.

Aboriginal relics in the Hunter Region The Hunter region still retains many relics of the aboriginal tribes which inhabited it. Throughout the rugged sandstone plateau areas in the south and south-western parts of the region, rock engravings and cave drawings occur in Wollombi, strategically situ,ated on the Great North Road, contains scattered locations, with some concentrations in particular a number affine stone buildings including the church of St. John areas such as the Wollombi district. This aboriginal art, the Evangelist ( 1846-49J. engravings on flat rock surfaces, and paintings and drawings in overhanging sandstone shelters, is part of a much greater art complex, which extends south throughout the sandstone country of the N.S.W. Central Coast. This is one of the most important areas of aboriginal rock art in Australia. Other relics of aboriginal occupation are the sites which were habitually used for camping, or for activities such as tool making and sharpening. Along the sides of valleys which penetrate the sandstone, rock overhangs were used by the aborigines as camping places. On the terraces along the Hunter River and on dunes and headlands on the sea coast. sites where stone tools were manufactured occur in various places. Close to the sea, on foreshore dunes and the shores of the various lakes and estuaries, such as Lake Macquarie and Port Stephens, large shell heaps remain as evidence of aboriginal occupation over long periods of time. The value of aboriginal relics in situ, such as these, is twofold. On one hand they provide an important scientific record of prehistoric conditions and events, and this is primarily the reason why they are protected by law. On the other hand, they form a significant part of our cultural inheritance, and are becoming increasingly important as objects of general interest and as tourist attractions. With the passage of time, these relics of the former inhabitants are gradually disappearing. Natural forces, 16 weathering, erosion, flooding and the like tend to obliterate them gradually. losses from these causes however, are large parks and reserves, and one of the essential aims of relatively minor; most are lost through deliberate vandalism the proposals presented here for parks in the south and and by the forces of development, the construction of south-western parts of the region is the conservation of roads, buildings, foreshore improvements, quarries, Some of the most important sites of aboriginal rock art agriculture. occurring in the south eastern part of the continent. Even in the more remote plateau areas, continual damage to relics Aher 150 years of European settlement, many of the occurs through the construction of fire trails and logging aboriginal relics of the Hunter district have been obliterated, roads. Pending more effective means of conservation and many others have been substantially destroyed and through the establishment of parks, policies on the location exist now only as remnants. This is particularly so in the and construction of trails and roads should take account of closely settled areas along the coastline. Despite this many the existence of relics, and of the need to protect them. In still remain virtually untouched, especially in the more the more settled areas, a wider range of measures will need remote parts of the sandstone terrain. At the same time to be called upon to protect relics in situ, in some cases even those which have been partly destroyed can be highl; permanently, in others until their specific scientific value valuable, both from the scientific viewpoint, and as objects can be assessed . of general interest. In many cases these measures can most appropriately be Essentially, public policies relating to relics such as these applied by local Government authorities through the need to be directed to two aims. The first is the aim of medium of Town Planning Schemes in conjunction with the deciding which are of major significance, and which if any, proclamation of Aboriginal Areas and Archaeological can be regarded in the long term as expendable. The second Protected Areas. The protection of important relic sites, aim is that of physically preserving the more important, for where they exist. should be one aim of local controls on land posterity, and for future scientific study. In the sandstone use and development. plateau areas, they can be most effectively protected as an inte�ral part of the natural scene through establishment of

School children examine aboriginal rubbing grooves in Blackbutt Reserve. More important archaeological sites are often destroyed by rutile mining, road building, urban expansion and vandalism.

17 IV Conclu sion

The pressure of population increase and the present rate of development makes the reservation and protection of our natural environments, scenic areas and historic buildings. of the utmost urgency. This report, whilst not exhaustive. sets down guidelines and specific proposals which the Trust firmly believes are essential if the Hunter Region is to avoid the problems that beset so many other developing areas. It is stressed that, by the very nature of the task, some of the principles have barely been touched upon, and many small areas and probably some large areas of significance have been omitted. The National Trust seeks the co­ operation of all Government and private agencies in the fulfilment of these aims and will be pleased to participate in any discussions which may be necessary for the full consideration of the proposals.

18 from the north by rich river valleys such as that of Widdin APPENDIX 1 Brook, easy access deep into the park is assured without construction of new roads within the park itself. While the rugged nature of the terrain provides first-class wilderness Descriptions of park and reserve recreation opportunities, development of walking trails in proposals the outer valleys and ridge routes to specific lookout points would enable much wider recreational use. Army use of A. NATIONAL PARKS land south of this area is not clearly defined; however, the southern boundary of this park should not be north of the A 1. HUNTER NATIONAL PARK divide between the Hawkesbury and Goulburn River location : Plateau south of Hunter and Goulburn Rivers to systems. The headwaters of the Wollombi Creek should b!3 the northern watershed of the Hawkesbury River. included if possible. Although strictly controlled Army use of Area : Approximately 800 square miles. the adjoining area may not be totally incompatible with the Geology : Triassic sandstones, minor shales, occasional general aims of conservation, it is hoped that the need for outcrops of basalt. such use will cease, allowing incorporation of the area into the Hunter National Park. This park would protect the southern escarpment of the Hunter-Goulburn Valleys and, with Oharug and the Mellong A2 . BARRINGTON TOPS NATIONAL PARK and Colo proposals, form the largest reservoir of primitive Location : Barrington and Gloucester Tops sections of the country left as vacant Crown land in New South Wales. Mount Royal Range. Consisting of heavily dissected sandstone plateau country Area : Approximately 150 square miles. with occasional basalt cappings, the area is rich in scenic and natural values. Forming a dramatic backdrop to the Geology : Dissected plateau country in basalt capped farms along the south bank of the Hunter and Goulburn Devonian Carboniferous rocks, with intrusive granites. Rivers, the plateau rises abruptly from the river flats in Altitude 4000'-5000'. broken sandstone cliffs cut by the gorges of tributary Some 30 miles S.S.E. of Tamworth a spur branches off the streams. Although essentially Hawkesbury Sandstone, a Main Divide in a general southerly direction to become th.e variety of habitats and environments is provided by pockets Mt. Royal Range, a great plateau area or a series of "tops", of richer soils derived from basalt remnants and exposed rising abruptly from the lower country on all sides but the shales., and by local protection creating favourable north, to altitudes ranging between 4000 and 5000 feet. microclimates. The area is botanically varied with both This country is the source of the Upper Hunter and its coastal and inland speCies represented. Habitats range from tributaries on the west, the Paterson, Allyn, Williams and the dry woodland of the plateau to the rain-forests fringing Chichester on the south and the Gloucester, Barrington and the sheltered creeks. Rich pockets of basaltic soil support Manning tributaries on the east. These rise in swa mpy beautiful stands of blue gum on sheltered sites. Penetrated valleys on the tops and descend steeply with rapids and

19 waterfPolblue Creek. It is believed the Forestry Commission plans to convert the Tops north of the present park to pine. Such a plantation in this deeply dissected country would be difficult to manage. The region is sub-alpine, of which there are all too few examples in Australia. It is thus scientifically interesting in the study of biogeography as well as the evolution of endemic plants. If the park is to cate� for an increasing population without deterioration, a large area needs to be included, particularly in view of the Forestry Commission's intentions. As a minimum the boundaries should be extended to include the headwaters of the Gummi River to the boundary of the private lands and take in the headwaters of the Dilgry, Morpey, Kholwa and Beean Beean with the eastern boundaries to the private lands. 34,582 acres have already been set aside as a National Park.

The rugged sandstone country of the proposed Hunter National Park pro vide some of the most spectacular scenery and wilderness recreation opportunities in the region.

Maiestic Niggerhead Beech forests along the escarpment of the 8arrington plateau represent the most southern examples of this species in N.S. W.

Dense rain forest and wet sclerophyll forest covering the slopes of the 8arringlon contrast strongly with the Snow Gums and 20 Sphagnum Moss swamps of the alpine plateau. A3. MYALL LAKES NATIONAL PARK Scientific : A major reason for establishment of the Park is Location : Between Port Stephens (Yacaaba Head) and the scientific value of the area, particularly the coastal strip Smiths Lake. and the lakes themselves. The chief values known at this stage lie in the fields of geomorphology, ecology and Area : Approximately 150 square miles. anthropology, outlined in National Park Proposal for the Geology : Coastal lakes system in Quaternary sands with Myal/La kes (Clarke, Gazzard and Partners, 19691. Carboniferous outcrops. Education: As a National Park the area would provide This large area of relatively undisturbed lands presents one great potential for both formal education at all levels and of the last opportunities for the esta blishment of a the development of understanding in visitors through per­ National Park along the New South Wales coast. sonal experience. Provision could readily be made for residential schools on the periphery of the park to take Its values are aesthetic, recreational, scientific, educational ' and economic. advantage of this potential. Aesthetics: The Lakes and Lower Myall River present a Economic : Conducted as a National Park, the region could fascinating natural scene. The atmosphere h.as been vari­ generate income in nearby towns as usage of the Park in­ ously described as one of "brooding silence" or "seclusion creased. The long range economic advantages accruing and tranquillity", created by the placid waters with their from the scientific research and from education are difficult almost unbroken fringe of Melaleuca (Paperbark). to assess, but would be considerable. The panoramic views from the vantage points are THREATS AND POTENTIAL THREATS outstanding, and highlight the importance of retaining the entire area. This includes the lakes, the moors and the for­ Mineral Sands Mining: This would destroy geomorpho­ ested hills to the west. This is the only extensive lake sys­ logical and anthropological data as yet only partially tem on the coast free of development and still in its natural assessed. Even if the area recommended by the "Sim Com­ condition. Aesthetically, as a sample of a natural coastal mittee"(Sim et al. 1968), as a Scientific Area were excluded land system, it has truly national significance. this would barely be a sufficient sample, and may well be grossly insufficient. Botanic and zoological communities Recreation: The major recreational features are of course would be changed, though given sufficient care in restora­ the waterways; being extensive they can accommodate a tion there may not be great loss of individual species. How­ considerable number of restricted-speed craft. Car-based ever, the opportunity for study of the naturally evolved camping can be provided at several points and there is ample opportunity for bushwalking.

Paperbarks leaning over the placid waters of The Broadwater typify the unspoiled Myall Lakes system.

21 system, now a rapidly diminishing resource, would be lost conditions should be incorporated to ensure the scenic forever. Mining most seriously threatens high sand dunes as charm and historic relics of Newnes are maintained. there is little chance that they can be satisfactorily re-built B. and re-vegetated to regain theiroriginal character. STATE PARKS B 1. PORT STEPHENS STATE PARK The question of mining needs to be considered' within the context of the whole North Coast. It should not be argued Location : Coastal strip from Point Stephens to Birubi Point that in order to reach a compromise with the mining and area at Gan Gan-Salamander Bay. interests every proposal for park or reserve which contains Area : Approximately 7 square miles. minerals should be· mined; the more significant areas should Proposal : This proposal comprises three sections put be kept intact. The "Sim Committee" Report indicated that forward by the Port StephensWild life Conservation Society the Mining Industry was only prepared to surrender an (Butler 1966), with additions from Dorman (1971). insignificant part of the dunes fronting the beach along the North Coast (Para. 2.2 14), and in so far as mineral values are concerned, only 4.1% of the values within the area examined, or 0.2% to 0.8% of the total sand dune country of the North Coast, depending on the estimate of the total areas (see table of values). The two areas of highest significance are Myall Lakes and Jerusalem Creek. Mining has already affected the Fens areas of the Myall Lakes and thereby destroyed some of the most interesting and fascinating plant communities. Development - Real Estate and Local Politics : It has been suggested that the land on the western side of the lake and that to the south and north be developed for residential use, and some would envisage it as a second "Gold Coast"'. Such development would only reduce the significance of the park; the pressures placed upon the remaining area and the inevitable pollution of the lake would quickly cause deterioration.

A4. DHARUG NATIONAL· PARK EXTENSIONS (Sydney 2000, Ref. 23) Proposed substantial extensions would bring this park r:lOrth to adjoin the proposed Wollombi State Park, enclose the catchment of Mogo Creek and the important aboriginal The Great North Road completedin 1831 after five years ofsweal carvings at Burragurra on the west, and take in the and tod by chain gangs of convicts is one of the Valley's most remnants of the historic Great North Road on the east. The imp ortant historic relics; at present. it is unprotected by legislation. western boundary should be the edge of the existing rural development in the 51. Albans Valley. Particular attention should be given to the future of the Great North Road, and no development which would destroy its historic character should be permitted.

A5. MELLONG NATIONAL PAR K (Sydney 2000, Ref. 24) The northern boundary of this park is not defined in Sydney 2000. The north-eastern boundary is here taken as the Macdonald River with the north and west limited by the developed land in Howes Valley and along the Putty Road. Much of the area north of this and the Dharug National Park Extension is alienated by small holdings of doubtful economic viability. The management techniques at present , used in these areas, involving burning to improve rough grazing, is resulting in erosion and heavy siltation in the Macdonald and Putty Rivers. Strict control of these areas is essential 'and acquisition of allotments as they become available for addition to these parks is desirable.

A6. COLa NATIONAL PARK (Sydney 2000, Ref. 25) This park is proposed to include the northern flank of the Capertree Gorge and if possible as far as Gaspers Mountain. Army use of the area immediately north of this proposed park is unfortunately established. Should this be relinquished at any time in the tuture it should be added to this park to link it with the Hunter National Park proposed in this report. A major threat to the vicinity of Wolgan Valley is 22 posed by proposals to mine coal. If this proceeds stringent Section 1: Coastal strip from Birubi Point to Fingal Road. Near Gan Gan the rare native mouse, Pseudomys The topography consists of numerous small bays separated novaehollandiae, was rediscovered. in 1968. Before this it by rocky headlands. Behind these are captured sand dunes, had only been found once in the previous 80 years (Ku-ring­ developing into open heath to the west. Much of the dune gai Chase in 1967). This harmless native mammal is de­ country is clothed in thick Leptospermum (Tea-tree) scrub pendent upon the dense bracken cover and Acacia seeds with sizeable tracts of forested land (Angophora, which form its fOOd. Its continued existence is threatened BloodwQod, Blackbutt and Swamp Mahogany) in sheltered by mineral sand mining and development (Keith & Calaby areas. There are excellent areas for wildflowers which must 1968). Because of the interesting rock formations and vari­ be seen in spring to appreciate their full splendour. ety of marine environments along the coast between Morna An extensive permanent fresh water swamp behind One Point and Tomaree it is also proposed that the park be ex­ Mile Beach provides valuable wetland habitat. tended seawards. This would have particular attraction in view of the tourist potential of the Port Stephens area. Fauna represented includes Koala, Brush-tailed Possum, Ring-tailed Possum, Sugar Glider, Feathertail Glider, B2. SUGARLOAF RANGE STATE PARK Swamp Wallaby and Long-Nosed Bandicoot. Some aboriginal middens and possibly a burial ground exist in the Location: Near West Wallsend. area. Area : Approximate!y 12 sq. miles. The southern end of One Mile Beach, protected from the Geology : Sandstone, conglomerate and shales. rough seas, has examples of near-complete zonation of There is at present a 1500 acre park at Mt. Sugarloaf seaboard plant communities. This zonation is of importance controlled by a trusteeship, but the major part of the range in ecological studies, but is becoming rare along the coast is within the Heaton State Forest. Of little economic because of storm wind erosion and beach sand mining. This potential, the whole area would make an admirable State and another small area at Norah Head are the only ' Park very close to the dense population centres of remaining samples accessible to schools and tertiary stu­ Newcastle and the coalfields. dents of the Hunter Region. Both areas are required to From many vantage;points there are extensive views of the minimise damage by over-use. Lower Hunter and Lake Macquarie regions. The range forms At the northern end of the beach there is a large sheet a natural division between Newc�stle/Lake Macquarie and "blow out". The Mines Department considers that because the Cessnock/Kurri Kurri urban complex, and the visual of this the sand should be mined and stabilised. In the opin­ importance of this forested ridge to both regions cannot be ion of McDonald (1969) the tendency for this "blow out" to overstated. This separation should be extended northward increase is minimised by the existing defence-line of sand by conservation of the ridge to Black Hill. binding plants. This proposed section of the Park abuts on a Hunter District B3. COULSONS CREEK STATE PARK Water Board Reserve which greatly enhances the Location: 20 miles north of Merriwa proposal's viability. Should the Board relinquish control of Area : Approximately 40 square miles this reserve it should become part of the Park. For this rea­ son too, the Water Reserve should not be mined. Geology: Basalt Section 2: Coastal strip from Point Stephens to Mount As proposed by the Hunter Valley Research Foundation: Tomaree. The main features are three cone-like peaks of "Coulsons Creek is typical of an area of over 1,000 square porphyritic rocks. The highest, Step hens Peak, 488 h., miles in the Hunter Valley. Setting aside portion of provides a superb view in all directions. Two of the beaches, Coulsons Creek would allow the scientific study of a small Zenith and Box, are used extensively; between them lies a watershed in one of the driest parts of the Hunter Valley, small bay and beach, Wreck Beach, accessible only by foot Knowledge obtained from this watershed study would be of track. It is the only beach on the Peninsula which is still in a considerable importance for the proper control and man­ relatively undisturbed state. It includes a small area of wet agement ofthe Merriwa Plateau." sclerophyll vegetation with tree ferns (Cyathea austra/is) Acquisition would be desirable. However, as all of the which are very rare on the peninsula. gently sloping parts and even much of the steep lands have The flora is diverse and interesting. Christmas 8ells been cleared and are being used as high grade pastures, it !Blandfordia grandif!ora) grow on the rocky outcrops facing is perhaps unrealistic to suggest their acquisition unless the sea, whereas their usual habitat is much more sheltered evidence indicates that particular parts are being damp situations. mishandled or abused. Section 3: Lies between Tomaree Trig, Gan Gan Military A compromise solution might lie in the appropriate zoning Camp and Sandy Point. of the area by the State Planning Authority and the acquisition of desirable reservations, particularly along the The area includes several igneous peaks and areas of heavy Creek. to provide for camping, etc. The region could well be forest with a few pockets of wet sclerophyll. To the west administered after the style of the English National Parks. the land falls away to low lying open swamp. The high country should be set aside at the earliest possible An outstanding feature is the dense thickets of Christmas date, before any further clearing is done. Bush interspersed with Gymea lilies. There is a profuse and varied flora, probably the best overall sample on the penin­ sula. The swamplands produce Bottlebrush (Callistemon sp.), Christmas Bells, Sundews and many Epacrids. The for­ Freshwater swamps and cap tured sand dun es provide diverse ested land carries Angophora, Bloodwoods, Blackbutts and habitats and a rich variety of wild flo wers in the Port Stephens area. Swamp Mahogany. Acacias grow in abundance with Banksias providing shelter for Eriostemon, Flannel Flowers

and about 300 other species, making this area a mass of The rugged coas tlin e at Port Step hens provides some of the most colour in the spring. 23 spectacular scenery--on the cen tral New South Wales coast. , , .

24 The area has high scenic value embracing the forested number of pinnacles. An exceptionally rugged valley occurs highlands overlooking extensive rural lowlands. The on this side with cliff-lined gorges up to 500 feet deep. highlands still retain the native vegetation with a ground Some of the plateau is cleared for grazing, the balance is cover of Poa sp., etc. in quite good condition. open forest. This could accommodate a considerable There is evidence of a reasonable population of macropods. number of visitors with little damage to the wildlife of the Other fauna should also be well represented. slopes, given proper administration. The views are spectacular. B4. WOLLOMBI STATE PARK Location: South of Singleton to south-west of Cessnock C. NATU RE RESERVES Area : Approximately 750 square miles C1. AWABA NATU RE RESERVE Location: Geology : Triassic sandstone, Permian shales, sandstones Between Awaba and Dora Creek and conglomerates Area : Approximately four square miles The Wollombi catchment of the Hunter Valley was one of Geology : Permian sandstones and conglomerates the areas first settled in the Valley and at the present time (Tera lba) is, in many places, much degraded, resulting in abandoned This area contains some very interesting sequences of farms, heavily eroded banks and a great burden of silt in the vegetation, dependent upon the rock type and, to some ex­ main stream. The passage of this silt into the Hunter and tent, the topography. A series of transitions occurs from a ultimately into the sea is a continuous problem (Renwick woodland savannah of Scribbly Gum (Eucalyp tus 1964). haemastoma) association on yellow podsolic and skeletal Wollombi Brook as a scientific area for the study of soils arising from sandstones, through Bloodwood (E. catchments has the advantage that it contains a variety of gummifera), Mahogany and Stringybark on red and grey natural conditions. Furthermore, such an area could be used podsols to Spotted Gums (E. maculata) on red podsols for fairly high density recreation, having as it does consider­ ariSing from the Teralba conglomerates. able areas of cleared land in a scenic setting. The historic Much of the land is currently vacant Crown Land and State villages of Wollombi (convict days). Watagan (timber) and Mine area. Some is required by the Lake Macquarie Shire Ellalong and Paxton (coal mining) are contained within it. Council as quarry for road gravel and, unfortunately the Embodied within the Wollombi proposal are three areas of aesthetics of the area are further spoiled by the passage of significance which call for reservation at a fairly early stage, high tension power lines. Nevertheless, the remaining. area regardless 9f the outcome of the proposal as a whole. These seems well worthy of reservation for educational pu rposes are:� (Dorman et al 1968). 1. BOW WOW CREEK, which lies immediately adjacent C2 . PULBAH ISLAND NATU RE RESERVE (Existing) to the Wollombi catchment on the eastern boundary near Mulbring, draining from The Pinnacle into Wallis Location: Southern portion of lake Macquarie (The only Creek. See Nature Reserve C20. island in the Lake) 2. ELLALONG SWAMP, near the village of Ellalong. This Area : Approximately 150 acres is an excellent sample of fresh water swamp, and is Geology : Triassic shales, sandstone and conglomerate dealt with elsewhere in this report. See Nature Reserve C5. This small island is ideally su ited as a nature reserve. It is 3. BROKEN BACK RANGE, this dramatic backdrop to uninhabited and is visited only by fishermen and p"icnic the Pokolbin wine growing area and the Cessnock, parties. (The island was occupied in earlier times by a few Kurri Kurri urban complex must be preserved to families who gained their livelihood from fishing and maintain this important visual element of the lower keeping some cattle). Hunter Valley, clearly visible from the New England The island comprises small hills and cliffs; skeletal soils Highway from Maitland as far north as Singleton. support dry sclerophyll forest with gums, Iron barks and Spectacular views can be obtained from lookouts at Stringybarks. Much of the original vegetation appears to be Mt. View, and ultimately additional lookouts could unaltered. become tourist adjuncts to the Pokolbin vineyards. As almost all of the land bordering Lake Macquarie will Suitable zoning of the area should be immediately in­ ultimately be cleared for settlement and other purposes, cluded in town planning proposals in the Cessnock this island should not be developed for intensive recreation. varyingscheme. The island was recently dedicated as a nature reserve and has been stocked with Parma wallaby by the National Parks B5. WINGEN MAID STATE PARK and Wildlife Service. Location : West of Wingen Area : Approximately 1400 acres C3. JEWELLS-REDHEAD-GLENROCK NATU RE RESERVE Geology : Outlier of the southern sandstone plateau. Location : Belmont North to Redhead, thence to the Coast This impressive backdrop to the township of Wingen is as and north to Murdering Gully (south of Merewether) important aesthetically as it is from the nature conservation viewpoint. Area : Approximately four square miles It is a plateau 800-1 000 feet above the surrounding The major points of scientific and educational interest are:- country and is about 3 miles long by up to 1 t miles wide. 1. Freshwater swamp with lowland peat (Jewells The western face is steep with intermittent cliffs up to 150 Swamp). feet high. A steep valley providing access to the top almost 2. Ecotonal zone of Wet-Dry Sclerophyll (south of cuts the plateau from this side. The eastern face is an Dudlev)· 25 unbroken rim of cliff up to 300 feet high, with a large 3. Heathland of outstanding quality. 4. Valleys blocked by windblown sands forming swamps C5. ELLALONG SWAMP NATU RE RESERVE and lagoons. Location : 7 miles south of Cessnock; between villages of 5. Opportunity for interpretation of geological data by Ellalong and Pax ton means of vegetational patterns, etc. Area : Approxi mately 1 square mile 6. Geological sections of the coal measures on the exposed cliffs . This freshwater swamp is formed by the natural damming 7. Excellent marine rock platforms - among the best on of Quorrobolong and Swamp Creeks upstream from their the New South Wales coast. junction with Coongewai Creek. The levee built to carry the roadway south to Coongewa i has aided this. The swamp The region also protects the natural beauty of the cliffs and itself is an overflow from the creek proper which forms a environs for the seaward approach to Newcastle. deeper and meandering flow through its length. The swamp It is envisaged that the reserve would extend say 100'-200' widens downstream to a maximum width of about one third to seaward of the low Water Mark in order to control the of a mile and has a length of nearly one and a half miles. rock platform usage and protect the associated marine life. The swamp has never been known to dry. There is a marked This platform is suffering from , among other things, the zonation in swamp reeds, from Cumbungi in the deeper undisciplined harvest of marine wildlife, principally by water, through to tubular reeds toJuncus spp. on the swamp school children following their introduction to it through margins. Many smaller floating plants (e.g. Azolla spp. biology classes. The proximity of this area to teaching Spirogyra, etc.) are plentiful. Reeds have always been a institutions, both secondary and tertiary, is a compelling feature of the swamp but do not appear to be on the increase. reason for its reservation. Patches of clear water apart from the channel, however, are The proposal has already been well documented (Dorman small. The .surrounding area is largely cleared for grazing 1967 and 19681. purposes but along the southern fringe there is a close wood­ land with Eucalypts, Casuarinas, some paperbarks and a Despite some inherent problems, high priority should be reasonable shrub layer in parts. given to it before it becomes absorbed in the expanding metropolis.

C4. NEWCASTLE BIGHT DUNES NATU RE RESERVE Location : Stretching from north of Stockton to Morna Point Area : Approximately 20 square miles Geology : Aeolian sand; massive dunes The area proposed comprises the Outer Barrier Dunes which run parallel to the bare, actively-forming dunes of the coastline. These were probably a system of parallel dunes The fforistically rich coastal sanddunes are subject to continuing but are now ch.aracterised by captured transgressive dunes threat fr om rutile mining and urban development. Reserve and support extensive vegetation; however, 'blowout' areas proposals B 1, C3 and C4 are already affected by these pressures. and invasion by mobile dune sheets (drifting sands), are common features. The dunes undoubtedly serve as a buffer zone, protecting the low-lying dairy-farming area of the Williamtown-Salt Ash-Bob's Farm districts. The dunes provide fine examples of dry sclerophyll forest with Eucalyptus pilularis (Blackbutt) and Angophora costata (Sydney Red Gum) as co-dominates. E. gummifera, Banksia serrata and Melaleuca QuinQuenervia (the last mentioned in swampy areas) are also common. A dense growth of shrubs provides a fine display of wildflowers in spring. (The area is extremely rich floristically with at least,. 36 families of vascular plants being represented by over 100 species). It is known that the Hunter District Water Board holds water reserves over much of the area. It is also known that mineral sand mining companies intend mining part of the area. By negotiation and co-operation with the Hunter District Water Board it is hoped that aI/ of the area proposed, except for those sections which are mined, .can be declared a Nature Reserve, and that, following mining operations, the mined areas be included also. If this is not possible it is then proposed that a representative section (a minimum 5 square miles) be declared a Nature Reserve and that this area be excluded from beach mining activities. It is suggested that land of Portion 172, plus the southern section of WR 57573 of the Parish of Stowell would be suitable for such a restricted area. The area would provide excellent facilities for study of plant communities, ecology, etc., for students at secondary and tertiary levels, close to Newcastle (McDonald 1969 and Dorman 1968). 26 The swamp always carried a good population of birds. serve is regarded as the logical choice for it (Dorman et al. Ducks of at least four species are frequent visitors, but are 1968). often disturbed by shooters. Cormorants, Coots, Ibis, C8. KERRABEE NATU RE RESERVE Herons and Egrets are large bird inhabitants, while numer­ ous Eastern Swamp-hens live in and about the reeds. Many location: West of Kerrabee small birds inhabit reeds and trees alike. from Reed Area : Approximately 36 square miles Warblers to Blue Wrens and Parrots of several species. and Geology : Sandstone, shales. volcanics are obviously preyed on by Swamp Hawks. This area was first proposed by the Hunter Valley Research Fish are to be fou nd, including Carp. Perch and Mullet. Foundation as follows: "No other location in the Hunter There is evidence of some mammalian fa una in the Valley contains sllch contrasts in so small an area. In the woodland area and reptiles are in expected numbers and years to come this area will be valuable as a Nature particularly evident in summer. Reserve." There are problems of acquisition associated with The land through which the swamp extends is owned by this region, there being approximately 6000 acres of Messrs. J. and A. Brown, colliery proprietors. freehold and 2,200 acres of Crown Lease involved (Dorman Though of limited extent the swamp provides a useful et al. 1968). permanent habitat and refuge for all water birds and is an area not likely to be affected by any flood mitigation or C9. BLACK TOP HORST NATU RE RESERVE reclamation works, and should therefore be preserved in its Location: 12 miles east of Wingen present state (Dorman et al. 1968). Area: Approximately 9 square miles Geology : Calcareous sandstones and conglomerates C6. LIVERPOOL RANGE NATU RE RESERVE ' dipping 250_300 to the west; some basic intrusives and Location : Crest of the Liverpool Range from near glacial beds. Murrurundi Trig., west to Mt. Terrel/, joining the Coulsons This is an interesting small area both in regard to Creek State Park proposal vegetation-soil relationship and fauna. Area : Approximately 20 square miles The sandstones support White Box (Eucalyptus albens), Geology : Tertiary basalts Forest Red Gum (E. tereticornis), etc., normally associated This proposal incorporates some very interesting rain forest with richer soils. There is evidence of a good population of and associated basalt tops country at about 3000'-4000' macropods, including Grey Kangaroo and probably Rock elevation. Wallaby. The area is interesting geologically. Galloway of The land has little economic value, yet quite a high scientific' C.S.I.R.O. describes it as a horst range through which the significance. Pages Rivercut as the range rose (Galloway 1967). This is the western most outlier of rainforest occurring in a The land system is not otherwise included in the proposals. situation with low rainfall of 30"-32". These appear to be relict areas protected by the topography. and as such could Cl0. MOONIBUNG HILL NATU RE RESERVE yield valuable scientific information. location : East of Paterson The range at this point is little more than one ridge wide but Area : Approximately 2900 acres on the southern side presents a strong tree-covered Geology : Carboniferous lavas escarpment clearly defining the northern edge of the Hunter Valley (Dorman et al. 1968). Much of the area has been cleared for grazing and would probably not be worth inclusion but some reasonably exten­ sive areas remain uncleared. An interesting feature is the C7. LEES PINCH-MURRUM80 NATU RE RESERVE Moonibung Falls, two falls about 200 feet high in a gorge Location : From just west of Sandy Hollow to Wollar about 1 mile long and 300 feet deep which contains Area : Approximately 200 square miles rainforest. Geology : Dissected sandstone plateau with minor shales and basalt residuals C" . CRANKY CORNER NATU RE RESERVE Occupying as it does the driest part of the Goulburn Valley, location: North of Hunter River at Dalwood it presents an interesting contrast to the other proposals. To Area : Approximately 16 square miles date a botanical collection in the area has produced 320 Geology : Very extensive carboniferous lavas; folding and species representing 70 fa milies of vascular plants; it is the faulting evident type area of at least 6 plant species. It also contains several endemic species and is the major part of the range of The vegetation is a tall mixed woodland of Stringybarks and others. It represents the southern limit of distribution of lronbarks, with rainforest patches in the sheltered gullies. several plants, and provides refuge for several rare species. Some has been thinned or cleared for grazing. Whilst, by virtue of its low rainfall and types of soils, it The area is hilly to rugged. The only similar area in the contains quite a number of western species. many reserve proposals is the neighbouring Moonibung (C 1 0), interesting coastal plants are found in the sheltered micro environments. These are normally found in the margins of C12. WEN1WORTH SWAMPS NATU RE RESERVE coastal rainforest. location: Between Maitland and Kurri Kurri Whilst the area has quite good scenic values, these are Area : Approximately 1840 acres perhaps not as impressive as the grand scale of the Type : Open freshwater swamp sandstone plateau to the south, the proposed Hunter Na.tional Park. They do, in fact, abut on this latter area and This is the largest remaining waterfowl refuge upstream could be included within the park if the region were from Hexham. It has for long been regarded as a complete 27 appropriately zoned. Otherwise the category of Nature Re- sanctuary. A wide variety of birds congregate ih large numbers at times. Unfortu nately all tree and shrub cover The mangroves provide a haven for a rich and varied animal has been removed except on the southern end. In order to population ranging from crustaceans and other marine bring it back to optimum value for wildlife, vegetative cover animals which are vital to the food chain of many will need to be restored. commercial species of fish, throtJgh to a varied array of It will be important to ensure that pollution from Kurri Kurri birds (Jones 1967, McNay 1968). This is the only area rec­ and especially from the Alcan refinery is kept to a minimum. ommended as a Nature Reserve in the Hunter delta because of its protected situation, though the preservation It is considered that the land should be purchased by the of mangroves otherwise than as Nature Reserves is vitally Crown and declared a Nature Reserve, but in any case it necessa ry . should be strictly zoned to prevent further deterioration. EXISTING GEOLOGICAL RESERVES C 13. FUllERTON COVE NATURE RESERVE It is felt that the following three areas and possibly others Location: Northern arm of Port Hunter like them, are in need of permanent protection. Whilst it would be undesirable to attract too much attention to such Area : Approximately six square miles areas, the protection afforded by the Crown lands The Cove, with a half mile belt of mangroves around its Consolidation Act is not sufficient. Nature Reserve status perimeter, is the largest remaining mangrove area on the would give these areas the protection they deserve. Hunter River for which there are no present plans for devel­ opment. However, a recent proposal for sand extraction and C14. FOSSil TREES RESERVE, FASSIFERN ultimate residential development in the area could present a Location: Abutting Portion 23, Parish of Awaba, on the major threat. The cove is shallow and little used. A levee is foreshores of lake Macquarie. being constructed on the landward side to prevent flooding in the surrou nding areas, but this would probably not affect the ecology of the mangrove zone. The main threat to the management of this area would appear to be pollution from industry .

Mangroves fringing Fullerton Cove and the associated mud flats are rich in birdlife.

28 Area : 4} acres The area is freehold; it should be acquired and dedicated as a Nature Reserve as soon as possible. Reserve for Fossil Trees under Crown Lands Consolidation Act. C2 1. PIPECLAY CREEK NATU RE RESERVE C15. WARNERS BAY FOSSIL INSECT RESERVE Location : At the western end of Port Stephens Location: Parts of Portions 179, 107 and 180, Parish of Area : Approximately 11 square miles Kahibah. These undisturbed estuarine swamps are among the most Area : 41 acres 2 roods (surface and to depth of 50 feet) extensive in the Hunter Region and among the most inter­ esting geographically along the coast. The meander of Fossil Reserve under Crown Lands Consolidation Act. Pipeclay Creek, particularly, is an excellent example of its kind. The salt marshes are of biological importance. The PROPOSED ADDITIONAL RESERVES region generally has quite a diversity from sclerophyll forest C16. SEAHAM GEOLOGICAL RESERVE through fresh and saltwater swamps to large shallow bays Location: Near Seaham village of rich potential as oyster beds and fish nurseries. The pres­ ence of oyster farmers offers little or no threat biologically, These folded glacial warve shales are used by Newcastle providing that the community does not expand significantly. University and schools for study purposes and have histori­ The catchment of much of the area is protected as State cal associations with Professor Sir Edgeworth David. and private forest. C17. WALLABADAH ROCK NATU RE RESERVE The area would make an excellent field study centre to provide for students in biology, ecology, geography and Location : On spur of Liverpool Range, almost due north of environmental studies generally. The preferred tenure type Murrurundi. for the area would be Nature Reserve, for the above Wallabadah rock is a Tertiary volcanic rock which towers purposes. It is not generally speaking the type of area with almost 800 feet above the creek bed and displays remark­ wide appeal as sandflies, mud and mangroves repel the able structural features. The area surrounding it has unique casual visitor. No further interference with the area, as is geological features, namely, a sequence of Tertiary lavas being occasioned by rutile mining in the south western cor­ and interlava sediments and an occurrence of eclogite­ ner of Pipeclay Creek estuary, should be allowed (Dorman material from deep within the earth. 1971).

C18. TIMOR CAVES NATU RE RESERVE C22 MANOBALAI NATU RE RESERVE (Existing) Location : On Isaacs Creek, due east of Murrurundi Location: North of Sandy Hollow ' Timor Caves are the only limestone caves in the Hunter Area : 7205 acres Valley and are worthy of conservation although they are not This reserve is already in existence and is an eastern outlier remarkably ornamented. They are interesting, safe caves for of the Lees Pinch Land System. beginners in cave exploration. Geologically they are inter­ esting for the fossil content of the limestone and for the structural features therein. In the surrounding valley, D. OPEN SPACE OF REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE impressive stands of Xanthorrhoea grow on the outcropping D 1. BLACKBUTT RESERVE (Existing) limestone. These are huge specimens of great age, many festooned with persistent leaves almost to the ground - a Location : Between New Lambton and Kotara - inner sight seldom seen in specimens exposed to more frequent Newcastle suburbs burning. Area : 370 acres This former water reserve became a reserve for public recre­ This area of natural bushland on the eastern slope of the ation and preservation of caves in 1970. Some private New Lambton ridge is visible from a large part of inner lands would have to be added to protect all the caves. Newcastle. Its importance as a quiet recreation area in the heart of this urban area cannot be overstated. Its visual C19. BURNING MOUNTA IN NATURE RESERVE contribution to the Newcastle skyline is of equal importance Location : Immediately west of the town of Wingen, north as is the preservation of the tree cover in the adjoining of Scone. residential areas. It is threatened by a Department of Main Roads expressway proposal. (See Blackbutt Action This area is unique in Australia. A coal seam crops out over Committee, n.d.) a distance of six to eight miles. Along five' miles of this outcrop the coal has burnt to undetermined depths. The D2. FLAGGY CREEK RESERVE (Existing) effect of baking of the adjacent rocks is mineralogically unique and the collapse structural features are of equal Location: East of Kahibah importance. Area : 300 acres Associated with the coastal Nature Reserves C3 and 4 C20. BOW WOW CREEK NATURE RESERVE recommended in this report, it forms a natural buffer Location : Near Mulbring between the latter and the adjoining suburban Area : 1730 acres development. The area is much used for picnics and children's bushwalks and is adjacent to the large Boy The chief significance of the area lies in the exposure of Scouts' complex at Glenrock Lagoon. beds of high geological significance, viz., prolific marine fossils of the Muree Beds (Upper Permian) excellent for the D3. FLORAVILLE RESERVE study of paleo-ecology. There is also quite a good sample of rainforest. Timbergetters have commenced operations Location: Between Windale, Floraville and Belmont 29 recently and could soon destroy the area. Area : 250 acres Pipeclay Creek meanders through esturineswamps showing the zonation of plant communities characteristic of these environments. The effect of (utile mining is obvious immediately beyond.

Coastal headlands and attractive beaches backed by win dswept heath south of Newcastle is typical of areas included in C3. 02 and 08.

30 This proposed reserve is similar in character to Blackbutt of the northern half of the lake. The proposed Sydney­ Reserve and is suitably located, in the centre of the rapidly Newcastle expressway passes through this area. It is developing suburban areas east of Lake Macquarie, to recommended that the area between the expressway and satisfy similar needs. The Crown Land sections of this the lake be made an open space reserve, while the tree proposal have been agreed to but the remaining 150 acres cover on the ridge between the expressway and the existing are of equal importance so that the steep and visually Pacific Highway should be retained by means of tree important ridges can be protected. preservation orders and appropriate zoning. The lakeside reserve should be extended in the south to connect with the LAKE MACQUARIE proposed Frazer Park extensions (see Setchel! 1968, This body of water constitutes one of the major recreation P,A. l). Open cut mining in this vicinity must not be facilities in the Newcastle/Lake Macquarie urban complex, permitted to extend over the ridge line from the eastern side as well as traditionally absorbing a holiday influx of visitors of the Highway, as it would devastate this important visual from the lower Hunter Valley towns and, with increased aspect of the lake. mobility, from much further afield. While a number of small reserves and camping areas have in the past been sufficient 08. PINNIE BEACH - SHARK HOLE for these needs, it is imperative that areas of significant Location : Between Catherine Hill Bay and Caves Beach proportions be set aside to allow access for visitors and and west to approximately � mile from the sea, residents in much greater numbers than at present. Area : Approximately one square mile The only significant existing reserves on the shores of the Geology : Teralba Conglomerate Lake are Croudace Bay, Speers Point, Wangi and Point Particular features of interest include two deep narrow Wolstoncroft. It is recommended that the undermentioned gorges (one referred to as 'The Gorge") caused bv proposals be ultimately incorporated into a Lake Macquarie weathering of dykes, one of the largest sea-formed caves State Park (see page 20). on the New South Wales coast and one of the few safe, rough weather spots for rock fishermen in the Newcastle 04. CARDIFF POINT area. A large rock pool about 200 yards x 100 yards open Location: Between Valentine and Belmont to the sea and known locally as the Shark Hole, is used Area : 500 acres extensively by underwater groups for training beginners. Centrally located on the eastern side of the Lake, this There are also several unusual rock formations and a very forested ridge rising from the lake shore is of major visual picturesque rocky beach which adjoins a proposed large significance in contrast to the surrounding residential port and industrial area (Dorman et al. 1968). development. It would give ample space for camping and 09. FENNINGHAMS ISLAND AND MUD POINT good access to the lake from the main res idential areas of Newcastle. It is strategically located in relation to the Location : At the mouth of Tilligerry Creek, Port Stephens existing and proposed arterial traffic routes on the eastern Area : Approximately 1100 acres side of Lake Macquarie. This island and associated peninsular provides a variety of habitats and plant zonation - making it useful as a study 05. QUIGlEV'S ESTATE area for school students in science and geography, Location : Between Marmong Point and Bolton Point Area : 200 acres This low forested ridge parallel to the lake edge, from which it rises abruptly, contributes significantly to the lake PORT STEPHENS shorescape. It is well located on the north-western side of The Trust places particular importance on the need to con­ the lake for general access. sider the Port Stephens area as an entity having great environmental integrity. This characteristic comes through 06. RATH MINES clearly in aerial views of the regio�; when the unity of the Location : Central,ly placed on the western side of the lake area between Karuah and the heads including the land be­ tween Tomago, the Port, Tilligerry Creek and the ocean Area : 140 acres becomes apparent. This sector of coastline is in many ways The disused seaplane base of Rathmines was purchased by unrivalled along the New South Wales seaboard. the Lake Macquarie Council in 1964. The present proposal Furthermore, it is still relatively undeveloped and unspoilt. is to subdivide the area, leaving approximately half of it as The opportunity clearly still exists for the preparation of a open space. The whole site offers an excellent opportunity comprehensive policy for the Port Step hens area before for intensive recreational use and public access on the pressure fo rchange becomes irresisti ble (Dorman 197 1). western side of the lake, and should be reserved for this purpose. The existing buildings and facilities on the site, including recreation hall, hospital, dormitory block, officers' mess: sporting ovals, roads and paved areas, concrete The Widdin Valley forming part of the proposed South West Scenic launching ramp, etc., are an asset for this purpose. Preserve penetrates 20 miles into the proposed HunterNational Park whose rugged escarpments provide a spectacular backdrop 07. SWANSEA TO NORDS WHARF lO the stud farms along Widdin Brook. Location : South-eastern side of the lake Area : One square mile Few fo rested areas of significant size remain on the eastern side of The forested ridge rising south of Swansea, when combined Lake Macquarie north ofSwansea. The proposed Cardiff Point with Pulbah Island and Pt. Wolstoncroft, forms a quiet area reserve is visually important and would provide recreation 31 in contrast with the res idential development characteristic facilities for the fu ture. 32 The preparation of such a plan would involve a S2. WOLLOMBI VALLEY SCENIC PRESERVE comprehensive study of the various development possi­ This valley provided the first land route into the Hunter bilities for the Port and its hinterland. These include the fol­ Valley and contains numerous historic relics. This scenic lowing ;- preserve is complementary to the State Park classification a. Development as a tourist and recreation area including recommended fOl' the upper section of Wollombi Brook and substantial residential provisions related to the city of the surrounding plateau country. Newcastle. b. Development as an industrial and maritime centre. S.3 POKOLBIN SCENIC PRESERVE c. Development for extractive industries. The spt!ctacular growth of the wine industry in the Hunter d. Limited development in certain areas with conservation Valley also provides a great tourist potential. A beautiful of the existing natural environment as a primary area, it is overlooked from the vantage points along the objective. Broken Back Range a few miles from Cessnock. From these The Trust believes that any decision to move in one of the lookouts unsurpassed views of the Lower Hunter Valley can above directions without a proper study of the other be gained with the vineyards of Pokolbin in the foreground. alternatives would be improper and would be contrary to the stated intention to prepare a plan for the Hunter Region 54. MULBRING VALLEY SCENIC PRESERVE generally. Furthermore a narrowly conceived decision to This picturesque small scale farming area immediately west allow industrial development for short term gain may well of the Sugarloaf Range at the foot of the sandstone prejudice the long term future of the whole sector. In addi­ escarpment of the Watagans, provides a beautiful fore­ tion, such developments would probably seriously interfere ground to the magnificent views to be gained from lookouts with many of the natural features of the area - features on the surrounding hills. which are themselves assets of great value in tourist and conservation terms. S5. BOLWARRA FLATS SCENIC PRESERVE The Trust would of course be eager to contribute to the This area of rich river flats presents a beautiful mosaic of fo rmulation of a plan for the Port Stephens area. Until such varied market gardens and fodder crops, when viewed from a plan is prepared the Trust puts forward the following views the adjoining low hills. Dotted with traditional timber farm relative to the development in Port Step hens : buildings the area has a visual character unusual in the Firstly, all the islands in and adjacent to the Port area Australian environment. should be preserved in their natural state. S6. STROUD SCENIC PRESERVE Secondly, residential de,velopment should be confined to discrete areas and not to be permitted to spread Stroud is the historic village which formed the centre of the haphazardly around the Port. Australian Agricultural Company activities in N.S.W. and nestles in a beautiful farming valley extending from Booral Thirdly, future private waterfront ownership and devel­ in the south to Gloucester in the north. Varied in character opment s�ould be forbidden. the valley provides a scenic tourist road leading north from Fourthly, major developments of any kind should not be the Hunter Valley. allowed unless it can be shown that they will not lead to a deterioration of the natural environment which forms the S7. NORTH EASTERN SCENIC PRESERVE basic fra mework for human activities in the region. This scenic preserve covers the farming valleys of the Williams, Chichester, Allyn and Paterson Rivers within the foothills of the Barrington Plateau. Supplementing the E. PROPOSED SCENIC PRESERVES National Park, the valleys provide beautiful approach routes leading into this major conservation area. The following areas constitute environments which require conservation because of their high scenic quality or their S8. MOONAN FLAT SCENIC PRESERVE relation to other important reserve proposals. This area gives access to the western escarpment of the It is envisaged that the required protection could be Barrington Plateau and in conjunction with the water afforded these areas by extending the existing control on catchment reserve and Glenbawn Lake itself, offers a land use in non-urban zones, or by appropriate legislation. considerable tourist potential. The visual quality of the area S1. SOUTH WEST SCENIC PRESERVE is considerable and representative of the drier sections of This includes the valleys penetrating deeply into the the valley. proposed Hunter National Park which are of particularly fine scenic quality, contrasting strongly with the rugged sandstone escarpments surrounding them. The Widdin Valley with its horse and cattle studs on the rich pastures along the Widdin Brook provides some of the most spectacular scenery in the region. The preserve extends along the northern edge of the park south of the Goulburn and Hunter Rivers and would maintain the existing farming character adjoining the' park. An extension of this preserve is proposed along the Putty Road south from Bulga to the headwaters of Oarky Creek. This road forms an important route into the Hunter Valley and follows the narrow winding course of Darky Creek for some 15 miles before breaking out into the broad expanse 33 of the valley. APPENDIX 2 ABERGLASSLYN (see MAITLAND) ALLYNBROOK (242 1) Caergwrle & Outbuildings Group (C): c. 1 844. St. Mary's-on-Allyn (C) : 1845. BLANDFDRD (24 16) Historic Buildings Bickham (D): On Page's River; 1870s-1 B80s. Harben Vale Shearing Shed (C) : Timor Road; 1907. St. Luke's (C) : c. 1883. In the compilation of the REGISTER OF HISTO RIC BOORAl (249 1) BUILDINGS of which this is an extract the following six Booral House (B) : 6m. south of Stroud; 1833. classifications have been used :- The Gables (D) : Millbrook Road; 1850. "A" Buildings having great historical significance or St. Barnabas' (D): 1873. high architectural quality, the preservation of which BRANXTON (2330) is regarded as essential to the heritage of the State. Courthouse and Police Station (D) : "Potential A" Buildings having a potential for "A" Dalwood (B): 1830. classification except for their present condition. Dalwood Winery (C) : c. 1835. "B" Buildings which are highly significant, the preserva­ Police Residence (D): tion of which is strongly recommended. St. John's (C) : Architect -J. Horbury Hunt; 1881. "C" Buildings which are of considerable interest, the BULAHDELAH preservation of which should be encouraged. Former Courthouse (D): "0" Buildings of sufficient interest to be recorded . BULGA (2330) "0" Objects of Interest. Mount Leonard (C): c. 1879. CAMBERWELL (2330) In determining classifications of buildings regard is paid to St. Clement's Falbrook (C): 1843. the degree in which they possess one or more of the CLARENCETOWN (232 1) following characteristics:- Courthouse (C) : Grey Street; 1868. Historical : Scene of great events in the development of Former Commercial Inn (D) : Rifle Street. the country. Association with a famous person or family. Fotheringay (C) : c. 18805. Demonstration of a way of life of a past period. Holly Dean (D) : c. 1856- 1 880. Architectural : Excellence of design and craftsmanship of Hua Tsa (B): King Street; c. 1840. the period and style. Extent of original workmanship and Post Office (D) : Grey Street; c. 1880. material. Rarity of type. Architectural significance from an DEN MAN (2328) historical point of view. In general, what may be termed the Building on outskirts (C). "inner content'" of a building. State of preservation. Courthouse (Police Station) (C) : c. 1870. Site of Buildings : Beauty and authenticity of landscape. Merton (D): 1880s- 1890s? Integration with urban or rural environment. Pickering (B): Off Merriwa Road (Main House, 1898; Service Wing, pre c. 1827; Slab Hut earlier). Educational Value to the Community. St. Matthias' (B): Architect-J. Horbury Hunt; 1874. The classifications and the criteria by which they are DUDLEY assessed follow the system recommended by the Australian Public School and Headmaster's House Group (D): Council of National Trusts and are standard in each State of 1892. the Commonwealth. DUNGOG (2420) It is emphasised that the Register is not fully Cangon (8): 185Ds- 1880s. comprehensive, as the survey by the Historic Buildings C.B.C. (C) : Dowling and Hooke Streets ; prior 1892. Committee has not yet been completed. Information about Courthouse (D) : c. 1870? additional buildings which may be considered worthy of The Manse (D): 23 Dowling Street. classification is welcomed, as is additional information Melbee (C):c. 1874- 1890. about buildings in the REGISTER. For example, the dates School of Arts (Historical Society's Museum) (C): attributed to the buildings are based on the best information Dowling Street. available at the time of classification, but it is appreciated Victoria Hall (Facade) (C): 1896. that these may not be correct in all cases. EAST MAITLAN 0 (see t following MAITLAN D) GDSFDRTH Anambah House (C) : 1880. GRESFORD (242 1) Cawarra and Outbuildings (C): 18405, 1853. St. Anne's (D) : 1898. GUNDY (2337) Bellevue (C): North-east of Scone; c. 1872. Elmswood (D) : c. 1890s. HAMilTON (2303) St. Peter's Church (C): Architect - J. Horbury Hunt; 1884-1885. HINTON (232 1) Baptist Church (D). Old House in Main Street (0). Police Station (D), Rosemount (C) : first portion, 1830s; second portion, 1870 .14 St. John the Evangelist Church (C) : c. 1864. Cottages (D): High Street. School of Arts (D): 1869. Freemasons' Hall (D) : George Street. JERRY·S PLAINS(2330) Police Station (C). Arrowfield (D) : c. 1832. R.C. Church (D). Inn (Ruins) (D). St. Jame' Church (B): Architects - E. C. Close, 1837; Plashett (C) : 1850s. Edmund Blacket (Chancel!, 1864; J. Horbury Hunt St. James' Church of England (C) : Architect - J. Horbury (new roof and sanctuary), 1875. Hunt; 1882. St. James Hall (D) : 1849. Strowan (C): Architect- Oswald Lewis; c. 1860. St. James' Rectory (D): 1843. LOCHINVAR (2320) Former Shops and Warehouses (D) : East End. St. Helena Cottage (C) : 1869. MURRURUNDI (2338) Windermere (D) : 1821-1884. Bobadil House (C) : Mayne Street; 1842-1843 . MAITLAN D (2320) Bridge House (C) : Mayne Street; c. 1852. Aberglassl yn (A) : Roehampton near Maitland; foundation Civic Group (8) stone 1840. Courthouse and Police Station; A.N .Z. Bank (C) : 437 High Street; 1870. c. 1860. Bank of N.S.W. (D) : 373 High Street; Architect Gaol and Police Residence: Edmund Blacket; 1858. c. 1860. Benevolent Society Building (C) : Regent Street; 1884. St. Paul's Church: Architect - J. Horbury Hunt Cintra (C) : 34 Regent Street; c. 1880. (excepl lower) ; 1872-1877. C.B.e.Bank (B): High Street; Architects - Mansfield S1. Paul's Rectory : Bros.; 1887. 1858. Family Hotel (D) : New England Highway; 1860. J. Dooley General Store (D). Foster's Farm (The Bridge House) (B): 1 Newcastle Glenalvon (C): 1916. Street; 1829. Glenalvon Old Cottage (C) . Grossman House and Brough House Group (B): Church Glenalvon Stables (B) : 1860s. Street; 1862. 2 Mayne Street (D). 224 High Street (C): 1864. Old Post Office (C): 18641 Marist Brothers' Primary School (D) : Cathedral Street; R.C. Churchl(D): Polding Street; c. 1855-64. Architect - Mortimer Lewis; 1844- 1846. Royal Hotel (D) : Mayne Street; marked 1868. Post Office (Cl : High Street; Architect - James Barnet; White Hart Inn (D): licensed 1842 . occupied - 1881. MUSWELLBROOK ;2333) Presbyterian School Building (C) : Freechurch Street; Atherstone (D) : Sowerby Street; Architect - Waiter 1855. Pender; 1887. Roman Catholic Cathedral (D): HighStreet. Balmoral (D): 1 fm. out on Denman Road; Architects - Church of St. Mary and Rectory (8) : Church Street; Reuss& Brown ;c. 18705. Architect of the church - Edmund Slacket; church, 'Barber"s Shop (C). 1860-1 867; rectory, 1881 . Brentwood (D) : Architect -J. Horbury Hunt; 1893. St. Paul·s (C): Architect - William White; 1858. Brighton Villa (C): HunterTerrace; 18705. St. Paul·s Belfry(B): Architect -A. C. Lee; 1888. Chain of Ponds Hotel (C) : On Old Single ton Road; Scots' Presbyterian Church (D) : Freechurch Street; opened - 1840s. 1846- 1 849. Cheerwood (C): Denman Road ; c. 1900. EAST MAITLAN D (2320) Church of England Sunday School (0): Hunter Terrace. 40 Banks Street (C) : c. 1830s. Eaton·s Hotel (C): Bridge Street; before- 1860. "Caroline Chisholm Barracks" (D). Edinglassie and Stables (C) : Denman Road; Architect _ Courthouse (C): Architect- Mortimer Lewis; 1 866. Stables -J. Horbury Hunt; 1890s. Magistrate's House (D): Flinders Street. lan Boyle Estate Agency (D): Sydney Street; pre- 1860. Matthew Talbot House (D) : 36 Bank Street; c. 1840s. Loxton House (C) : 142 Bridge Street; c. 1838. Melville (C) : Melville Ford; 1839. Manse (D) : cnr. Hill and Sowerby Streets. The Old Manse (D): Fitzroy Street; 1848. Masonic Hall (D). Police Station and Sergeant's Residence (C): c. 1870- Methodist Church (D). 1880. Post Office (C) : completed 1885. Post Office (C) : Day Street; c. 1875. Former Presbyterian Church (now Sunday School) (D). Roseneath (B): Day Street; c. 1838. Presbytery (D) : Sowerby Street; marked 1896. Church of St. Peter (C) : Architect - Chancel - Edmund Railway Station (D): 1869. Blacket, completed Cyril Blacket; 1875-1885. Riverside Caravan Park (C) : Mill Street; c. 1841. St. Peter's Parish Hall and Curate's Residence (D): Bank St. Alban·s Church of England and fence and belfry (B): Street; 1829- 1 830. Architect - G. Gilbert Scott (supervised by J. Horbury MARTIN DALE Hunt!, Belfry-J. Horbury Hunt; 1864. Martindale (C) : Martindale via Denman (Brick service St. Alban'S Rectory (0): Architect - J. Horbury Hunt; c. wing, 1840s; two-storey wing, 1860s; two-storey 1881. stone wing, 1890s). St. Alban's School and Teacher"s Residence (C): MORPETH (232 1) Architect -J. Horbury Hunt; 1874. Former Bond Stores Group (C) : Swan Street; c. 1850. St. Helier"s (C): McCully"s Gap Road; c. 1900. Church of England Conference Centre (Closebourne) (C) : St. James' R.C. Church (C) : Architect - James Hicks; c. 1826. foundation stone 1911. C.B.C. Bank (C) : Architects - Mansfield Bros.; c. 1889. St. John's Presbyterian Church (C) : foundation stone 35 Former Courthouse (C): Swan Street; c. 1861. 1913. St. Mary's School (formerly Skellatar) and Stables Group RAYMOND TERRACE (2324) (C) : end of Forbes Street; Architects - Blacket and Geer House (C) : 7 Hunter Street; c. 1845. Sons 1884. Gothic Cottage (D) : Hunter Street ; c. 1850. NEWCASTLE (2300) 33 Hunter Street (D) : 1850s? Air Force Club (C) : 129 Scott Street; 1892. Junction Inn (D) : cnr. Hunter and William Streets; Baptist Tabernacle (C) : Laman Street; 1889. 18405. Beacon Tower (C) : Tyrrell and Church Streets. Kinross (B): 18405. Berkeley House, The Deanery (D) : 46 Newcomen Street. St. Brigid's (D) : William and Irrawang Streets; c. 1862. Boltons (Terrace) (C) : off Church Street. St. Brigid's Presbytery (C) : William Street; 1891. Christ Church Cathedral (A) : Church Street; Architect - St. John's Church (C) : Sturgeon Street; Architect - J. Horbury Hunt; 1885-1902 . Edmund Blacket; 18605. Christ Church Parish Hall (formerly the pro-Cathedral) St. John's Rectory (B): Sturgeon Street; c. 1840. (C) : Architect - J. HorbUiY Hunt. 2-storeyed wooden house (D); Swan Street; 1880s? Church Street Terrace (C) : Watt to Bolton Streets; c. SCONE (2337) 1890. Belltrees (and outbuildings) (B): Belltrees; homestead, Civic Group (A) : 1906- 1907 ; outbuildings earlier. Department of Public Works : Hunter and Watt Chivers (B): New England Highway; c. 1836. Streets; 1872. C.B.C.Bank (D): Kelly and Liverpool Streets. Police Station : Hunter Street; Architect - Mortimer Geraldton (C) : Kelly Street; 1856. Lewis; 18405. Former Grammar School (C) : Kingdon Street; founda­ Post Office: Hunter & Bolton Sts.; Architect - Waiter tions prior 1850. Vernon; 1903. Harper's Boot Factory (D) : Guernsey and St. Aubin Coal Memorial (0) : c. 1909. Streets; between 1867 and 1878. Court Chambers (C) : Architect - E. C. Yeomans; 1898. Historical Society's Museum (former Police Station) (C) : Courthouse (B) : Church and Bolton Streets; 1890. Kingdon Street; 1870. Croased (D) : Newcomen Street. Hospital (D): Smith Street; 1875. Customs House (B) : Bond Street; Architect - James Invermien (B): 1820s. Barnet; 1876-77. 25-3 1 Kelly Street (C). East Newcastle Public School (C) : Bolton Street; 1908- Monument for Commonwealth (0): Kelry Street; 1900- 1912. 1901. Fort Scratchley (B):c. 1882. Old Court Theatre and former 1st Courthouse (C): Archi­ Jesmond House and Tower (C) : cnr. Barker and tect - Mortimer Lewis; Theatre 1882 , 1 st Courthouse Ordnance Streets; 1870s-1 880s. 1848- 1 849, kitchen wing 1860. The Obelisk (0). Old Presbyterian Church (D). Psychiatric Centre (Medical Superintendent's Residence) Old Presbyterian Manse (D); 1850s or earlier. (D) : Watt Street; 1849. Old R.e. Church and Convent (C) : Kingdon and Hill St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church (C) : Architect - B. Streets ; Convent 1888. Menken ; 1889. Old School of Arts (C) : Kingdon Street; marked 1888, St. John's (C) : Parry and Dawson Streets; begun 1857. but built a few years earlier. Technical College (C) : 66 Hunter Street; 1894. Post Office (D) : 1879. Trades Hall (C) : 68 Hunter Street; 1895. Presbyterian Manse (D); Main Street; 1892. Warehouse (Bebarfald's) (D): Keightley Street. Presbytery (D) : Kingdon Street. Warehouse (former R. Hall & Son) (C) : Scott Street. Railway Station (D) : 1881. Warehouse (former Oavid Cohen) (C) : Bolton Street; Ar- St. Aubin's (C) : near Scone; original house 1832, chitect - Maurice B. Halligan. present house marked 1888. Warehouse (Rundles) (D): 155-161 Scott Street; c. St. Luke's and Rectory (C): Liverpool and Hill Streets; 1900. marked 1883 on gatepost. Wombah Flats (D): 46-48 Telford Street; 1905. Segenhoe (B): c. 1827. Turanville (C): near Scone; 1870s- 1 880s. PATERSON (242 1) Upper Hunter R.S.L. Club (D) : Guernsey Street; 1861- Annandale (C) : 3 King Street; c. 1860. 1863. Cottage adjacent Oddfellows Hall (D): Church Street. 5 EAHAM (232 1) C.B.C. Bank (C). 51. Andrew's (D) : dedicated 1 860. Commercial Hotel (D): Prince Street. SINGLETON (2330) Courthouse (C) : King Street; 1866. Alexander Alien's Residence (D) : Dangar Road; 18905. Duninald (B): c. 1860- 1890. All Saints' Church (C) : Architect Castleton; 1912. Former Hotel (D) : opposite C.B .C., 13 King Street. All Saints' Mausoleum (0). Noumea (C) : 4 Prince Street. All Saints' Rectory (C) : Architect - Benjamin Backhouse; Oddfellows Hall (D): Church Street; 1865. 1875. Post Office (D): King and Dark Streets; occupied 1885. All Saints Sunday School (D): 18405. 51. Ann's Presbyterian Church (C) : Main Road; c. 1841. Arderseir (D) : on main road to Singleton; 1 8605. St. Paurs Church (C) : 1839. Bank of N.S.W. (D) : George and Market Streets. St. Paul's Rectory (C) : Prince and Dark Streets. Baroona (B): Whittingham; Architects - 1869 work Tocal (A) : c. 1839. Benjamin Backhouse, 1871 and after, J. Horbury PORT STEPHENS Hunt, F. B. Jenkins and F. G. Castleden; 1827-69- Carrington Youth Hostel (formerly St. Andrew's) (D): 71. 1846. Barrymore Villas (D); John Street. Old Cottage (C) : 1824. Bebeah (D): Maitland Road; 1861. 36 Bel Glen (D) : 4 Elizabeth Street; 1869. Post Office (C) : lower half 1839. Caledonian Hotel (C) : George Street; 1849. St. John the Evangelist (B): Architect - Edmund Blacket; Club House Hotel (C): John Street (verandah only). C.B.C. (D): George Street; 1868. 1846- 1849. Council Chambers (C) : George Street; 1866. St. Michael's the Archangel R.C. Church (D) : Architect - Courthouse (B): Elizabeth Street; Architect - James B. Polding; 1840. Barnet; 1868. Store (01. erail (D): end of Hawe Street. WOODVILLE (232 1) Criterion Hotel (0): marked "re-opened 1925", All Saints' (C) : 1863- 1864. George Street shop (0). Dunmore House (B) : cnr. Maitland, Paterson and Larg's­ 9 George Street (D) : 1870s or 1880s. Morpeth Roads; 1830- 1833. 88 George Street (C): 1884. Stradbroke House (B): 1840- 1900, Geraldine (C): 28 High Street; 1847. Glendon (C) : Scott's Flat; c. 1827. In addition to the above classified buildings the Greenwood (C) ; Greenwood Lane; 1889 . Conservation and Landscape Committee of the Hunter Hambledon Hill (D): near Singleton; 1865. Regional Committee has nominated the following. These Historical Museum (Cl : Burdekin Park; brick portion had not been considered by the Historic Buildings 1899, stone ponion 1841. Committee or the Trust Council when the report went to Hotel Percy (D) : 1892. press. Kangory (D): on road to Middle Falbrook, near BOOLAROO (2284). Nundah; c. 1870s. Council Chambers : Speers Point Road; 1914. Lyric Flats (formerly Fitzroy Inn) (C) : John and George BRANXTON (2330) Streets;c. 1841, wing 1861. Police Station : Cessnock Road; 1890. Merah (former Australian Joint Stock Bank) (DJ : Archi­ Public School : Cliff Street; 1893. tect - Thomas Rowe: c. 1860. CESSNOCK (2325) Minimba h (Cl : Whittingham; Architect Benjamin Marthaville: Wollombi Road; 1889 . Backhouse; 1877. Courthouse: Wollombi Road; 1913. Morrison's Building (C) : 256 John Street; Architect COORANBONG (2265) Thomas Rowe; marked 1866. Post Office: Kings Road; 1881- Obelisk Memorial for Boer War (O) : unveiled 1903. Catholic Church: Kings Road; 1905. Patrick's Plains Council Chambers (D) : 1911. HINTON (232 1) Pelerin (C): off Dight Avenue; c. 18805. Hotel Victoria : c. 1880. Railway Station (D): 1863. Public School : 1877. Ravensworth (B): Ravensworth; c. 1835. LAM BTON (2299) Showground Pavilion etc. (8): Bathurst Street; Architect Congregational Church: Dickson Street; 1869. - Pender c: 1868. Post Office: Dickson Street; c. 1880. Warromean (C) : Scott's Flat; Architect - Thomas Silk; c. LARGS (232 1) 1910. Catholic Presbytery: John Street; c. 1890. 38 William Street (D): c. 1850. Anglican Church: George Street; 1900. STROUD (2425) LOCHINVAR (2320) Courthouse (D) : c. 1860. Anglican Church: 1890. Post Office (C) : c. 1880s. MAITLAN 0 (2320) St. John the Evangelist Group (B): A.J.S. Bank (old Library) : High Street; 1881. St. John the Evangelist Church; 1833. Convent buildings: Victoria Stree�; c. 1880. Cemetery. Courthouse: High Street; 1895. Church Hall. Oareel, Bolwarra : 1860. Hall: 1833. Font Hill, Farley: 1836. Rectory:18 36. Repertory Playhouse: High Street: 1854-1857. Quambi: 1831. Walcha Pumping Station : c. 1880. Stroud House (B): 1826. Walli House: New England Highway; c. 1850. TOMAGO (2322) Y.M.C.A. building: High Street; 1888. Tomago House (B): 1843. EAST MAITLAN D (2323) VACY (242 1) 14 Bank Street: c. 1850. St. John's (D): dedicated 1887. Gaol : 1880. WARKWORTH (2330) George and Dragon Hotel. Clifford (D): early 1830s. Public School: William Street; 1882 . Hotel (may be The Three Brothers) Ruins (D). MOR PETH (232 1) St. Phillip's (D) : 1856. Royal Hotel : Swan Street. Wambo (B): two-storeyed house 18305, later house c. Railway Station : Swan Street. 1843. MORISSET (2264) WINGEN (24 16) Station Masters Residence: c. 1887. Abbotsford (D) : c. 1840s. NULKABA (2325) Cliffdale (C) : near Parkville; 1850s-1 860s, later part St. Patrick's (Catholic) : Allendale Road; 1892. 1869-1 878. Convent: Allendale Road; 1888. WOLLOMBI (2325) PORT STEPHENS Courthouseand Police Station (C): Architect - Mortimer Tanilba House: Tanilba; c. 1860. Lewis; commenced 1866. RAYMOND TERRACE (2324) 37 Laguna House (C): Old North Road: 1831. Courthouse: William Street; c. 1880. House: 5 Hunter Street; c. 1880. 5t. John's School Hall : Jacaranda Street; c. 1840. SINGLETON (2330) Abbey Green : Putty Road; c. 1840- 1870. Post Office : George Street; c. 1870. Public School: Hunter Street; 1876. TERALBA (2284) Public School and Residence: 1899. Railway Station, Residence and Signal Box: 1887. TORONTO (2283) Hotel: 1887. Public School : 1890. WALLSEND (2287) Commercial Hotel: Nelson Street; c. 1890. Post Office: Tyrrell Street, c. 1880. Police Residence: Harris Street; c. 1880. Public School: Ranclaud Street; 1884. Presbyterian Church: Nelson Street; 1864. Railway Engine Shed·: Cowper Street; c. 1890. St. Luke's Church of England: Metcalf Street; c. 1890. WEST WALLS END (2286) Museum Hotel and stables: 1887. Co-operative Store: 1891. WOLLOMBI (2325) School and Residence: Maitland Road; 1881. Mulla Villa : Maitland Road; 1840.

38 SIM, I. McH. et aI., 1968. Report of the Committee of References Enquiry on Differences and Conflicts between Interests of Parks and Conservation Authorities, Scientific Bodies and Mining Companies (N.S.W. Government Printer: BLACKBUTT ACTION COMMITTEE, n,d. Save Blackbutt: Sydneyl. The Case Against State Highway 23 Violating Blackbutr STATE PLANNING AUTHORITY, 1968. Sydney Region: Reserve (Blackbutt Action Committee: Newcastle) 52 pp. Outline Plan 108pp. BRAGGETT, E. J., 1966. From Convict Era to Modern THE NATIONAL TRUST OF AUSTRALIA (N.S.W.1. Tim es (Newcastle East School 1816-19661 (E. J, HUNTER REGION COMMITTEE, 1970. Hunter Valley Braggett: Newcastlel 96pp. 2000: Requirements for Conservation: Natural Areas, BUTLER, R. S., 1966. Applications for reservation of land Scenic Preservation, Recreation 50pp. (Interim Report.) as State Parks 1, 2 and 3 to Department of Lands, WATERHOUSE, D. R., 1969. A State Park Proposal for Maitland - Port Stephens Wildlife Conservation Society. South Eastern Lake Macquarie, N.S.W. 13pp. CLARKE, GAZZARD AND PARTNERS, 1969. National Park Proposal for the Myall Lakes (Myall ·Lakes Committee: Sydneyl 24pp. DORMAN, H. C., 1967. A proposal for the creation of a Nature Reserve - the Je wells Swamp, Redhead-Belmont General Bibliography area (Newcastle Flora & Fauna Protection Society : Newcastle). CAROLlN, R. C. and RECHER, H. F., 1969. Flora and fauna DORMAN, H. C., 1968. Extension to proposed Jewells of the sandy coast. National Parks Journal, July 1969: Swamp Nature Reserve. 17-20. DORMAN, H. C. et aI., 1968. National Park and Nature COFFEY, W. G., 1964,A Bibliography of the Hunter Valley Reserve Proposals ; Hunter Valley and Central Coast (Na­ Region, N.S. W. (Hunter Valley Research Foundation: tional Parks Association of N.S.W. (Hunter-Manning Newcastlel Mon�graph 19. Region) and Newcastle Flora & Fauna Protection C.S.I.R.D., 1959. Some aspects of the ecology of Lake Society : Newcastle) 26pp. Macquarie, N.S.W., with regard to an alleged depletion DORMAN, H. C" 1969. The Swamplands of Lake of fish. Australia n Journal of Marine and Freshwater Re­ Macquarie Hunter Natural History 1 (3) :49-60. search, 10(31:269-408. DORMAN, H. C., 1971. Towards the Concept of C.S.I.R.O., 1963. General Report on the Lands of the Environmental Planning: Objections to the Shire of Port Hunter Valley. L.�m d Research Series (comprising papers Stephens Planning Scheme Hunter Natural His tory, by R. Story, R. W. Galloway, R. H. M. van de Graaff, and 3(21:9 1-102. A. D. Tweediel. (C.S.I.R.O.: Melbournel 152 pp. + DORMAN, H. C., 1972. The Problem of Water Hunter Nat­ map. ural History, 4( 11:1 1 - 1 8. FRASER, LlLLIAN AND VICKERY, JOYCE W., 1937. The GALLOWAY, R. W., 1967. Pre-basalt, Sub-basalt and ecology of the upper Williams River and Barrington Tops Post-basalt Surfaces of the Hunter Valley, New South district. I. Introduction. Pro c. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., Wales. In Jennings & Mabbutt (Eds)Lan dform Studies in 62:269-83, 11., 1938. The rain-forest formations. Proc. Australia and New Guinea (ANU Press : Canberra). Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 63 :139-84, Ill., 1939. The eucalypt GOODRICK, G. N., 1970. A Survey of Wetlands of Coastal forests, and generat discussion. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., N.S.W. Technical Memorandum No. 5, C.S,I,R,O. Wild­ 64: 1-3. life Research 36 pp. HUNTER VALLEY RESEARCH FOUNDATION, 1968. The JONES, V., 1967. How do we Reckon the Value? Wildlife Hunter Valley Region (H,V.R.F.: Newcastlel 75pp. Service, 3(91 :2-4. NASHAR, B., 1964. The Geology of the Hunter Valley KEITH, K. & CALA8Y, J. H., 1968, New Holland Mouse, (Jacaranda Press : Brisbane) 96pp. Pseudomys novaehollandiae in the Port Stephens O'DONNELL, D., 1969. The History of Early Newcastle, District of N.S.W. C.S.I, R.O. Wildlife Research, 13:45- /800- /870 (Documents and IlIustrationsl (D. 48. O'Donnell: Newcastlel 52pp. KNIGHT, O. Le M., 1950, Fossil Insect Beds of Belmont, OSBORN, T. G. 8. and ROBERTSON, R. N., 1939. A N.S. W. Records of the Australian Museum XXII, 3. reconnaissance survey of the vegetation of the MyaU McDONALD, K" 1969. Statement supporting efforts made Lakes. Proc. Linn, Soc. N.S. w.,64:279-296. to preserve the vegetated dune sand of the One Mile RECHER, H. F., 1971. The Myall Lakes - Now and Beach area (Anna Bay) from beach sand mining. Tomorrow. Australian Natural His to'ry, 17(2) :34-39. The McNAY, W., 1968. Mangroves and their Fauna Australian Myall Lakes - Tomorrow. Australian .Natural History, Natural History, 16( 11:17 .2 1. 17(31:72-77. RECHER, H. F., 1969. Aspects of Fauna Conservation .on STORY, R., 1963. Supplementary notes on the vegetation the North Coast of New South Wales The National Parks of the Hunter Valley land systems. C.S.I.R.O. Division of Journal, July 1969, pp. 19-20. Land Research and Regional Survey, Technical RENWICK, C., 1964. Fifteen Targets for Investment in the Memorandum 63/1 . Hunter Valley (Hunter Valley Research Foundation: Various articles in Hunter Natural His tory, Journal of the Newcastle) . Newcastle Flora and Fauna Protection Society (K. SETCHELL, G. H., 1968. Sydney 2000: Requirements for McDonald, Ed.l, and Journal of Newcastle Historical Conservation of Natural Areas, Scenic Preservation and Society (no longer in publication) Recreation (The National Trust of Australia (N.S.W.): Sydneyl 39pp.

39 Index - State Park 8 Lambton, buildings 37 Largs, buildings 37 Lees Pinch - Murrumbo Nature Reserve 27 Liverpool Range Nature Reserve Aboriginal Relics 16 27 Lochinvar, buildings Allynbrook, buildings 34 35, 37 Maitland - buildings Army - use of lands 19,22 35, 38 - townscape Awaba Nature Reserve 25 13 Manobalai Nature Reserve Barrington Tops - Forestry policy 4, 9, 20 8, 29 Martindale, building - National Park 19 35 Mellong National Park Bibliography, General 39 22 Maonan Flat Scenic Preserve Birdwood Park 11 33 Moonibung Hill Nature Reserve Black Top Horst Nature Reserve 27 27 Morpeth - buildings Blackbutt Reserve 29 15, 35 - townscape Blandford , buildings 34 15 Morriset, building BoJwarra Flats Scenic Preserve 33 38 Mud Point 800ra', buildings 34 31 Mulbring Valley Scenic Preserve Bow Wow Creek Nature Reserve 25, 29 33 Murrurundi - buildings Branxton. buildings 34, 37 35 -townscape Broken Back Range 25, 33 16 Muswellbrook. buildings Bulahdelah, building 34 35 Myall Lakes National Park Bulga. building 34 21 Burning Mountain Nature Reserve 29 "National Park", Newcastle 11 Cam berwell .. building 34 National Parks 8, 19-22 Cardiff Point, Lake Macquarie 31 Nature Reserves 8,25-28 Catchment Areas 10 Newcastle - buildings 11,36 Cessnock, buildings 37 Post Office, Police Station, Public Works Complex 12 Civic Park. Newcastle 11, 13 - East foreshores 13 Clarencetown - buildings 34 Newcastle Bight Dunes Nature Reserve �6 -townscape 15 North Eastern Scenic Preserve 33 Coastal Waterways 7 Nulkaba, buildings 38 Colo National Park 22 Open Space of Regional Significance 8 Cooranbong. buildings 37 Paterson - buildings 36 Coulsons Creek State Park 23 - townscape 15 Cranky Corner Nature Reserve 27 Pinnie Beach - Shark Hole 31 Crown Lands 10 Pipeclay Creek Nature Reserve 29 Denman. buildings 34 Pokolbin Scenic Preserve 33 Development 3 Population 3 Dharug National Park 22 Port Step hens 5, 7, 3.1 Dudley. buildings 34 - Aboriginal relics 16 Dungog. buildings 34 - buildings 36, 38 East Maitland. buildings 35, 38 - State Park 22 Educational requirements 7 Pulbah Island Nature Reserve 8, 25 Ellalong Swamp Nature Reserve 25,26 Quigley's Estate, Lake Macquarie 31 Fassifern Fossil Trees Reserve 28 Rathmines 31 Fenninghams Island 31 Raymond Terrace - buildings 36, 38 Flaggy Creek Reserve 29 -townscape 15 Floraville Reserve 29 Recreation 3, 5 Foreshore protection 7 References 39 Fort Scratchley 11,12,36 Rural Areas 3 Fullerton Cove Nature Reserve 28 Sand Mining 10,21,23 Geological Reserves 28 Scenic Preserves 8, 33 Gosforth, building 34 Scone, buildings 36 37 Great North Road 22 Sea- ham - buildings Gresford. buildings 34 - Geological Reserve 29 Gundy, buildings 34 Singleton - buildings 37, 38 Hinton, buildings 34, 37 -townscape 16 Historic Buildings 10, 34, 37 South West Scenic Preserve 33 Historical Outline 3 State Forests 9 Hunter National Park 19,27, 31 State Parks 8, 22-25 Industryand Nature 4 Stroud - buildings 37 Jerrys Plains, building 35 - Scenic Preserve 33 Jewells-Redhead-Glenrock Nature Reserve 25 -townscape 13 Kerrabee Nature Reserve 27 Sugarloaf Range State Park 23 King Edward Park 11 Swamps 6,25, 26,28 Kooragang Island 7 Swansea Channel 7 Lake Macquarie 23, 25, 31 Swansea to Nords Wharf 31 40 - Aboriginal relics 16 Teralba. buildinas 38 The Hill, Newcastle 13 The Terrace, Newcastle 13 Timber Reserves 9 Timor Caves Nature Reserve 29 Tomago - House 37 -Swamps 6 Toronto, buildings 38 Tourism 3 Town and Country 5 Urban Areas of Special Significance 10 Vacy (St. John's) 37 Wallabadah Rock Nature Reserve 29 Wallsend, buildings 38 Warkworth, buildings 37 Warners Bay, Fossil Insect Reserve 29 Waste Disposal 4 Watagan Mountains Forestry Policy 4, 9' Wentworth Swamps Nature Reserve 28 Wetlands 6-7 Widdin Brook 19,33 Wildlife Conservation 6 Wingen, buildings 37 Wingen Maid State Park 25 Wolgan Valley 22 Wollombi - Aboriginal relics 16 - buildings 37, 38 - Scenic Preserve 33 - State Park 25 -townscape 16 vyoodville, buildings 37

-

41 Compiled by the Conservation & Landscape Committee of the Hunter Regional Committee of The National Trust of Australia ( N .S .W.)

The National Trust of Australia (New South Wales) 1972

HUNTER 2000 is available· from the National Trust of Australia (N.S.w.) 123 Clarence Street, Sydney 2000. or P.O. Box 159 Maitiand, N.S.W. 2320.