DOCSLIB.ORG

The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 96 Supplemental Data Katarzyna Bryc, Eric Y. Durand, J. Michael Macpherson, David Reich, and Joanna L. Mountain geom proportions of self-reported African American individualsancestry, from and these Georgia states had are displayed theRestricted using highest to mean states African for which ancestry.ferences we The in had distribution at African of least ancestry the 50and distributions individuals, ancestry only in D.C. those had African European the Americans Americans lowestHistogram that from mean have of California African at and African least Georgia. 2% (C)(B) African and ancestry. in Native (E) European Qualitative Americans American dif- (red (D)fine-scale bars), differences ancestry Latinos among (gold in cohorts. bars), African and Histogramcestry Americans, African of fall Americans African Latinos, (blue within ancestry bars). (A) each andindividuals ancestry Native from bin. American each Note self-reportedLatino, that cohort and the that European y-axis are American isFigure individuals. estimated shown S1: to in have a proportion log African scale to an- illustrate Frequency of ancestry proportion Frequency of ancestry proportion CD within population (%) within population (%) AB 100.0 100.0 10.0 50.0 10.0 50.0 0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 density 0 % 0 % 2 % 2 % 4 % 4 % 6 % 6 % 8 % 8 % 10 % 10 % Histogram of ancestry, in bins of 2%, in self-reported African American, 12 % 12 % 14 % 14 % 16 % 16 % 18 % 18 % 20 % 20 % 22 % 22 % 24 % 24 % in 26 % 26 % 28 % 28 % Proportion African ancestry 30 % Proportion African ancestry 30 % 32 % 32 % ggplot2 34 % 34 % 36 % 36 % E 38 % 38 % 40 % 40 % 42 % 42 % 44 % 44 % density 46 % 46 % 3 4 0 1 2 48 % 48 % 50 % 50 % 0.00 52 % 52 % 54 % 54 % 56 % 56 % 58 % 58 % 60 % 60 % 62 % Europeans with>2%African ancestry Latino African American 62 % from 64 % 64 % 66 % 66 % 68 % 68 % 0.25 70 % 70 % 72 % 72 % 74 % 74 % African_ancestry 76 % 76 % R 78 % 78 % 80 % 80 % . 82 % 82 % 84 % 84 % African American Latino European 0.50 86 % 86 % 88 % 88 % 90 % 90 % 92 % 92 % 94 % 94 % 96 % 96 % 98 % 98 % 0.75 1 Frequency of ancestry proportion Frequency of ancestry proportion The vertical bars represent the proportion of within population (%) within population (%) 100.0 100.0 10.0 50.0 10.0 50.0 0.5 1.0 5.0 0.5 1.0 5.0 0.1 0.1 1.00 0 % 0 % State 2 % 2 % 4 % 4 % 6 % 6 % georgia district_of_columbia 8 % 8 % 10 % 10 % 12 % 12 % 14 % 14 % 16 % 16 % 18 % 18 % 20 % 20 % 22 % 22 % 24 % 24 % 26 % 26 % Proportion American ancestry 28 % Proportion American ancestry 28 % 30 % 30 % 32 % 32 % 34 % 34 % 36 % 36 % 38 % 38 % 40 % 40 % 42 % 42 % 44 % 44 % 46 % 46 % 48 % 48 % 50 % 50 % 52 % 52 % 54 % 54 % 56 % 56 % 58 % 58 % 60 % 60 % 62 % Europeans with>2%African ancestry Latino African American 62 % 64 % 64 % 66 % 66 % 68 % 68 % 70 % 70 % 72 % 72 % 74 % 74 % 76 % 76 % 78 % 78 % 80 % 80 % 82 % 82 % 84 % 84 % African American Latino European 86 % 86 % 88 % 88 % 90 % 90 % 92 % 92 % 94 % 94 % 96 % 96 % 98 % 98 % Self−reported African Americans Self−reported African Americans with > 2% Native American ancestry with > 1% Native American ancestry Percent of Percent of African African Americans Americans 10 20 5 10 0 Figure S2: Frequency of self-reported African American individuals with at least 2% (left) and 1% (right) Native American ancestry across states with at least 20 individu- als. The geographic distribution of self-reported African Americans with Native American ancestry. States with fewer than 20 individuals are excluded and shaded in gray. The proportion of individuals with Native American ancestry, out of the total number of African Americans per state, is shown by shade of green. African American ancestry tract lengths Latino ancestry tract lengths European American ancestry tract lengths ! ! 1000 ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! !! !!! !!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!! 500 10000 !!!!!!! !!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!! !!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!! !!!! !!! ! !!!!!!!! !!! !! !! !!!!!! !!!!! !!!!! ! !!!! !!!!! !!!!! !!!! ! ! !!!!!!! !!!! !!!! !! !!! !!!!! !!!!!!! !!!! ! ! ! !! !!! !!!!!! !! !! !!!!!!! ! !! !!! !!!!! ! ! !!!! !! !!! ! !!!!!!! !! !!!!! 10000 !! !! !!! !!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!! !!!!! !!! ! !! !!!! !! !! !!! ! !! !! !!!!!! !! !! !!!! !! ! !! !! !! ! !! !!!!!! ! !!! !! ! ! !!!!! !! ! !!! !! !! !! ! !!!!! ! !!! ! !! !!! ! ! ! !! !!!!!! ! ! !!! ! ! !!!!!!! ! !!! !!!!!! !! !!! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!!! ! ! !!! !!! !!! !!! !! !! !! !!!! !! !! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !!!!!!! ! !! !!!! ! ! !!!!!! !!! !! !! !! !!! !!! ! ! !! ! ! 1000 !! !!!! ! !!! ! ! !!!!! 100 ! ! !! ! !!! !!!!! !!! !!! !!!! !! !! ! ! !! !!!!! !! ! !!!!! ! ! ! !! !!! !!!! !!!!! !! !!!!! !!! ! ! ! !!!!! !!!! !! !!!!! ! ! ! !! !!! ! !! !!!!! !!! ! ! !!! !!!!! !! ! !! !!!!!!! !!! !! !! ! !!! !!!!!!! !! !!! !!!!! ! !!!!!!!!! !! !! ! !!!!! !! !!!! !!! !!! ! ! !!!!! !! ! !!! !!!! !! ! ! !!! 50 ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!!!! !!! !! !!!!!! !! ! !!!! ! !!!! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! !!!!!!!! ! ! !! ! Ancestry !! !!! ! !!!! !!! !!!!! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !!! !!! !!!! ! !! !! ! !! !!! !!! !!! !!!! !!! ! ! ! !! !! ! !!!! !! !! !!!!!!!! !! ! !!! !! !!! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! !! !!! !! !!!!! ! ! !!!!!!! !!! !!! ! !!! !!!!! ! ! 100 ! ! !! !!!! !!! !!!! !! ! !! ! american ! !!!!! ! !!! !!!!! !!! !!! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!! !!! !!! !!! !! ! !!! !!! !!!! !! !! ! ! !!!! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! 100 !!!!!!!! !!!!! ! !!!! !!! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! european ! !! ! !! !! !!!!! ! ! ! !!!!!! !! ! ! !!!!!!! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! !! ! !! ! !!!!!!!! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!!! ! ! !! ! 10 ! !!!! ! !!! !!!! ! ! !! !!!! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !!!! ! !!!!!! !!! !! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!!! african !! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!!!!!! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!!!!!! !! !! !! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !! !! !! !! !!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!! !! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !! !! Number of tracts !! ! !!! !!! !! !!!! !!!! Number of tracts ! !!!!!! !! !!!!!! ! Number of tracts ! !! ! !!! !!!!!!!! !! ! 5 10 ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!!! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !!!! !!! !!!! ! !!! !!! !! ! !! ! !!!!!!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! !! ! !!!!!!! !! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!! !! ! !! !!! !!!! ! ! ! ! !! !!!!! !!! !!!! !! ! !! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !!!!! !! ! !!!! ! !!!!! !! !!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ! ! !! ! 1 ! !!!!!! !!!!!! !!! !! ! ! !!! !!!!! !!! !! 1 ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!! 1 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Length of ancestry tract (cM) Length of ancestry tract (cM) Length of ancestry tract (cM) Figure S3: Distribution of the lengths of ancestry segments for African Americans, Lati- nos, and Europeans with at least 2% African ancestry. The lengths of segments, or tracts, of ancestry, and the frequency of those tracts is shown by points, colored by population. The num- ber of ancestry tracts is shown on a log scale. Counts are shown self-reported African Amer- icans, Latinos, and European Americans. The number of tracts of Native American (gold), European (red) and African (blue) ancestry tracts is shown for each bin of 1Mb of segment length. 2 African Americans Latinos European Americans African African African Eur. N.Am. Eur. N.Am. Eur. N.Am. Figure S4: Ternary plots of African, European, and Native American ancestry in self- reported African American, Latino, and European American individuals. Each point rep- resents a self-reported individual and is positioned within the triangle reflecting the amount of ancestry estimated from each population. Note that each individual is plotted as a semi- transparent point to convey density of individuals. Only a random sample of 10,000 of the European Americans are shown for plotting purposes. 3 Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban African African African Eur. N.Am. Eur. N.Am. Eur. N.Am. Dominican Central American South American African African African Eur. N.Am. Eur. N.Am. Eur. N.Am. White Black African African Eur. N.Am. Eur. N.Am. Figure S5: Ancestry of self-reported Latinos by secondary self-reported subpopulation. Each individual is shown projected onto the triangle by their genome-wide proportions of African, European, and Native American ancestry, by their self-reported Hispanic sub-identity. Proportion of ancestry can be computed for an individual from the distance in dropping a per- pendicular line from the point to the edge opposite the vertex. 4 Self-reported European Americans Self-reported African Americans Self-reported Latinos Proportion Proportion Proportion British\ British\ British\ Irish Irish Irish of European of European of European ancestry ancestry ancestry 0.400 0.5 0.4 0.375 0.3 0.4 0.350 0.2 0.3 0.325 0.300 0.1 Proportion Proportion Proportion Iberian Iberian Iberian of European of European of European ancestry ancestry ancestry 0.03 0.04 0.30 0.03 0.25 0.02 0.02 0.20 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.00 Proportion Proportion Proportion French French French German German German of European of European of European ancestry ancestry ancestry 0.16 0.125 0.06 0.14 0.100 0.04 0.12 0.075 0.10 0.02 0.050 0.08 0.00 0.025 Figure S6: Differences in the European subpopulation Ancestry Composition among self- reported European Americans, African Americans, and Latinos from different states. The relative amoung of European ancestry, out of the total mean European ancestry, estimated for each state. Shown for inferred British/Irish ancestry, inferred Iberian ancestry, and inferred
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Puerto Ricans at the Dawn of the New Millennium
    puerto Ricans at the Dawn of New Millennium The Stories I Read to the Children Selected, Edited and Biographical Introduction by Lisa Sánchez González The Stories I Read to the Children documents, for the very first time, Pura Belpré’s contributions to North Puerto Ricans at American, Caribbean, and Latin American literary and library history. Thoroughly researched but clearly written, this study is scholarship that is also accessible to general readers, students, and teachers. Pura Belpré (1899-1982) is one of the most important public intellectuals in the history of the Puerto Rican diaspora. A children’s librarian, author, folklorist, translator, storyteller, and puppeteer who began her career the Dawn of the during the Harlem Renaissance and the formative decades of The New York Public Library, Belpré is also the earliest known Afro-Caribeña contributor to American literature. Soy Gilberto Gerena Valentín: New Millennium memorias de un puertorriqueño en Nueva York Edición de Carlos Rodríguez Fraticelli Gilberto Gerena Valentín es uno de los personajes claves en el desarrollo de la comunidad puertorriqueña Edwin Meléndez and Carlos Vargas-Ramos, Editors en Nueva York. Gerena Valentín participó activamente en la fundación y desarrollo de las principales organizaciones puertorriqueñas de la postguerra, incluyendo el Congreso de Pueblos, el Desfile Puertorriqueño, la Asociación Nacional Puertorriqueña de Derechos Civiles, la Fiesta Folclórica Puertorriqueña y el Proyecto Puertorriqueño de Desarrollo Comunitario. Durante este periodo también fue líder sindical y comunitario, Comisionado de Derechos Humanos y concejal de la Ciudad de Nueva York. En sus memorias, Gilberto Gerena Valentín nos lleva al centro de las continuas luchas sindicales, políticas, sociales y culturales que los puertorriqueños fraguaron en Nueva York durante el periodo de a Gran Migracíón hasta los años setenta.
    [Show full text]
  • Attitudes Toward English Language Legislation: Predictors and Rationales
    Intercultural Communication Studies XI: 4 2002 Schatz, Sullivan, Flanigan and Black Attitudes toward English Language Legislation: Predictors and Rationales Robert T. Schatz Nancy Sullivan Metropolitan State College Texas A&M University- of Denver Corpus Christi Beverly Flanigan Autumn Black Ohio University Metropolitan State College of Denver Abstract The research investigated predictors of and reasons for people’s attitudes toward English Language Legislation (ELL) in the United States. Survey responses of 660 participants from South Texas, Colorado, and Ohio were examined. Regression analysis of demographic/background factors indicated that Hispanic ethnicity, Spanish-English bilingual language background, and political conservatism were independent predictors of ELL support. The relationship between strength of ethnic identification and ELL attitudes was mediated by respondents’ ethnicity: Increased ethnic identification was associated with support for ELL among European-Americans but with opposition to ELL among Hispanic-Americans. National (U.S.) attachment, most notably concern for the U.S. flag, also predicted pro-ELL attitudes. Further, in support of the “backlash hypothesis,” higher levels of ELL support among European-Americans were found in the region with the highest proportion of Hispanic residents (South Texas) than in the region with the lowest (Ohio). Pro- and anti-ELL respondents’ importance ratings of reasons for their position roughly paralleled the findings of previous research by Sullivan and Schatz (1999). In addition, ethnic differences in these ratings were more pronounced among ELL opponents than among ELL proponents. These findings are discussed within the context of the predictors and underlying motivations of people’s attitudes toward ELL. 121 Intercultural Communication Studies XI: 4 2002 Schatz, Sullivan, Flanigan and Black The status of English in the United States has been debated for over a century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Scotch-Irish in America. ' by Samuel, Swett Green
    32 American Antiquarian Society. [April, THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA. ' BY SAMUEL, SWETT GREEN. A TRIBUTE is due from the Puritan to the Scotch-Irishman,"-' and it is becoming in this Society, which has its headquar- ters in the heart of New England, to render that tribute. The story of the Scotsmen who swarmed across the nar- row body of water which separates Scotland from Ireland, in the seventeenth century, and who came to America in the eighteenth century, in large numbers, is of perennial inter- est. For hundreds of years before the beginning of the seventeenth centurj' the Scot had been going forth con- tinually over Europe in search of adventure and gain. A!IS a rule, says one who knows him \yell, " he turned his steps where fighting was to be had, and the pay for killing was reasonably good." ^ The English wars had made his coun- trymen poor, but they had also made them a nation of soldiers. Remember the "Scotch Archers" and the "Scotch (juardsmen " of France, and the delightful story of Quentin Durward, by Sir Walter Scott. Call to mind the " Scots Brigade," which dealt such hard blows in the contest in Holland with the splendid Spanish infantry which Parma and Spinola led, and recall the pikemen of the great Gustavus. The Scots were in the vanguard of many 'For iickiiowledgments regarding the sources of information contained in this paper, not made in footnotes, read the Bibliographical note at its end. ¡' 2 The Seotch-líiáh, as I understand the meaning of the lerm, are Scotchmen who emigrated to Ireland and such descendants of these emigrants as had not through intermarriage with the Irish proper, or others, lost their Scotch char- acteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Ganesh Sitaraman's Idealized American History
    GANESH SITARAMAN’S IDEALIZED AMERICAN HISTORY DAVID LYONS A popular theme among patriots is to celebrate America’s special virtues, which distinguish it radically from European models. Ganesh Sitaraman tells us that political constitutions have generally been designed to prevent socially destabilizing class warfare between the rich, who seek greater domination, and the poor, who would like to redistribute the former’s wealth. America’s Constitution is distinctive because it was consciously designed for a society in which the middle class is large enough to preserve social stability. That is why Sitaraman calls it a “middle-class constitution.” Sitaraman credits the Founders with understanding that America was capable of avoiding class warfare and its consequences. They understood that the young nation was blessed with “economic equality,” which for present purposes means a middle class large and strong enough to maintain a balance of political power. America’s Constitution was designed to exploit and preserve that equilibrium. But the Founders did not anticipate developments that would challenge the viability of their design, not least the displacement of independent farmers (who are counted here as “middle class”) by low-wage factory workers and their affluent employers. Today, as has happened in past eras, America’s political system faces a compound crisis: America’s increasingly concentrated wealth distorts its electoral system, and its greatly intensified inequality prevents the shrinking middle class from performing its constitutional function. America, accordingly, faces the prospect of open class warfare, from which will emerge an oppressive oligarchy comprising the wealthy elite, perhaps followed by a bloody revolt by the poor.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Paradigms in Critical Mixed Race Studies G
    Emerging Paradigms in Critical Mixed Race Studies G. Reginald Daniel, Laura Kina, Wei Ming Dariotis, and Camilla Fojas Mixed Race Studies1 In the early 1980s, several important unpublished doctoral dissertations were written on the topic of multiraciality and mixed-race experiences in the United States. Numerous scholarly works were published in the late 1980s and early 1990s. By 2004, master’s theses, doctoral dissertations, books, book chapters, and journal articles on the subject reached a critical mass. They composed part of the emerging field of mixed race studies although that scholarship did not yet encompass a formally defined area of inquiry. What has changed is that there is now recognition of an entire field devoted to the study of multiracial identities and mixed-race experiences. Rather than indicating an abrupt shift or change in the study of these topics, mixed race studies is now being formally defined at a time that beckons scholars to be more critical. That is, the current moment calls upon scholars to assess the merit of arguments made over the last twenty years and their relevance for future research. This essay seeks to map out the critical turn in mixed race studies. It discusses whether and to what extent the field that is now being called critical mixed race studies (CMRS) diverges from previous explorations of the topic, thereby leading to formations of new intellectual terrain. In the United States, the public interest in the topic of mixed race intensified during the 2008 presidential campaign of Barack Obama, an African American whose biracial background and global experience figured prominently in his campaign for and election to the nation’s highest office.
    [Show full text]
  • Asian American and Pacific Islander Memorandum
    OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE 4000 DEFENSE PENTAGON WASHINGTON, D.C. 20301-4000 PERSONNEL AND READINESS MEMORANDUM FOR: SEE DISTRIBUTION SUBJECT: Department of Defense 2018 Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month Observance The Department of Defense (DoD) joins the Nation in observance of Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month during the month of May. Asian American ancestry spans all of Asia, including the Indian Subcontinent. Pacific Islanders’ origins range from Hawaii, Guam, and Samoa, to other Pacific Islands. Together with the Nation, DoD celebrates and honors the contributions of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders to the strength and defense of the United States. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have supported the U.S. military throughout our Nation’s history. Over the course of this time, more than 30 Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have earned the Medal of Honor. Today, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders remain integral to the fortitude of the DoD. Serving both in the military and civilian sector, these patriotic Americans represent more than 160,000 members of DoD’s Total Force. During this commemorative month, DoD personnel are encouraged to celebrate Asian American and Pacific Islander heritage and the many contributions of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders to the strength, security, and progress of the United States. Mr. Norvel Dillard is the DoD point of contact for this observance and can be reached by telephone at (703) 614-3397, or by email at [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Mexican Americans As a Paradigm for Contemporary Intra-Group Heterogeneity
    Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2014 Vol. 37, No. 3, 446Á466, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.786111 Mexican Americans as a paradigm for contemporary intra-group heterogeneity Richard Alba, Toma´s R. Jime´nez and Helen B. Marrow (First submission October 2012; First published April 2013) Abstract Racialization and assimilation offer alternative perspectives on the position of immigrant-origin populations in American society. We question the adequacy of either perspective alone in the early twenty- first century, taking Mexican Americans as our case in point. Re-analysing the child sample of the Mexican American Study Project, we uncover substantial heterogeneity marked by vulnerability to racialization at one end but proximity to the mainstream at the other. This heterogeneity reflects important variations in how education, intermarriage, mixed ancestry and geographic mobility have intersected for Mexican immi- grants and their descendants over the twentieth century, and in turn shaped their ethnic identity. Finally, based on US census findings, we give reason to think that internal heterogeneity is increasing in the twenty-first century. Together, these findings suggest that future studies of immigrant adaptation in America must do a better job of accounting for hetero- geneity, not just between but also within immigrant-origin populations. Keywords: assimilation; racialization; incorporation; Mexican Americans; hetero- geneity; education. Downloaded by [171.67.216.22] at 10:40 29 January 2014 Introduction In every immigration era, certain groups are taken as emblematic of the period’s problems and successes. What the Irish were to the second half of the nineteenth century in the USA, the Eastern European Jews and Italians were to the first half of the twentieth.
    [Show full text]
  • We the American...Hispanics
    WE-2R e the American... Hispanics Issued September 1993 U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration BUREAU OF THE CENSUS Acknowledgments This report was prepared by staff of the Ethnic and Hispanic Statistics Branch under the supervisionJorge ofdel Pinal. General direction was providedSusan by J. Lapham, Population Division. The contents of the report were reviewed byJanice Valdisera andMichael Levin, Population Division, and Paula Coupe andDwight Johnson, Public Information Office. Marie Pees, Population Division, provided computer programming support. Debra Niner andMary Kennedy, Population Division, provided review assistance. Alfredo Navarro, Decennial Statistical Studies Division provided sampling review. The staff of Administrative and Publications Services Division, Walter C. Odom, Chief, performed publication planning, design, composition, editorial review, and printing planning and procurement.Cynthia G. Brooks provided publication coordination and editing.Theodora Forgione provided table design and composition services.Kim Blackwell provided design and graphics services.Diane Oliff–Michael coordinated printing services. e, the American Hispanics Introduction We, the American Hispanics traceWe have not always appeared in the our origin or descent to Spaincensus or to as a separate ethnic group. Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and In 1930, Mexicans" were counted many other SpanishĆspeaking counĆand in 1940, persons of Spanish tries of Latin America. Our ancesĆmother tongue" were reported. In tors were among the early explorers1950 and 1960, persons of Spanish and settlers of the New World.surname" In were reported. The 1970 1609, 11 years before the Pilgrimscensus asked persons about their landed at Plymouth Rock, our MestiĆorigin," and respondents could zo (Indian and Spanish) ancestorschoose among several Hispanic oriĆ settled in what is now Santa Fe,gins listed on the questionnaire.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing the American Tourist Experience in Ireland: an Emotional Context
    International Journal of Business and Management August, 2008 Managing the American Tourist Experience in Ireland: An Emotional Context Dr Angela Wright School of Business and Humanities Cork Institute of Technology Rossa Avenue Cork. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The special relationship that exists between the United States of America and the island of Ireland has its origins predominantly in emigration. Through several centuries, the interaction generated by familial ties has steadily developed into a strong and lasting bond irrevocably linking both nations. The relationship between the United States of America and Ireland has provided the impetus for a continual flow of traffic across the Atlantic. This movement of people and vessels to and fro, engaged in the varied tasks of commerce, family interaction, and leisure, created a new energy for the tourism industry sector in Ireland which continues to flourish into modern times. This paper presents new findings on the Irish tourism industry, with particular reference to the American tourist’s emotional relationship. The paper seeks to outline the historical framework governing the development of the relationship between the United States and Ireland, and identifies the emotional and connectional factors that bind the two nations. Keywords: American Tourist, Irish Tourism Industry, Motivating Factors to Travel 1. The Contribution of American Tourist to Ireland The American tourist is of particular importance to Irish tourism as they contribute €731 million to the industry. This accounts for approximately 22% of Ireland’s tourism revenue (Fáilte Ireland, 2006). According to tourism industry managers, American tourists love the Irish product, predominantly visit Ireland during the high season, and are the most likely of all tourists to Ireland to disperse into the regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Advancing Health Equity and Inclusive Growth in Fresno County Advancing Health Equity and Inclusive Growth in Fresno County 2 Summary
    Advancing Health Equity and Inclusive Growth in Fresno County Advancing Health Equity and Inclusive Growth in Fresno County 2 Summary Fresno County is an agricultural powerhouse, yet it struggles with slow economic growth, high unemployment, and an economy dominated by low-wage jobs and few pathways into the middle class. While communities of color account for 68 percent of the population – up from 38 percent in 1980 – the county’s racial inequities persist across all indicators of community health and well-being. These inequities threaten Fresno’s future economic prosperity. The region’s economy could have been $17 billion stronger in 2014 alone if racial gaps in income were eliminated. To build a stronger Fresno, leaders in the private, public, nonprofit, and philanthropic sectors must commit to putting all residents on the path to economic security through equity-focused strategies and policies to improve housing quality and affordability, expand transportation access, address environmental hazards, remove barriers, and expand opportunities for low-income communities of color that have historically been and continue to be left behind. Advancing Health Equity and Inclusive Growth in Fresno County 3 Indicators DEMOGRAPHICS ECONOMIC VITALITY How racially/ethnically diverse is the county? Is the county producing good jobs? Race/Ethnicity and Nativity, 2014 Average Annual Growth in Jobs and GDP, 1990 to 2007 and 2009 to Latino, Asian or Pacific Islander, and Black Populations by 2014 Ancestry, 2014 Growth in Jobs and Earnings by Industry
    [Show full text]
  • Communication Patterns and Assumptions of Differing Cultural Groups in the United States
    Communication Patterns and Assumptions of Differing Cultural Groups in the United States Comparisons of cultural value systems are not meant to stereotype individuals or cultures; rather, they are meant to provide generalizations, observations about a group of people, from which we can discuss cultural difference and likely areas of miscommunication. Adapted from Elliott, C. E. (1999) Cross-Cultural Communication Styles, pre-publication Masters thesis Online at http://www.awesomelibrary.org/multiculturaltoolkit-patterns.html African American Communication Patterns According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1999), African Americans comprise 13 percent of the U.S. population. Animation/emotion: Communication seen as authentic is generally passionate and animated. Communication that is presented in a neutral or objective way is seen as less credible, and the motives of the speaker may be questioned. The assumption is that if you believe something, you will advocate for it. Truth is established through argument and debate. "Conversational style is provocative and challenging, and the intensity is focused on the validity of the ideas being discussed" (Kochman 1981 pp. 30-31). Effective teachers of African American students are often found "….displaying emotion to garner student respect" (Delpit, 1995, p. 142). African Americans tend to perceive greater emotional intensity when rating the expressions of others (Matsumoto, 1993). Directness/indirectness: Generally directly facing and talking with the person with whom you have an issue or problem is preferred. Someone who won’t face you directly shows his or her claim or problem to be invalid; the assumption is that anyone with a legitimate problem would come to the other person directly.
    [Show full text]
  • Race, Health, and COVID-19: the Views and Experiences of Black Americans
    October 2020 Race, Health, and COVID-19: The Views and Experiences of Black Americans Key Findings from the KFF/Undefeated Survey on Race and Health Prepared by: Liz Hamel, Lunna Lopes, Cailey Muñana, Samantha Artiga, and Mollyann Brodie KFF Table of Contents Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 4 The Big Picture: Being Black in America Today ........................................................................................... 6 The Disproportionate Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic .......................................................................... 11 Views Of A Potential COVID-19 Vaccine .................................................................................................... 16 Trust And Experiences In The Health Care System ................................................................................... 22 Trust of Providers and Hospitals ............................................................................................................. 22 Perceptions of Unfair Treatment in Health Care ..................................................................................... 24 Experiences With and Access to Health Care Providers ........................................................................ 26 Conclusion..................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]