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Master's Degree Programme in Territorial, Urban, Environmental

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Master's Degree Programme in Territorial, Urban, Environmental Master’s degree programme in Territorial, Urban, Environmental and Landscape Planning Curriculum: Planning for the Global Urban Agenda Master Thesis The role of mega-events in promoting territorial sustainability: the case of the sustainability plan of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games Supervisor Prof. Giancarlo Cotella Co-supervisors Candidate Prof.ssa Silvia Crivello Gabriele Catalano Prof. Fumihiko Seta Academic Year 2019/2020 Table of contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 8 2. MEGA-EVENTS AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORIES ........ 11 2.1. Definition of mega-event and why it occurs frequently ................................................... 12 2.2. The territorialisation of mega-events .................................................................................... 18 2.2.1. Host City Contract as starting point ................................................................................... 20 2.2.2. The Games as an intense shock to normal land government practices ...................... 21 2.2.3. The Olympic legacy .............................................................................................................. 23 2.2.4. The Olympic burden ............................................................................................................. 25 2.3. Prospects from the IOC towards a definition of a mega sustainable event................ 27 3. MEGA “SUSTAINABLE” EVENTS AND OLYMPIC GAMES ...................................................... 34 3.1. The evolution of environmental sustainability at Olympic Games ............................... 35 3.1.1. Historical account of environmental initiatives at Olympic Games ................................ 36 3.2. London 2012 ................................................................................................................................ 41 3.2.1. The discourse of the plan .................................................................................................... 41 3.2.2. Objectives and strategy ....................................................................................................... 43 3.2.3. The governance of the plan ................................................................................................. 49 3.2.4. Tools implemented ............................................................................................................... 53 3.2.5. Monitoring mechanisms ....................................................................................................... 58 3.2.6. The impact ............................................................................................................................. 62 3.3. Rio de Janeiro 2016 .................................................................................................................... 66 3.3.1. The discourse of the plan .................................................................................................... 66 3.3.2. Objectives and strategy ....................................................................................................... 68 3.3.3. The governance of the plan ................................................................................................. 73 1 3.3.4. Tools implemented ............................................................................................................... 77 3.3.5. Monitoring mechanisms ....................................................................................................... 79 3.3.6. The impact ............................................................................................................................. 81 4. TERRITORIAL GOVERNANCE IN JAPAN ..................................................................................... 87 4.1. The structure of the territorial governance.......................................................................... 91 4.1.1. Constitutional and legal framework for territorial governance ........................................ 91 4.1.2. The local government ........................................................................................................... 93 4.2. The planning tools ...................................................................................................................... 95 4.2.1. The New National Land Sustainability Plan ...................................................................... 98 4.2.2. The National Capital Regional Basic Plan ...................................................................... 100 4.2.3. The regulation of land use at the local level ................................................................... 102 4.2.4. The use districts and group rule of buildings .................................................................. 102 4.2.5. The master plans ................................................................................................................ 104 4.2.6. The district planning ........................................................................................................... 104 4.3. The discourse on territorial governance ............................................................................ 105 4.3.1. Actions against pollution: 1950s–1960s .......................................................................... 105 4.3.2. Serious urban-oriented pollution along with urbanization and motorization .............. 106 4.3.3. Scaling up of actions toward energy efficiency and waste management ................... 107 4.3.4. Countermeasures on global environmental issues ........................................................ 108 4.3.5. Strengthening of energy-efficiency strategy and top runner approach ....................... 108 4.3.6. Actions toward a recycling society ................................................................................... 109 4.3.7. Comprehensive environmental strategy: in the 2000s .................................................. 110 5. TOKYO 2020 AS DRIVER OF INNOVATION FOR TERRITORIAL GOVERNANCE ............ 112 5.1. Tokyo 2020 from the viewpoint of urban policy ............................................................... 113 5.2. Tokyo Olympic Games from the perspective of open space design .......................... 115 5.3. Development of Olympic Village and facilities made by TMG ...................................... 119 5.4. Landscape architecture and green space issues in Tokyo ........................................... 125 6. THE CASE OF THE TOKYO SUSTAINABILITY PLAN .............................................................. 131 2 6.1. The discourse of the plan ....................................................................................................... 133 6.2. Objectives and strategy .......................................................................................................... 135 6.2.1. Climate change: Towards Zero Carbon .......................................................................... 137 6.2.2. Resource management: Zero Wasting ............................................................................ 140 6.2.3. Natural environment and biodiversity: City within Nature/Nature within the City ...... 142 6.3. The governance of the plan ................................................................................................... 146 6.4. Tools implemented ................................................................................................................... 150 6.4.1. The National Strategic Special Zones Act ...................................................................... 150 6.4.2. TMG urban development vision ........................................................................................ 152 6.4.3. The Environmental Master Plan - Creating a sustainable city ..................................... 154 6.4.4. The TMG Tokyo Action Plan for 2020 ............................................................................. 158 6.4.5. Towards 2020 – Building the legacy ................................................................................ 163 6.5. Monitoring mechanisms ......................................................................................................... 167 6.6. Impact estimate and progress reached .............................................................................. 170 6.6.1. Climate change: Towards Zero Carbon .......................................................................... 171 6.6.2. Resource management: Zero Wasting ............................................................................ 172 6.6.3. Natural environment and biodiversity: City within Nature/Nature within the City ...... 173 6.6.4. Achieving sustainability in venue development .............................................................. 174 7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUDING REMARKS ..............................................................................
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