Chen, C-T. 1982. Carbonate chemistry during wEPoLEx-81. Antarctic Gordon, A. E. Molinelli, and I. Baker. 1982. atlas. New Journal of the U.S., 17(5), 102 - 103. York: Columbia University Press. Chen, C-T. 1984. Carbonate chemistry of the Weddell Sea, (DOE! Huber, BA., J. Jennings, C-T. Chen, J. Marra, S. Rennie, P. Mele, and A. EV!10611-4.) Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Gordon. 1983. Reports of the U.S-U.S.S.R. Weddell Expedition. Foster, T. D., and J.H. Middleton. 1979. Variability in the bottom water of (Vol. 11-hydrographical data LDGO 83-1.) Palisades, N.Y.: Lamont- the Weddell Sea. Deep-Sea Research, 26A, 743 - 762. Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University. Reid, J.L., and R.J. Lynn. 1971. On the influence of Norwegian-Green- GEOSECS Atlantic Expedition. 1981. Sections and profiles, (Vol. 2). (A. E. land and Weddell Seas upon the bottom waters of the Indian and Bainbridge, Project Director, National Science Foundation.) Wash- Pacific Oceans. Deep-Sea Research, 18, 1063 - 1088. ington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Reid, J.L., W.D. Nowlin, Jr., and W.C. Patzert. 1977. On the charac- Gordon, A.L. 1978. Deep Antarctic convection west of Maud Rise. teristics and circulation of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Journal of Physical , 8, 600 - 612. Physical Oceanography, 7, 62 - 91. Gordon, A.L. 1982. Weddell Deep Water variability. Journal of Marine Schlemmer, F.C. 1978. Structure and spreading of Antarctic Bottom Research, 40 (supplement), 199 - 217. Waters in oceanic basins adjacent to . (Doctoral disserta- Gordon, A. and B.A. Huber. 1984. Thermohaline stratification below tion, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.) the Southern ocean sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 641 - Weiss, R.F., H.G. Ostlund, and H. Craig. 1979. Geochemical studies of 648. the Weddell Sea. Deep-Sea Research, 26, 1093 - 1120.

Salinity, alkalinity, and calcium samples, however, contribute to most of the deviations, thus the results should not be taken at face value without further of the Weddell Sea ice confirmation. The average density salinity is only 0.003 X 10 higher than the average conductivity salinity if we exclude these four samples (14-4, 0-7 centimeters, 14-20 centimeters, 32-38 C-T.A. CHEN centimeters, and 38-46 centimeters). This difference is smaller than the combined precision, 0.005 x 10 1, in the conductivity College of Oceanography and density measurements. Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331 8000

Sea-ice formation and melting have been known to modify eawater composition (see, for instance, Reeburgh and Spring- r-Young 1983). Jones, Coote, and Levy (1983) demonstrated hat surface seawater had an excess alkalinity (TA) in the Baffin 6000 ay (between Canada and Greenland) during the summer sea- on and attributed the excess to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) rr f om sea-ice meltwater. They also suggested that the excess lkalinity in the summer Weddell Sea reported by Weiss, Os- 4 t und, and Craig (1979) came from the sea-ice meltwater. Z owever, no Weddell Sea ice samples have yet been analyzed 4000 O,p for alkalinity or calcium (Ca). We collected broken chunks of sea ice in the Weddell Sea d.iring the Weddell Polynya Expedition (9 October to 25 November 1981) on Mikhail Somov (Gordon 1982; Chen 1984). In A addition, samples from ice cores collected by S. Ackley on 2000 Somov were melted and shipped to Oregon State University for 0 20 30 analysis. Conductivity salinities and densities of meltwater were measured with an Autosal and a Sodev 02D densimeter, S respectively, using standard seawater P91 for calibration. The Figure 1. Normalized alkalinity (NTA) vs. salinity for melt sea-ice salinities were also calculated from the densities and a seawater samples. Triangles denote the standards. ("0/00" denotes "parts equation of state (Millero and Poisson 1981). per thousand." "ieq/kg" denotes "micro equivalents per Both conductivity salinities and density salinities are listed in kilogram:) the table. On the average, the density salinities are 0.0104 x 10 higher than the conductivity salinities, perhaps reflecting higher proportions of multi-valence ions trapped in the ice (Zubov 1945; Nelson and Thompson 1954; Thompson and Written while on sabbatical leave at the National Sun Yat-Sen Univer- Nelson 1956; Assur 1958; Tsurikov 1965; Richardson 1976). Four sity, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China.

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The alkalinities of meitwaters were also measured using the References method of Culberson, Pytkowicz, and Hawley (1970), and P91 and a weight-diluted P91 as standards. The normalized al- kalinity (NTA TA x 35/salinity) values are all higher than found in the Weddell seawater, especially at low salinities (fig- Assur, A. 1958. Composition of sea ice and its tensile strength. Arctic Sea ure 1 and the table). Qualitatively these results agree with Ice Conference Proceedings, (NAS-NRC Publication on W598), Wash- earlier reports (Wiese 1930; Laktionov 1931; Zubov 1945; Jones ington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. and Coote 1981; Jones et al. 1983), but the accuracy is suspect Chen, C-T.A. 1984. Carbonate Chemistry of the Weddell Sea. (DOE because the methodology has not yet been fully developed for technical report DOE/EV/10611-4.) Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern- alkalinity measurements at low salinities. Our normalized cal- ment Printing Office. cium (NCa = Ca x 35/salinity) values (table and figure 2) are Culberson, C.H., R.M. Pytkowicz, and J.E. Hawley. 1970. Seawater generally higher than the seawater values, as expected alkalinity determination by the pH method. Journal of Marine Research, (Thompson and Nelson 1956) but do not correlate with NTA or 28, 15-20. salinity. These NCa values are also suspect because of insuffi- Gordon, A.L. 1982. The U.S.-U.S.S.R. Weddell Polynya Expedition. cient calibration. We agree with Reeburgh and Springer-Young Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 17(5), 96 - 98. (1983) that this is a fertile area for careful laboratory and field Jones, E.P., and A.R. Coote. 1981. Oceanic CO 2 produced by the pre- studies. cipitation of CaCO3 from brines in sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Re- We acknowledge the assistance provided by S. Ackley, A.L. search, 86, 11041 - 11043. Gordon, and E. Sarukhanyan and the hospitality of the Na- Jones, E. P., A.R. Coote, and E. M. Levy. 1983. Effect of sea ice meltwater tional Sun Yat-Sen University. Financial support was provided on the alkalinity of seawater. Journal of Marine Research, 41, 43 - 52. by the Department of Energy (19X-89608C under Martin Mar- Laktionov, A.F. 1931. The properties of sea ice. Nouchno-Issledovatelskii ietta Energy Systems, Inc., contract DE-ACO5-84 OR 21400) and institut p0 Izucheniiu Severa, Trudy, 49, 71 - 96. (In Russian. Detailed National Science Foundation grant OCE 82-15053. information translated in Zubov 1945.)

Conductivity salinity, density salinity, normalized alkalinity, and salinity of Weddell Sea ice.

Normalized alkalinity Normalized calci,. (in microequivalents (in micromoles

Sample Conductivity Salinity Density Salinity Aa per kilogram) ri per kilogram)

10/24 broken ice 5.769 5.760 9 3,750 0.83 10,122

10/26 broken ice 5.917 5.906 11 3,590 0.83 10,284

10/29 broken ice 8.446 8.455 -9 3,210 0.82 10,276

10/31 broken ice 16.968 16.974 -6 2,760 0.75 10,398

11/3 broken ice 6.180 6.182 -2 3,560 0.83

11/3a broken ice 4.554 4.555 3,740 0.85 10,518

11/8 broken ice 2.795 2.782 13 5,360 0.86 10,310

11 /8a broken ice 1.261 1.257 4 7,490 0.88 10,810

11/8 25-35 centimeter 2.596 2.605 -9 7,100 0.87 10,233

11/8 35-45 centimeter 1.544 1.557 -13 6,650 0.88 10,205

11/8 50-60 centimeter 1.243 1.250 -7 6,730 0.89 10,330

11/13 broken ice 6.194 6.182 12 3,340 0.83 10,132

14-4 0-7 centimeter 4.853 4.897 -44 3,050 0.84 10,540

14-4 7-14 centimeter 4.283 4.306 -23 3,660 0.85 10,209

14-4 14-20 centimeter 3.976 4.032 -66 3,780 0.85 10,218

14-4 20-26 centimeter 2.193 2.202 -9 3,680 0.87 10,290

14-4 26-32 centimeter 3.104 3.114 -10 4,460 0.86 10,330

14-4 32-38 centimeter 4.079 4.115 -36

14-4 38-46 centimeter 3.940 3.975 -35 4,020 0.85 10,294

14-4 46-52 centimeter 5.264 5.278 -14 3,150 0.84 10,440

14-4 52-58 centimeter 4.492 4.498 -6 3,280 0.85 10,316

14-4 58-64 centimeter 4.531 4.524 7 3,710 0.85 10,493

14-4 64-70 centimeter 5.328 5.334 6 4,180 0.84 10,313

a A = 1000 (conductivity salinity/density salinity) b f = my best estimate for the hydrogen activity, needed for alkalinity measurements

118 ANTARCTIC JOURNAL Millero, F.J., and A. Poisson. 1981. International one-atmosphere equa- tion of state of seawater. Deep-Sea Research, 28A, 625 - 629. 10800 - Nelson, K.H., and T.G. Thompson. 1954. Deposition of salts from sea water by frigid concentration. (University of Washington Department of Oceanography, Technical Report No. 29.) Seattle: University of Washington Press. 10700 - Reeburgh, W.S., and M. Springer-Young. 1983. New measurements of sulfate and chlorinity in natural sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research, 88, 2959 - 2966. 10600 - Richardson, C. 1976. Phase relationships in sea ice as a function of Journal of Glaciology, X temperature. 17, 507 - 519. X 0 Thompson, T.G., and K.H. Nelson. 1956. Concentration of brines and 10500 - x deposition of salts from water under frigid conditions. American Jour- nal of Science, 254, 227 - 238. 0 X E Tsurikov, V.L. 1965. Formation of the ionic composition and salinity of 0400 - sea ice. Oceanology, 5, 59 - 66. 0 0 xWeiss, R.F., H.G. Ostlund, and H. Craig. 1979. Geochemical studies of Z x the Weddell Sea. Deep-Sea Research, 26, 1093 - 1120. 10300-x x x x Weise, W. 1930. Zur Kenntnis der Salze des Meereises. Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologic, 58, 282 - 286. (In German.) x X X Zubov, N.N. 1945. Arctic ice. (Translated by U.S. Navy Oceanographic 10200 - Office and the American Meteorological Society.) X 10100 -

10000 I Figure 2. Normalized calcium (NCa) vs. salinity for melt sea-ice samples. The triangle denotes the standard. ("oloo" denotes "parts 0 5 10 per thousand." "ieq/kg" denotes "micro equivalents per kilogram:) S, %0

Atlantic long lines, leg II, Cape Town Abidjan, Ivory Coast (7°N) and 45°S, during October and November 1983. Leg 11(11 January to 21 February 1984) was to Punta Arenas directed by W.D. Nowlin, Jr. The first part of the cruise track of Ajax II completed the Greenwich Meridian section from 45°S to the edge of the pack T. WHITWORTH, III ice off Antarctica at 69°30S. The entire section is some 8,400 kilometers long and comprises 83 conductivity-temperature- Department of Oceanography depth stations, most of which included a deep cast to the bot- Texas A&M University tom and a shallow cast. About 3,000 individual water samples College Station, Texas 77843 were collected and analyzed for salinity, oxygen, silicate, nitra- te, nitrite, and phosphate concentrations. Additional analyses were made for partial and total carbon dioxide, freons, helium, The major circulation patterns in the open ocean are oriented tritium, trace elements, rare earths, and lead. On leg II, upper i the east-west direction, so they are best studied with water samples were used to characterize biologicallysuspended ceanographic sections which cross the currents in a north- particulates using high-pressure liquid chromatographic and uth direction. But, because meridional transits involve great enzymatic techniques. istances, few such sections have been made. The Atlantic long es experiment was designed to provide a nearly synoptic The rest of leg II was devoted to several specialized studies in ction between North Africa and Antarctica along the Green - the Weddell and Scotia Seas. A series of stations was made ich Meridian. It is anticipated that these data will substantially across the northern limb of the Weddell Gyre to the mid-ocean prove our understanding of the general circulation of the ridge, and then northwest across the South Sandwich Trench to uth Atlantic and Weddell Sea. the Scotia Arc. These closely spaced stations were made to The first leg of the Ajax cruise aboard the R/V Knorr (figure) study the frontal structure of the boundary between waters of s under the direction of J.L. Reid and sampled between the Circumpolar Current and those of the Weddell Sea and to

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