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Home , 4th Street (Manhattan), Christopher Street, Craig Rodwell, Dick Leitsch, Gay Activists Alliance, Homophile

The , one of the few that allowed Participants of the AND Uprising in front of the bar, June dancing, was popular with a younger, diverse 29, 1969. Photo credit: Fred W. PRE-STONEWALL LGBT LIFE crowd. Instead of dispersing, the expected McDarrah, Premium Archive result of a routine raid, a crowd consisting of Collection, Getty Images As early as the 1850s, men The Village emerged as the first Stonewall is regarded by many as the single bar patrons, street youth, and neighborhood congregated in Greenwich neighborhood with a significant most important event that led to the modern residents became increasingly angry and began Village. Pfaff’s, 647 at LGBT population in City LGBT civil movement. While a number chanting, throwing objects as the police made , was a hangout for and one of the first nationally. of groups in cities like New York, , arrests. Police called in reinforcements but were “bohemians” such as Through the , the area , , and barricaded inside the bar. For hours the police and for men seeking men. Bleecker south of Washington Square was had been organizing and demonstrating for tried to clear the neighboring streets while the Street in the 1890s had a number of the location of many bars and equal rights in the 1950s and 60s, Stonewall crowd fought back. The uprising lasted over the “fairy” bars, often subject to raids, clubs that welcomed or merely inspired LGBT people throughout the country course of six days — to July 3. where cross-dressing young men tolerated LGBT patrons. Gay bars to assertively organize on a broader scale. As In the immediate aftermath of Stonewall, the solicited male customers. were crucial to creating a sense of historian wrote, “Stonewall was Front and the Gay Activists The picturesque Village prior to community and cultivating political the shot heard round the world...crucial Alliance were formed in NYC in 1969. Marsha P. World War I became popular for the action in an era of . it sounded the rally for the movement.” Johnson and founded STAR (Street artistic and socially and politically Washington Square Arch c. 1900. In the early hours of Saturday, , 1969, Transvestite Action Revolutionaries), an early progressive. Middle-class Photo Credit: Milstein Division, New York police raided the “private” Mafia-run group, in 1970. Within two years, and appropriated their own Public Library. . LGBT rights groups had been started in nearly spaces despite some opposition every major city in the U.S. from fellow Villagers. STONEWALL

Court in 2013, and after the Supreme Court youth, and those who were CRUCIAL BECAUSE IT SOUNDED LGBT DISCRIMINATION RELEVANCE OF legalized same-sex marriage nationally in 2015. gender nonconforming it AND ACTIVISM THE RALLY FOR THE MOVEMENT. STONEWALL TODAY People commemorated here the victims of the was even more challenging. 2016 mass shooting at Pulse, a gay nightclub in The Mafia opened bars as —Lillian Faderman, historian, The Gay Revolution Stonewall has taken on shifting meanings. Orlando, . members-only “bottle clubs.” The LGBT community suffered When it was in operation in 1967-69, it was a No license was needed Pulse nightclub shooting memorial in front of the Stonewall Inn, harassment, discrimination, and Mafia-run bar, and representative of the societal a day after Stonewall’s National Monument designation. and a vicious cycle began from their families, organized harassment against the LGBT community. It has Photo credit: Wikimedia Foundation of Mafia-police payoffs. religion, psychiatric professionals, and evolved into a National Historic Landmark and Police harassment of gay government. After Prohibition the New National Monument with worldwide symbolic bars and entrapment were DIVERSITY OF THE LGBT COMMUNITY York State Liquor Authority (SLA) in resonance. It is a shrine, symbol, rallying place top concerns of the LGBT 1934 was granted the power to revoke for civil rights and solidarity. It is a place for the license of bar owners who “permit community in the 1960s. The LGBT community broadly encompasses all ages, races, ethnicities, mourning and remembrance. It was the site for [their] premises to become disorderly” The and nationalities, class levels, and gender identifications in the five boroughs of the rally after the Snake Pit arrests and the first and the mere presence of gay people were . The events leading to Stonewall, the uprising itself, and the Pride March in 1970, the protests in was considered disorderly. LGBT people two of the nation’s first gay political organizing afterward were due to a diverse range of participants and 1977, and demonstrations for LGBT civil rights in could not touch, together, make rights groups whose early activists. This tour represents a selection of sites associated with LGBT the 1980s. More recently, people celebrated here direct eye contact, or wear clothes of political activism help lead to that are located within a very small geographic area surrounding the Stonewall for the legalization of same-sex marriage in New the opposite gender without fearing the Stonewall Uprising and Inn. As such, it does not represent the entire long LGBT history of Greenwich York State in 2011, the overturning of the federal arrest. For women, people of color, changes immediately after. Village, nor does it entirely reflect the diversity of today’s LGBT community. Defense of Marriage Act by the U.S. Supreme

W 16th ST E 18th ST JANE ST JANE ST 3. ST. VINCENT’S TRIANGLE AND ENVIRONS, W 15th ST E 17th ST W 12th ST W 12th ST W 13th ST THREE LGBT HISTORIC AREAS OF INTEREST 1920s TO PRESENT E 16th ST 8th AVE W 14th ST BETHUNE ST BANK ST

GREENWICH A W 12th ST Since the early 20th century, this neighborhood has been the BLEECKER ST E AVE W 13th ST E 15th ST T ST 6th home of many LGBT people, establishments, and organizations. BANK ST W 11th ST 5th AV S

WES W 12th ST GREENWICH ST VE 14 Street – Union Square 1. AND By the 1980s, Greenwich Village was the epicenter of the AIDS VE W 11th ST PERRY ST 7th A M W 11th ST E 13th ST epidemic. Since 1983, New York’s LGBT Community Center WA ENVIRONS, 1890s TO 1960s T

VERLVERLY PERRY ST CHARLES ST (208 West 13th Street) has served hundreds of thousands R W 10th ST E 12th ST

By the 1890s, Bleecker Street was known for its CHARLES LN Y PL PL AY of people – this is where ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash W 10th ST CHARLES ST E 11th ST UNIVERSITY PL various “dives” attracting men. The block of W 9th ST E T ST OADW VE ST 2. WATERFRONT AND Power) and other groups were organized and met. The former M Y ST TTOOPHERPHPHER ST GRO BR MacDougal Street just south of Washington Square W 10th ST CHRIST GA 5th AVE 10th ST ChristCh opherophephererr StS StatioStationattionon VE AVE W 8th St. Vincent’s Hospital had the first and largest AIDS ward on the ST PIERS, 1890s TO PRESENT h A emerged as the cultural and social center of ST E ST 6th A WA E 9th OPHER ST VE ST VERL CHRIST GRO ST East Coast. In 2017, this history and loss was recognized in the Y PL Greenwich Village’s bohemian set, with an openly For over a century, the Greenwich Village waterfront PLL HUDSON BARRO OWW ST NESES ST New York City AIDS Memorial at St. Vincent’s Triangle. W ST JONES ST gay and presence in the 1910s. Through along the Hudson River, including the Christopher BARRO S

The NYC AIDS Memorial. Photo credit: Erik McGregor/Pacific Press/Alamy Live VE the 1960s, the was the location of Street Pier at West 10th and West Streets, has been MORT ON ST West 4 Street – M E 8th ST News. 7th A Washington Square MORTON ST W 3rd WA many LGBT bars and commercial establishments. a destination for the LGBT community. It evolved SHINGT NJ LERO BEDFORD ST ST Y ST GREENE ST ON SQU from a place of maritime commerce and waterfront GREENWICH ST WA Numerous LGBT writers and artists made the LEROY ST VERL AY M AN ST ARE S Y PL CLARKSONMANHATTAN WA Village their home. Meetings at several area saloons, to a popular locale for cruising and sex for ST SHINGT OADW BLEECKER BR SULLIV gay men by the 1960s, to an important refuge for ON PL churches in the 1960s fostered LGBT WNING ST W 4th ST DO ST W HOUS THOMPSON ST TON ST ARDIA PL OOPER SQ rights activism. marginalized youth of color today. C GU

ON ST W 3rd St M LA ST E 4th S 129 MacDougal Street, c. 1939. Photo credit: NYC Dept. of Taxes, The Grace Line pier located at in an undated AVE ST T KING ST 6th ST Municipal Archives. photo. Photo credit: Milstein Division, . SHINGT

WA

HUDSON MERCER BOND ST CHARLTON ST COOPER SQ GREENWICH ST PRINCE ST AY W HOUS YETTE ST A V ANDAM ST T OADW ON ST LAF

ARICK ST

V W BR Photo credit: Leonard Fink. Courtesy LGBT Community Center National History History National Center Community LGBT Courtesy Fink. Leonard credit: Photo West 12th St., 1970. Photo credit: Kay Tobin Lahusen, Manuscripts and Archives Archives and Manuscripts Lahusen, Tobin Kay credit: Photo 1970. St., 12th West Photo credit: Glynnis Jones/Shutterstock.com. (middle right) “Gay Liberation” Liberation” “Gay right) (middle Jones/Shutterstock.com. Glynnis credit: Photo Photo Credit: dbimages / Alamy Stock Photo (bottom left) Marsha P. Johnson P. Johnson Marsha left) (bottom Photo Stock / Alamy dbimages Credit: Photo Division, New York Public Library. (middle left) The Stonewall Inn, circa 2016. 2016. circa Inn, Stonewall The left) (middle Library. Public York New Division, Front Cover: Front Photo credit: NPCA. (bottom) Stewart’s Cafeteria, May 1933. Photo credit: credit: Photo 1933. May Cafeteria, Stewart’s (bottom) NPCA. credit: Photo (left) and Sylvia Rivera (right) participating at the Pride March, June 1973. 1973. June March, Pride the at participating (right) Rivera Sylvia and (left) Monument, sculpture by George Segal, Greenwich Village, New York City York New Village, Greenwich Segal, George by sculpture Monument, Back Cover: Back speaking at the Stonewall National Monument designation, June 2016. 2016. June designation, Monument National Stonewall the at speaking making an invisible history visible by documenting historic Founded in 2015, the NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project is and cultural sites associated with the LGBT community nonpartisan voice working to strengthen and protect Conservation Association has been the independent, Archive. (bottom right) Empire State Building. Photo credit: credit: Photo Building. State Empire right) (bottom Archive. Percy L. Sperr, Milstein Division, New York Public Library. Public York New Division, Milstein Sperr, L. Percy Since its founding in 1919, the National Parks (top) GAA members in the first NYC Pride March at 6th Ave. at at 6th Ave. at March Pride NYC first the in members (top) GAA (top) Obama Administration Senior Advisor Valerie Jarrett Jarrett Valerie Advisor Senior Administration (top) Obama www.nyclgbtsites.org throughout New York City. America’s favorite places. anaglic/ Shutterstock.com. www.npca.org

GREENWICH VILLAGE, NYC VILLAGE, GREENWICH LGBT HISTORY TOUR HISTORY LGBT Y ST PERR

WEST 4 GREENWICH AVE

CHARLES ST PA 17

T 45 MINUTE CHIN PL VE S TH

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TH WALKING TOUR 7 CHARLES ST

1. CHRISTOPHER PARK TH ST W 10 The park remains an important gathering place for LGBT people CHARLES ST since the Stonewall Uprising. George Segal’s sculpture “Gay Liberation” (1980) was not placed here until 1992, due to opposition GREENWICH AVE from Village residents and lack of official city support. In the 1980s, 9 11 landscape architect Philip Winslow, who later died of AIDS, created AVE TH 6 the current park design. The Stonewall National Monument was TH ST designated in 2016 by President Obama. WEST 4 W 10 WA

VE S VERL A 2. CHRISTOPHER STREET TH 16 7 TH For decades, gay men had gone to the west end of Christopher Y PL ST Street at the Hudson River. Christopher Street became one of the 10 W 9 TH ST TH best-identified LGBT streets in the world after 1969. Its popularity W 10 15 ST was sustained into the 1980s by many LGBT-owned and -friendly bars 14 and businesses. Today, the and waterfront has become an important area for LGBT and queer youth of color. OPHER ST 3 CHRIST BLEECKER ST 4 3. STONEWALL 13 (51-53 Christopher Street, currently a nail 8 2 salon at No. 51, and Stonewall Inn at No. 53) TOPHER ST WA AVE The Stonewall Inn, at the time of the 1969 CHRIS TH VERL Y ST 6 uprising, consisted of two former horse 1 Y PL GA W 8 stable buildings that were combined in 1930 M M TH with one façade, now mostly intact from its ST Christopher 1969 appearance. The bar closed immediately TOPHER ST Street – Sheridan CHRIS Square Station after the Stonewall Uprising and was replaced M by a number of eating establishments. In 1987-89, a bar named West – Stonewall operated out of No. 51. The current Stonewall bar 7 WA 5 Washington Square opened in 1993 and has operated under the current management WEST 4 SHINGT Station since 2006. It is open to the public. M ON PL Stonewall Inn, 1969. Photo credit: Diana Davies, 1969. Manuscript and Archives Division, New York Public Library. VE ST VE S TH ST GRO A TH 4. MATTACHINE SOCIETY 7 (59 Christopher Street, currently ) BLEECKER ST WA W ST VERL Founded in Los Angeles in 1950, with a New York chapter in 1955, AVE TH Y PL the Mattachine Society was a leading American “” BARRO 6 (gay and lesbian) group. At the time it was considered radical. (he actually survived), the recently formed Mattachine challenged the State Liquor Authority’s ban on 8. MARIE’S CRISIS 14. BOOKSHOP and quickly assembled a protest march from serving gay people at the famous “Sip-In” at ’ Bar in 1966, (59 Grove Street) (15 Christopher Street, currently the Christopher Park to the police station, as well as a candlelight vigil and worked to stop police entrapment of gay men. This was First opened in the 1920s as a speakeasy, and as café Marie’s Crisis Greenwich Letterpress) at St. Vincent’s Hospital where he was taken. Flyers read Mattachine’s last offices, from 1972 until it dissolved in 1976. in 1935, it became a piano bar with a primarily gay clientele in 1972. Gay rights activist established “Any way you look at it – that boy was PUSHED. We are ALL This location is poignant, as Mattachine was replaced in influence The lesbian novelist Patricia Highsmith was a America’s first gay and lesbian bookstore being pushed.” This protest, which received positive media by younger and more radical activist LGBT groups after Stonewall. regular here. It is open to the public. in a storefront of an apartment building at coverage, demonstrated the strength of the two organizations. Mattachine Society button, c. 1960s. 8th and Mercer Streets in 1967. He named it It inspired many more people to become politically active. 9. STEWART’S CAFETERIA after the most prominent gay person he could Photo: Gay Activists Alliance Flyer for the Snake Pit raid protest, March 1970. Private collection. 5. THE DUCHESS (7th Avenue South & Christopher Street, think of, Oscar Wilde, the playwright. Rodwell (101 7th Avenue South, corner building to the right of Starbucks) currently Bank of America) 12. JULIUS’ BAR had been a participant in the Julius’ “Sip-In” in 1966. In 1973, Rodwell moved the shop to this location. He sold it in 1993, just before his The Duchess was a popular late 1970s/early 80s , closed Opened in 1933, Stewart’s Cafeteria became (159 West 10th Street) when the city revoked its liquor license under Mayor Edward Koch. a popular bohemian and gay and lesbian death, and the store remained in business until 2009. A bar has continuously operated here since the mid-19th century, haunt. The large windows put gay life on full Craig Rodwell, n.d. Photo credit: Kay Tobin Lahusen Manuscripts and Archives Division, New known as Julius’ by around 1930. It started to attract a gay clientele York Public Library. display to the late-night crowds who frequented 6. RIDICULOUS THEATRICAL CO. by the 1960s. On April 21, 1966, an event later known as the “Sip-In” (1 Sheridan Square, currently the Axis Theatre Company) this busy intersection at the Christopher Street subway stop. In 1935 was organized by members of the Mattachine Society. Inspired by the manager was convicted of “openly outraging public decency” 15. The basement Café Society (1938-48) was New York City’s first civil rights sit-ins in the South, they set out to challenge the State here. Stewart’s was raucously depicted by famous gay artist Paul In the 1960s, pre-dating the Stonewall Rebellion, the stretch of racially integrated club, with bookings by legendary jazz producer Liquor Authority’s discriminatory policy of revoking the licenses Cadmus in his painting Greenwich Village Cafeteria (1934). Greenwich Avenue from Christopher Street to Seventh Avenue, John Hammond. It opened with a relatively unknown Billie Holiday, of bars that served gay men and lesbians. The refusal of service Paul Cadmus, 1934. The Museum of Modern Art. was called “the cruisiest street in the Village.” Anything farther who debuted the song Strange here. Charles Ludlam’s Greenwich Village Cafeteria, to those who intentionally revealed they were “homosexuals” west of here was what novelist Felice Picano called “homosexual Ridiculous Theatrical Co., founded in 1967 and moved here 10. FEDORA’S was publicized and photographed. It was one of the earliest no-man’s-land.” in 1978, was one of New York’s most innovative and influential pre-Stonewall public actions for LGBT rights, and a big step (239 West 4th Street, currently Fedora’s operated by new owners) Off-Off-Broadway theater troupes. Ludlam died of AIDS in 1987. forward in legitimizing LGBT bars in New York. 16. WOMEN’S HOUSE OF Charles Ludlum, founder of the Ridiculous Theatrical Company, with the cast of his play “The Henry and Fedora Dorato opened the restaurant Fedora’s in Mattachine Society members (left to right) John Timmons, , Craig Rodwell, and Ventriloquist’s Wife” in 1977. Photo credit: Jack Mitchell, Archive Photos Collection, 1952, where his father had opened a speakeasy in 1919 and then being refused service by the bartender at Julius’, April 21, 1966.Photo credit: Fred DETENTION Getty Images. a restaurant in 1933. A well-known male model sent hundreds of W.McDarrah, Premium Archive Collection, Getty Images (Sixth and Greenwich Avenues) postcards to friends praising Fedora’s, leading to its popularity. 7. SITE OF THE START 13. ELMER EPHRAIM From 1931 to 1974, the large prison on this It was considered the oldest continually operating restaurant with site housed countless poor, working-class, OF NEW YORK’S FIRST a large gay clientele until it closed in 2010. ELLSWORTH FLAGPOLE and lesbian women. It became infamous in PRIDE MARCH At the eastern tip of Christopher Park is a the Village for shouted exchanges between At the one-year anniversary of 11. SNAKE PIT flagpole dedicated in 1936 to Union Army women inside and on the street, many of Stonewall Uprising, in June 1970, a (211 West 10th Street) Col. Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth (1837-1861). them lovers. This was one factor that resulted in group led by Craig Rodwell, owner of In March 1970, less than a year after Born in New York State, he was the leader a campaign to demolish the building and replace it with the scenic the Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop, Stonewall, police raided the after- of the first American Zouave unit when he garden that is there now. planned what became the first annual hours basement bar the Snake Pit. met and went to work for Abraham Lincoln Women’s House of Detention, 1945. Photo credit: Museum of the City of New York. Pride March (then known as the Fearing another crowd confrontation, in 1860. C.A. Tripp, in The Intimate World of Abraham Lincoln Christopher Street Liberation Day they detained over 160 people at the (2005), posited that Lincoln became personally attached to the 17. MURRAY HALL APARTMENT March). To the organizers’ surprise, this local police station at 135 Charles young man. Ellsworth accompanied him to Washington and was (457 ) incredibly brave public march attracted thousands of participants. Street, west of the bar. Immigrant the first officer killed in the Civil War,while removing a Confederate This was the last residence of Murray Hall (died 1901), a Tammany According to surviving film footage, the marchers first gathered on Diego Vinales, apparently fearing flag from atop a hotel that Lincoln could see from the Hall politician who lived as a man for decades, but was revealed Washington Place west of Sixth Avenue. From Greenwich Village deportation, attempted to escape White House. The plaque on the flagpole base has the incorrect after death to have been a woman, creating an international press by jumping out of a window. He was they followed a route up Sixth Avenue to . order of his name. furor. Married several times, Hall remained close to the nearby impaled on an iron fence below. Official poster from New York’s first Pride March, June 28, 1970. Photo credit: Craig Rodwell Col. Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth, c. 1861. Photo credit: Mathew B. Brady & Studio, Harvard Art Jefferson Market Courthouse as a bail bondsman. Papers, Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library. Appalled at his possible death Museums/Fogg Museum, Imaging Department, Fellows of Harvard College.

ABOUT YOUR VISIT DIRECTIONS TO CHRISTOPHER PARK LANGUAGE AND TERMINOLOGY MORE INFORMATION First Printing, September 2017 Text by Jay Shockley and Ken Lustbader The sites on this map are located within and outside the Stonewall Christopher Park is located in Greenwich Village at 7th Avenue Language and terminology for and gender Please visit the National Parks for the NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. National Monument boundary. The numbering of the sites follows a South and Christopher Street. By subway: train to Christopher identification have continually evolved since the late 19th century. Conservation Association’s website For any use of text or information, the citation is: LGBT History Walking Tour suggested route that roughly follows a loop. After visiting site 17 you Street – Sheridan Square or the A B C D E F or M train to West For example, “lesbian” and “gay” became more commonly used in at www.npca.org and the NYC Brochure, First Printing, NYC LGBT can circle back to your starting point at Christopher Park. Many of the 4th Street – Washington Square. By bus, take the or M20 via the post-World War II era, whereas “bisexual” and “transgender” LGBT Historic Sites Project’s Historic Sites Project and National Parks sites featured in this brochure are privately owned and not open to the 7th Avenue South to Christopher Street. were not as frequent until the 1980s. The text uses “LGBT” website at www.nyclgbtsites.org. Conservation Association, September 2017. public. Please respect people’s privacy and do not trespass. although that usage did not exist in earlier time periods.