DOCSLIB.ORG

Energy Options for Future Humans on Titan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Energy Options for Future Humans on Titan obiolog str y & f A O u o l t a r e n a r c u h o J Hendrix AR et al., Astrobiol Outreach 2017, 5:2 Journal of Astrobiology & Outreach DOI: 10.4172/2332-2519.1000157 ISSN: 2332-2519 Research Article Open Access Energy Options for Future Humans on Titan Amanda R Hendrix1* and Yuk L Yung2 1Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, Arizona, USA 2Division of Planetary and Geological Sciences, Caltech, Pasadena, California, USA *Corresponding author: Hendrix A, Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, Arizona, USA, Tel: 323-800-2700; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: May 29, 2017; Accepted date: June 6, 2017; Published date: June 16, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Hendrix AR, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract We review the possibilities for in situ energy resources on Titan for use by future humans, including chemical, nuclear, wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower. All of these options, with the possible exception of geothermal, represent effective sources of power. Combustion of methane (after electrolysis of the native water), in combination with another source of power such as nuclear, is a viable option; another chemical source of energy is the hydrogenation of acetylene. The large seas Kraken and Ligeia potentially represent effective sources of hydropower. Wind power, particularly at altitudes ~40 km, is expected to be productive. Despite the distance from the sun and the absorbing atmosphere, solar power is (as on Earth) an extremely efficient source of power on Titan. Keywords: Titan; ISRU; Planetary environments Chemical Species in Titan’s atmosphere and at the surface and subsurface can Introduction be utilized to produce chemical energy. Nitrogen makes up ~95% of Once propulsion challenges are overcome, allowing humans to the atmosphere. The abundance of methane (CH4) increases with travel great distances quickly without incurring significant radiation decreasing altitude below the tropopause at 32 km, leveling off at damage, Saturn’s moon Titan is the optimal location in the solar system ~4.9% between 8 km and the surface [4]. This small amount of for an off-Earth human settlement. It has Earth-like qualities and a methane is responsible for keeping the nitrogen in the gas phase; thick atmosphere that provides shielding from damaging radiation without the methane, much of the nitrogen in the stratosphere and [1,2] unlike any other solid surface location in the solar system. Given troposphere would condense out [6]. Trace amounts of other the distance from Earth (~1.3 × 109 km), such a settlement must be hydrocarbons, e.g. ethane (C2H6), diacetylene (C4H2), methylacetylene self-sustainable, and in particular, humans will need to produce oxygen (CH3C2H), acetylene (C2H2) and propane (C3H8), and of other gases, to breathe and provide heating for habitats. The abundance of such as cyanoacetylene (HC3N), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), carbon hydrocarbons and availability of wind and hydro-based power give this dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), cyanogen (C2N2), argon and self-sustainability a high likelihood. Here we discuss such energy helium are also present [4,7]; H2 is also present at larger abundances options, from In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). This paper [8]. Complex N2/CH4 chemistry involving photons and energetic represents an exercise to provide a first look at energy options without electrons in the atmosphere leads to the production of organic haze delving into tedious detail on each one (at a time when questions about particles, which act as condensation nuclei and eventually settle to the specific Titan conditions still exist), to provide readers with estimates surface as sediments (“tholins”). Titan’s dune fields [9] are likely of energy options for future study. Clearly, many details will need to be composed of organics that originated in the atmosphere. Methane/ worked out in the coming decades, such as equipment mass required ethane rainfall occurs periodically on Titan [10], and liquid for delivery to Titan for any one of these systems. hydrocarbons fill the polar lakes and seas [11,12]. Water ice is available in abundance and makes up the bulk of Titan’s interior [3]. All of these Nuclear species represent potential resources. Several options are available for producing energy via chemical A nuclear power source brought to Titan from Earth would last pathways on Titan. Combustion of hydrocarbons alone (e.g. reactions several decades; for instance, 238Pu decays with a half-life of 88 years. 3, 4 in Table 1) is not efficient on Titan because it costs more energy to After that, radioactive material can be extracted from silicate rocks; do the electrolysis needed to get the O (reaction 5). In practice, a about 50% of Titan's mass is silicates [3]. Radiogenic argon (Ar) in 2 nuclear source could be used to run an electrolysis plant while Titan’s atmosphere, likely a product of decay of 40K in the interior, has chemical energy is produced via combustion separately. Alternatively, been observed by the Huygens GCMS [4] and the Cassini Orbiter Ion hydrogenation of acetylene (reaction 1) [13] is a viable exothermic and Neutral Mass Spectrometer [5]. Such materials are likely to be option at Titan conditions, producing 376 kJ/mol of energy. Both deep in the interior assuming substantial differentiation, under acetylene and H could be extracted from the atmosphere; alternately, hundreds of kilometers of ice and water, and thus extraction of 2 pyrolysis of CH (reaction 8) could be performed to produce C H radioactive materials would require significant effort and energy which 4 2 2 (though it would cost energy to do the pyrolysis). [On Mars [14], we do not attempt to estimate here but note as a possibility. sources of H2 include ferrous-ion reduction of H2O to H2 during serpentinization, and photochemical dissociation of H2O in the atmosphere.] We note that an alternative (or additional option) for Astrobiol Outreach, an open access journal Volume 5 • Issue 2 • 1000157 ISSN: 2332-2519 Citation: Hendrix and Yung (2017) Energy Options for Future Humans on Titan. Astrobiol Outreach 5: 157. doi:10.4172/2332-2519.1000157 Page 2 of 4 producing O2 for combustion/respiration would be to use a Where η is the efficiency of the turbine, ρ is the density of the fluid, greenhouse full of plants/algae to produce O2; this would, however, Q is the flow rate, g is the gravitational acceleration and h is the height require energy to operate and heat the greenhouse. We anticipate that, difference. As an example, we use η=0.85, ρ=660 kg/m3 [17], and given the low efficiency of photosynthesis, genetically engineered h=145 m. For the volumetric flow rate Q, the standard value used for plants/algae will be an attractive option for future Titan residents, but water on Earth is 80 m3/s; given the estimated viscosity of the fluids in that is the subject of another paper. Titan’s lakes (Hayes et al. [18] give a range of viscosities on Titan of 0.003 to 0.03 cm2/s, compared with Earth’s H O viscosity range of We also consider possible uses of the abundant atmospheric 2 0.0084-0.0184 cm2/s), we estimate a range in flow rates on Titan of 40 nitrogen. For instance, hydrogenation of nitrogen (Table 1 reaction 10) to 160 m3/s. The gravitational acceleration at Titan is 14% of Earth’s is exothermic, producing ~92 kJ/mol of energy. gravity, or 1.37 m/s2. This Titan methanopower system would produce Reaction number Reaction Energy ~9 MW of power (Table 2). In comparison, for a similar system on Earth running on water, the power production would be 97 MW. 1 C2H2+3H2 → 2CH4 -376.3 kJ/mol (exothermic) Estimating the depth of Titan’s largest sea, Kraken Mare, at 500 to (hydrogenation of acetylene) 1000 m [19], its length at 1100 km and an average width of 500 km, the volume of Kraken is estimated at 2.75-5.5 × 1014 m3. This results in 19 2 CO2+4H2 → -164.9 kJ/mol some 3.1-6.1 × 10 J of energy produced by dropping the entire CH4+2H2O(g) (exothermic) contents of the sea over a height of 145 m. Such a system could provide (Sabatier process; power (constrained by the volume of Kraken Mare) for 53,900 to methanogenesis) 431,250 Earth years (1840 to 14,740 Titan years). In comparison, 3 CH4+2O2 -802.3 kJ/mol Earth’s Lake Superior, which has a volume smaller than that of Kraken 12 3 19 →CO2+2H2O(g) (8.7 × 10 m ), would produce ~1 × 10 J of energy for a similar (combustion of methane) system for a duration of 3450 years. On Titan, if higher resolution topographic data indicate that there are no locations where a natural 4 2C2H6+7O2 → -2857.2 kJ/mol drop occurs and liquid flows downhill out of a lake, then such a system 4CO +6H O 2 2 may require major engineering work which is out of the scope of this (combustion of ethane) report to detail fully. We estimate that it would require cutting into the edge of the lake/sea to create the drop and then cutting into the 5 4H2O → 4H2+2O2 967.2 kJ/mol (241.8 x 4) landscape away from the lake/sea to allow the liquid to flow away, in a electrolysis of H O 2 canal or pipeline. Without better knowledge of Titan’s topography, we 6 2CO2 → 2CO+O2 (endothermic) do not attempt in this report to estimate a precise location for such a (3000°C) project.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Solubility and Solution-Phase Chemistry of Isocyanic Acid, Methyl Isocyanate, 2 and Cyanogen Halides 3 4 5 6 James M
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1160 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discussion started: 9 November 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Solubility and Solution-phase Chemistry of Isocyanic Acid, Methyl Isocyanate, 2 and Cyanogen Halides 3 4 5 6 James M. Roberts1, and Yong Liu2 7 8 1. NOAA/ESRL Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado, 80305 9 2. Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, Colorado, 80217 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1160 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discussion started: 9 November 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. 52 Abstract 53 54 Condensed phase uptake and reaction are important atmospheric removal processes for reduced nitrogen 55 species, isocyanic acid (HNCO), methyl isocyanate (CH3NCO) and cyanogen halides (XCN, X =Cl, Br, I), yet many 56 of the fundamental quantities that govern this chemistry have not been measured or are understudied. Solubilities 57 and first-order reaction rates of these species were measured for a variety of solutions using a bubble flow reactor 58 method with total reactive nitrogen (Nr) detection. The aqueous solubility of HNCO was measured as a function of 59 pH, and exhibited the classic behavior of a weak acid, with an intrinsic Henry’s law solubility of 20 (±2) M/atm, and -4 60 a Ka of 2.0 (±0.28) ×10 M (which corresponds to pKa = 3.7 ±0.06) at 298K.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydroxyacetonitrile (HOCH2CN) As a Precursor for Formylcyanide (CHOCN), Ketenimine (CH2CNH), and Cyanogen (NCCN) in Astrophysical Conditions
    A&A 549, A93 (2013) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201219779 & c ESO 2013 Astrophysics Hydroxyacetonitrile (HOCH2CN) as a precursor for formylcyanide (CHOCN), ketenimine (CH2CNH), and cyanogen (NCCN) in astrophysical conditions G. Danger1, F. Duvernay1, P. Theulé1, F. Borget1, J.-C. Guillemin2, and T. Chiavassa1 1 Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, PIIM UMR 7345, 13397 Marseille, France e-mail: [email protected] 2 Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France Received 8 June 2012 / Accepted 19 November 2012 ABSTRACT Context. The reactivity in astrophysical environments can be investigated in the laboratory through experimental simulations, which provide understanding of the formation of specific molecules detected in the solid phase or in the gas phase of these environments. In this context, the most complex molecules are generally suggested to form at the surface of interstellar grains and to be released into the gas phase through thermal or non-thermal desorption, where they can be detected through rotational spectroscopy. Here, we focus our experiments on the photochemistry of hydroxyacetonitrile (HOCH2CN), whose formation has been shown to compete with aminomethanol (NH2CH2OH), a glycine precursor, through the Strecker synthesis. Aims. We present the first experimental investigation of the ultraviolet (UV) photochemistry of hydroxyacetonitrile (HOCH2CN) as a pure solid or diluted in water ice. Methods. We used Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to characterize photoproducts of hydroxyacetonitrile (HOCH2CN) and to determine the different photodegradation pathways of this compound. To improve the photoproduct identifications, irradiations of hydroxyacetonitrile 14N and 15N isotopologues were performed, coupled with theoretical calculations.
    [Show full text]
  • SAFETY DATA SHEET Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Cyanogen Chloride 1-999Ppm / Nitrogen 99%
    SAFETY DATA SHEET Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Cyanogen Chloride 1-999ppm / Nitrogen 99% Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Cyanogen Chloride 1-999ppm / Nitrogen 99% Other means of : Not available. identification Product use : Synthetic/Analytical chemistry. SDS # : 012226 Supplier's details : Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 24-hour telephone : 1-866-734-3438 Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the : GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Compressed gas substance or mixture GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Warning Hazard statements : Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. Precautionary statements General : Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDS’S) before use. Read label before use. Keep out of reach of children. If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand. Close valve after each use and when empty. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Do not open valve until connected to equipment prepared for use. Use a back flow preventative device in the piping. Use only equipment of compatible materials of construction. Prevention : Not applicable. Response : Not applicable. Storage : Protect from sunlight when ambient temperature exceeds 52°C/125°F. Store in a well- ventilated place. Disposal : Not applicable. Hazards not otherwise : In addition to any other important health or physical hazards, this product may displace classified oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. Section 3. Composition/information on ingredients Substance/mixture : Mixture Other means of : Not available.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyanogen Metabolism in Cassava Roots: Impact on Protein Synthesis and Root Development
    fpls-08-00220 February 22, 2017 Time: 15:3 # 1 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Frontiers - Publisher Connector ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 24 February 2017 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00220 Cyanogen Metabolism in Cassava Roots: Impact on Protein Synthesis and Root Development Tawanda Zidenga1*, Dimuth Siritunga2 and Richard T. Sayre1,3 1 Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA, 2 Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR, USA, 3 New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a staple crop for millions of sub-Saharan Africans, contains high levels of cyanogenic glycosides which protect it against herbivory. However, cyanogens have also been proposed to play a role in nitrogen transport from leaves to roots. Consistent with this hypothesis, analyses of the distribution and activities of enzymes involved in cyanide metabolism provides evidence for cyanide assimilation, derived from linamarin, into amino acids in cassava roots. Both b-cyanoalanine synthase (CAS) and nitrilase (NIT), two enzymes involved in cyanide assimilation to produce asparagine, were observed to have higher activities in roots compared to leaves, consistent with their proposed role in reduced nitrogen assimilation. In addition, rhodanese activity was not detected in cassava roots, indicating that this competing means for cyanide metabolism was not a factor in cyanide detoxification. In contrast, Edited by: Henrik Toft Simonsen, leaves had sufficient rhodanese activity to compete with cyanide assimilation into Technical University of Denmark, amino acids. Using transgenic low cyanogen plants, it was shown that reducing root Denmark cyanogen levels is associated with elevated root nitrate reductase activity, presumably to Reviewed by: compensate for the loss of reduced nitrogen from cyanogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Halogen-Cyanides Ii . the Distribution of Iodine
    Det Kgl . Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Mathematisk-fysiske Meddelelser. XIV, 3. STUDIES ON HALOGEN-CYANIDES II . THE DISTRIBUTION OF IODINE CYANIDE AN D CYANOGEN BROMIDE BETWEEN BENZENE AN D WATER, AND BETWEEN BENZENE AND SOM E AQUEOUS SALT SOLUTIONS . THE SYNTHESIS AND THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF IODIN E CYANID E BY MAX MØLLE R KØBENHAVN LKVIN & MUNKSGAARll EJNAR MUN[fSGAAR D 1936 Printed in Denmark . Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri A/S . 1 . Introduction. In an investigation of the equilibrium : ICN+I- +H+ I2, +HCN , KOVACH 1 attempted to calculate the equilibrium constant . But the value which was obtained from the conductivit y measurements and the potentiometric estimations cannot be correct, such as it was realized already by KOVACH , since the value of the iodine-iodide ion potential, calculate d by means of the equilibrium constant, is not in agreemen t with the accepted value . This disagreement may be due to, either that the acti- vity of iodine cyanide is strongly effected by salts in general , or that iodine cyanide reacts with iodide ions and cyanid e ions to form complex compounds, or to both of these effects . The following research was started to investigate th e salting out effect on iodine cyanide and cyanogen bromide , and to investigate if these substances actually are able t o unite with halogen ions to form complex ions, similar to the tri-iodide ion, I . When this investigation was in progress YOST & STONE 2 published a paper dealing with the complexformation of iodine cyanide with iodide and cyanide ions . 1 Z . phys . Chem . 80 (1912) 107 .
    [Show full text]
  • Strategies for Detecting Biological Molecules on Titan
    ASTROBIOLOGY Volume 18, Number 5, 2018 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1758 Strategies for Detecting Biological Molecules on Titan Catherine D. Neish,1 Ralph D. Lorenz,2 Elizabeth P. Turtle,2 Jason W. Barnes,3 Melissa G. Trainer,4 Bryan Stiles,5 Randolph Kirk,6 Charles A. Hibbitts,2 and Michael J. Malaska5 Abstract Saturn’s moon Titan has all the ingredients needed to produce ‘‘life as we know it.’’ When exposed to liquid water, organic molecules analogous to those found on Titan produce a range of biomolecules such as amino acids. Titan thus provides a natural laboratory for studying the products of prebiotic chemistry. In this work, we examine the ideal locales to search for evidence of, or progression toward, life on Titan. We determine that the best sites to identify biological molecules are deposits of impact melt on the floors of large, fresh impact craters, specifically Sinlap, Selk, and Menrva craters. We find that it is not possible to identify biomolecules on Titan through remote sensing, but rather through in situ measurements capable of identifying a wide range of biological molecules. Given the nonuniformity of impact melt exposures on the floor of a weathered impact crater, the ideal lander would be capable of precision targeting. This would allow it to identify the locations of fresh impact melt deposits, and/or sites where the melt deposits have been exposed through erosion or mass wasting. Determining the extent of prebiotic chemistry within these melt deposits would help us to understand how life could originate on a world very different from Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Abbreviations of Chemical Warfare Agents, 152 Acetylcholinesterase
    Index Abbreviations of chemical warfare agents, Blood ChE inhibition, nerve agent critical 152 toxic effect on, 23 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, Blood ChE inhibition, nerve agent species nerve agents and, 18 variation of, 21 Acetylthiocholine iodide, RBC-ChE activ­ Blood cholinesterases, nerve agent effects ity and, 22 on, 20 AChE (acetylcholinesterase) inhibition, Butyrylcholinesterase (plasma-ChE), nerve agents and, 18 nerve agent effects on, 20 Acronyms for chemical warfare agents, 152 Acute inhalation toxicity, CK and, 114 Carboxylesterases (aliesterases), nerve Acute toxicity, CK (cyanogen chloride) agent effects on, 21 and, 113 Carcinogenicity, CK and, 122 Acute toxicity, GA and, 68 Carcinogenicity, GA and, 73 Acute toxicity, GB and, 78 Carcinogenicity, GB and, 90 Acute toxicity, GD and, 94 Carcinogenicity, HD and, 38 Acute toxicity, HD and, 30 Carcinogenicity, HN2 and, 53 Acute toxicity, HN2 and, 51 Carcinogenicity, HT and, 49 Acute toxicity, HT and, 49 Carcinogenicity, lewisite and, 107 Acute toxicity, lewisite and, 103 Carcinogenicity, VX and, 61 Acute toxicity, T sulfur mustard and, 50 ChE (cholinesterase), nerve agent effects Acute toxicity, VX and, 54 on, 20 Agent CK, see CK or cyanogen chloride ChE inhibition, nerve agent potency on, Agent GA, see GA or Tabun 23 Agent GB, see GB or Sarin Chemical warfare agent disposal tech­ Agent GD, see GD or Soman niques,3 Agent HD, see HD or Sulfur mustard HD Chemical warfare agent non-stockpile Agent HN2, see HN2 or Nitrogen mus- sites U.S., 4 tard Chemical warfare agents, 1 ff. Agent HT, see HT or Sulfur mustard HT Chemical warfare agents, acronyms/abbre­ Agent L, see L or Lewsite viations of, 152 Agent T, see T Sulfur mustard Chemical warfare agents, air exposure lim­ Agent VX, see VX its of, 7 Aliesterases (carboxylesterases), nerve Chemical warfare agents, environmental agent effects on, 21 cleanup of, 3 Anticholinesterase agents, 18 Chemical warfare agents, environmental Army chemical destruction, 3 ff.
    [Show full text]
  • Acetonitrile
    NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM Technical Report Series No. 447 TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS STUDIES OF ACETONITRILE (CAS NO. 75-05-8) IN F344/N RATS AND B6C3F, MICE (INHALATION STUDIES) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health FOREWORD The National Toxicology Program (NTP) is made up of four charter agencies of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS): the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health; the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health; the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration; and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control. In July 1981, the Carcinogenesis Bioassay Testing Program, NCI, was transferred to the NIEHS. The NTP coordinates the relevant programs, staff, and resources from these Public Health Service agencies relating to basic and applied research and to biological assay development and validation. The NTP develops, evaluates, and disseminates scientific information about potentially toxic and hazardous chemicals. This knowledge is used for protecting the health of the American people and for the primary prevention of disease. The studies described in this Technical Report were performed under the direction of the NIEHS and were conducted in compliance with NTP laboratory health and safety requirements and must meet or exceed all applicable federal, state, and local health and safety regulations. Animal care and use were in accordance with the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Animals. The prechronic and chronic studieswere conducted in compliance with Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Good Laboratory Practice Regulations, and all aspectsof the chronic studies were subjected to retrospective quality assurance audits before being presented for public review.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyrolysis and Combustion of Acetonitrile (Ch3cn)
    OAK RIDGE ORNL/TM-2002/113 NATIONAL LABORATORY MANAGED BY UT-BATTELLE FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Pyrolysis and Combustion of Acetonitrile (CH3CN) Phillip F. Britt DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge. Web site http://www.osti.gov/bridge Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source. National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD 703-487-4639 Fax 703-605-6900 E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.ntis.gov/support/ordernowabout.htm Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following source. Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanides: Human Health Aspects
    This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization, or the World Health Organization. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 61 HYDROGEN CYANIDE AND CYANIDES: HUMAN HEALTH ASPECTS Please note that the layout and pagination of this pdf file are not identical to the version in press First draft prepared by Prof. Fina Petrova Simeonova, Consultant, National Center of Hygiene, Medical Ecology and Nutrition, Sofia, Bulgaria; and Dr Lawrence Fishbein, Fairfax, Virginia, USA Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization, and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. World Health Organization Geneva, 2004 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), established in 1980, is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Labour Organization (ILO), and the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management
    [Show full text]
  • Cyanogen Final AEGL Document
    VOLUME 17 Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Committee on Toxicology Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Division on Earth and Life Studies THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 FIFTH STREET, NW WASHINGTON, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This project was supported by Contract No. W81K04-11-D-0017 and EP-W-09-007 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-30476-4 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-30476-8 Additional copies of this report are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 3343313; http://www.nap.edu/. Copyright 2014 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyanogen Agents
    J R Army Med Corps 2002; 148: 383-386 J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-148-04-08 on 1 December 2002. Downloaded from Cyanogen Agents GENERAL HCN + Na2S2O3 ‘HSCN + Na2SO3 This reaction with sodium thiosulphate Introduction forms the basis of a therapy of cyanide Cyanogen agents produce their effects by poisoning. Metal ions easily form complexes interfering with oxygen utilization at the with cyanide ions for example: cellular level. Their toxicity is primarily derived from the liberation of the CN-group. - 2- - Inhalation is the usual route of entry. The CoCl2 + 4CN ‘Co(CN) 4+ 2Cl . term "blood agents" has, in the past been These types of reaction are employed in used to describe cyanogen agents and is still reactive carbons where the charcoal is in widespread use. It should be noted, impregnated with metal ions in order to however, that not all "blood agents" are increase the absorptive capacity of charcoal. cyanogens (e.g. carbon monoxide). Similar reactions with complexed metal ions The commodity industrial chemical are also utilised in some forms of therapy. hydrogen cyanide (HCN (AC)) was used during WWI and is still attractive as an Detection improvised weapons fill because of its Automatic detectors are available which availability. Hydrogen cyanide is released detect attack concentrations of cyanide when cyanides (e.g. acetone cyanohydrine, vapour. DraegerTM tubes are also available, as sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide) are are water testing kits. spilled in water or subjected to acid. The cyanogen halides, cyanogen chloride (ClCN Protection (CK)) and cyanogen bromide (BrCN), were Hydrogen cyanide, because of its volatility used during WWI.
    [Show full text]