DOCSLIB.ORG

Cyanogen Agents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cyanogen Agents J R Army Med Corps 2002; 148: 383-386 J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-148-04-08 on 1 December 2002. Downloaded from Cyanogen Agents GENERAL HCN + Na2S2O3 ‘HSCN + Na2SO3 This reaction with sodium thiosulphate Introduction forms the basis of a therapy of cyanide Cyanogen agents produce their effects by poisoning. Metal ions easily form complexes interfering with oxygen utilization at the with cyanide ions for example: cellular level. Their toxicity is primarily derived from the liberation of the CN-group. - 2- - Inhalation is the usual route of entry. The CoCl2 + 4CN ‘Co(CN) 4+ 2Cl . term "blood agents" has, in the past been These types of reaction are employed in used to describe cyanogen agents and is still reactive carbons where the charcoal is in widespread use. It should be noted, impregnated with metal ions in order to however, that not all "blood agents" are increase the absorptive capacity of charcoal. cyanogens (e.g. carbon monoxide). Similar reactions with complexed metal ions The commodity industrial chemical are also utilised in some forms of therapy. hydrogen cyanide (HCN (AC)) was used during WWI and is still attractive as an Detection improvised weapons fill because of its Automatic detectors are available which availability. Hydrogen cyanide is released detect attack concentrations of cyanide when cyanides (e.g. acetone cyanohydrine, vapour. DraegerTM tubes are also available, as sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide) are are water testing kits. spilled in water or subjected to acid. The cyanogen halides, cyanogen chloride (ClCN Protection (CK)) and cyanogen bromide (BrCN), were Hydrogen cyanide, because of its volatility used during WWI. The toxicity of cyanogen and low molecular weight, is poorly absorbed halides is due to the CN-group and the by the charcoal in the canister of the irritant properties of the halogen moiety.The respirator. This charcoal is made more commodity chemical hydrogen sulphide reactive by impregnating it with metal salts. http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ (H25) has a toxicity comparable to hydrogen In field conditions the respirator gives good cyanide and appears to act by a similar protection against gas. Modern NBC filters mechanism. are effective against attack with hydrogen cyanide, but should be changed immediately HYDROGEN CYANIDE afterwards. Properties Decontamination Because of its physical properties the agent Physical Properties will not remain for long in its liquid state; Under most field conditions, hydrogen decontamination should not be necessary. on October 1, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. cyanide is a colourless gas and represents a non-persistent hazard. The vapour is less Mechanism of Action dense than air and has a faint odour, The cyanide ion forms a reversible complex somewhat like bitter almonds, although with the respiratory cytochrome oxidase, an about up to 40 % of people are unable to enzyme system essential for oxidative smell this. It is highly soluble and stable in processes within cells. This results in water. impairment of cellular oxygen utilisation. The central nervous system, particularly the Chemical Properties. respiratory centre, is especially susceptible to The CN compounds hydrolyse slowly in this effect and respiratory failure is the usual water with subsequent gradual loss of cause of death. toxicity. They are readily oxidised by strong oxidants; e.g. potassium permanganate. Signs and Symptoms Hydrogen cyanide has an affinity for oxygen As a result of the high rate of detoxification and is flammable; hence it is less efficient in the body, high concentrations of cyanide when dispersed by artillery shells. for short periods produce greater toxicity. Compounds which contain labile sulphur - High concentrations: At high concentrations atoms (R-S=S2-) react with HCN even in there is an increase in the depth of vivo, for example: respiration within a few seconds. This 384 J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-148-04-08 on 1 December 2002. Downloaded from stimulation may be so powerful that a DMAP). Methaemoglobin-forming casualty cannot voluntarily hold his or her compounds should be used cautiously in breath. Loss of consciousness with possible patients suffering from concurrent carbon convulsions occur after 20 to 30 sec with monoxide poisoning or hypoxia. cessation of respiration within 1 min. 2. Cyanide is detoxified at a rate that is of prac- Cardiac failure follows within a few tical importance, about 17 µg.kg-1.min-1. minutes. Sudden loss of consciousness in Provision of additional sulphur groups to the absence of other characteristic features enhance the detoxification of cyanide to of nerve agent intoxication is a key thiocyanate by endogenous rhodanese is indicator of potentially lethal cyanide accomplished by giving sodium thio- poisoning. sulphate. - Low Concentrations: At low concentrations, It is generally agreed that binding the the early symptoms are weakness of the cyanide ions is the main priority of treatment legs, vertigo, nausea and headache. but that thiosulphate should be provided Convulsions may follow with coma which with most treatment regimen to promote may last for hours or days depending on conversion of cyanide to non-toxic the duration of exposure to the agent. thiocyanate ions. Recovery from prolonged coma may disclose residual damage to the central nervous system manifested by irrationality, Drugs That Induce The Binding altered reflexes and unsteady gait which Of Cyanide Ions may last for several weeks or longer; temporary or permanent nerve deafness Sodium Nitrite has also been described. In mild cases Sodium nitrite must be administered there may be headache, vertigo and nausea intravenously.Ten millilitres of a 3% solution for several hours before complete recovery. (300 mg) of sodium nitrite should be injected intravenously over a period of 3 min. Casualty Management The sodium nitrite is administered in order First Aid Measures. The casualty should be to produce methaemoglobin, thus removed from the source of hydrogen sequestering the cyanide on the cyanide. Rescue workers should wear methaemoglobin. Subsequent intravenous adequate individual protective equipment administration of sodium thiosulphate is (IPE). required to promote the conversion of Therapy. The key to treatment of patients cyanide to thiocyanate ion which is then poisoned with hydrogen cyanide is speed. excreted from the body. Although there is disagreement regarding the The decrease in blood pressure following ideal drugs for use in the treatment there is sodium nitrite injections is negligible unless no doubt that urgent action is necessary. the patient is allowed to get into an upright http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ position. The development of a slight degree Treatment of cyanosis may be associated with the production of methaemoglobin (methaemo- Any casualty who is fully conscious and globinaemia) and does not in itself call for breathing normally more than 5 min after artificial ventilation. It is not anticipated that presumed exposure to cyanide agents has an extreme or injurious degree of ceased will recover spontaneously and does methaemoglobinaemia will develop at the not require treatment (cyanide is detoxified dosages stated above. If it does occur, very rapidly in the body). Successful treatment is oxygen administration. If treatment for acute cyanide poisoning methaemoglobin formation is severely depends upon rapid fixation of the cyanide on October 1, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. symptomatic, methylene blue may be given ion, either by methaemoglobin formation or to convert methaemoglobin to haemoglobin. by fixation with cobalt compounds. Artificial Methylene Blue is given 1-2 mg.kg-1 by slow ventilation is not likely to be helpful in the IV injection over 5 - 10 min; repeated once absence of administration of antidote. after 1 h if there is no response. Treatment Approaches 4-Dimethylaminophenol-hydrochloride (4- Two major approaches are involved in the DMAP) treatment by antidote of cyanide poisoning: 4-DMAP induces the rapid formation of 1. By providing alternative binding sites for methaemoglobin and must be injected the cyanide ions, the cytochrome oxidase intravenously at a dose of 250 mg over 3 - 5 enzyme activity is restored. Binding sites min. Muscular necrosis may follow may be provided by drugs such as dicobalt intramuscular injection and this route edetate and hydroxocobalamin or by the should be avoided. Subsequent intravenous production of methaemoglobin in the administration of sodium thiosulphate is blood. Methaemoglobin avidly binds required to promote the conversion of cyanide ions and may be produced by cyanide to thiocyanate ion which is then compounds such as sodium nitrite, amyl excreted from the body. If sodium nitrite and dimethylaminophenol (4- thiosulphate is not immediately available, 385 J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-148-04-08 on 1 December 2002. Downloaded from 250 mg of 4-DMAP should be given every require antidotal treatment and will be hour until thiosulphate can be given; the expected to make a full recovery. latter completes the treatment. Occasionally, when tissue hypoxia has been prolonged, residual injury of the CNS may Amyl Nitrite persist for weeks and some damage may be Amyl nitrite may be of benefit when used as permanent. a first aid measure, prior to the use of intravenous antidotes. Crushing the CYANOGEN HALIDES ampoule around the face or even inside the facepiece of the respirator is worthless unless Introduction the casualty is breathing. It should not be Cyanogen chloride and cyanogen bromide used with concurrent oxygen administration were used during WWI (usually in mixtures due to the risk of explosion. Treatment with with other warfare agents - hydrogen amyl nitrite should be followed by sodium cyanide, bromoacetone).Their effects on the thiosulphate. body are similar to those of hydrogen cyanide but they also have irritant effects on the eyes Hydroxocobalamin and upper respiratory passages. The Hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B12a) is a fast threshold concentration for cyanogen acting antidote that binds cyanide to form chloride is approximately 2.5 mg.m-3. non-toxic cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DNA Alkylation by Leinamycin Can Be Triggered by Cyanide and Phosphines
    Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 11 (2001) 1511–1515 DNA Alkylation by Leinamycin Can Be Triggered by Cyanide and Phosphines Hong Zang, Leonid Breydo, Kaushik Mitra, Jeffrey Dannaldson and Kent S. Gates* Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA Received 24 January 2001; accepted 14 March 2001 Abstract—Previous work has shown that alkylation of DNA by the antitumor agent leinamycin (1) is potentiated by reaction of the antibiotic with thiols. Here, it is shown that other soft nucleophiles such as cyanide and phosphines can also trigger DNA alkylation by leinamycin. Overall, the results suggest that reactions of cyanide and phosphines with leinamycin produce the oxathiolanone intermediate (2), which is known to undergo rearrangement to the DNA-alkylating episulfonium ion 4. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Leinamycin (1) is a potent antitumor antibiotic that properties of the antibiotic. Here we report that phos- contains a unique 1,2-dithiolan-3-one 1-oxide hetero- phines and cyanide are able to trigger DNA alkylation cycle.1,2 Reaction of thiols with this sulfur heterocycle in by the antitumor antibiotic leinamycin. Results of our leinamycin initiates chemistry that leads to oxidative chemical model reactions and DNA-damage experi- DNA damage and DNA alkylation.3À6 Thiol-triggered ments suggest that reaction of cyanide and phosphines DNA alkylation by leinamycin involves initial conver- with leinamycin affords the critical oxathiolanone inter- sion of the parent antibiotic to the oxathiolanone form mediate (2), which subsequently undergoes rearrangement 2,5,7 followed by rearrangement to the episulfonium ion to the DNA-alkylating episulfonium ion 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Sodium and Specialty Cyanides Production Facility Nicholas A
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Senior Design Reports (CBE) Engineering 4-20-2018 Sodium and Specialty Cyanides Production Facility Nicholas A. Baylis University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Parth N. Desai University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Kyle J. Kuhns University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/cbe_sdr Part of the Biochemical and Biomolecular Engineering Commons Baylis, Nicholas A.; Desai, Parth N.; and Kuhns, Kyle J., "Sodium and Specialty Cyanides Production Facility" (2018). Senior Design Reports (CBE). 101. https://repository.upenn.edu/cbe_sdr/101 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/cbe_sdr/101 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sodium and Specialty Cyanides Production Facility Abstract Sodium cyanide and specialty cyanide production are essential operations for various industrial processes, with primary applications in mining and mineral processing. Sodium cyanide, despite the high toxicity inherent in the material and its production process, is expected to grow 5% annually, with a projected global demand of 1.1 million tonnes in 2018. This report details a process design for producing sodium cyanide through the use of two intermediate reactions and successive downstream separations. The first major step is the production of hydrogen cyanide gas from ammonia and methane derived from natural gas, via the industry standard Andrussow reaction over a platinum-rhodium gauze catalyst. Aqueous sodium cyanide is produced via a neutralization reaction of absorbed hydrogen cyanide gas with aqueous sodium hydroxide. Downstream processes include the crystallization of solid sodium cyanide from the aqueous product, with the solid product being removed from slurry and brought to low-moisture content through a series of solid-liquid separations.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyanide Poisoning and How to Treat It Using CYANOKIT (Hydroxocobalamin for Injection) 5G
    Cyanide Poisoning and How to Treat It Using CYANOKIT (hydroxocobalamin for injection) 5g 1. CYANOKIT (single 5-g vial) [package insert]. Columbia, MD: Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc.; 2011. Please see Important Safety Information on slides 3-4 and full Prescribing Information for CYANOKIT starting on slide 33. CYANOKIT is a registered trademark of SERB Sarl, licensed by Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc., a Pfizer company. Copyright © 2015 Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc., a Pfizer company. All rights reserved. CYK783109-01 November/2015. Indication and Important Safety Information……………………………………………………………………………….………..…..3 . Identifying Cyanide Poisoning……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….….5 . How CYANOKIT (hydroxocobalamin for injection) Works……………………………………………………………….12 . The Specifics of CYANOKIT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………17 . Administering CYANOKIT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….21 . Storage and Disposal of CYANOKIT…................................................................................................................................26 . Grant Information for CYANOKIT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....30 . Full Prescribing Information………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………33 Please see Important Safety Information on slides 3-4 and full Prescribing Information for CYANOKIT starting on slide 33. CYANOKIT (hydroxocobalamin for injection) 5 g for intravenous infusion is indicated for the treatment of known or suspected cyanide poisoning.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop
    Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop February 6-8, 2008 Orlando, Florida Edited by Andrew W. Bruckner Glynnis G. Roberts U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-40 August 2008 This publication should be cited as: Bruckner, A.W. and G. Roberts (editors). 2008. Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-40, Silver Spring, MD 164 pp. Signifi cant support for the development of this document was provided by NOAA Fisheries, Offi ce of Habitat Conservation, and NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Program. The views expressed in this document are those of the authors and the participants of the workshop, and do not necessarily refl ect the offi cial views or policies of the U.S. Government, NOAA or DOS. Front Cover Images: (Top) James Cervino – A fi sher uses cyanide to catch marine ornamental fi sh; (Bottom) Stephen Why – Pens used in Micronesia to hold live reef food fi sh. Additional copies of this publication may be requested from: John Foulks National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service Offi ce of Habitat Conservation 1315 East West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910 [email protected] Proceedings of the Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop Edited by Andrew W. Bruckner and Glynnis G. Roberts Offi ce of Habitat Conservation Ecosystem Assessment Division NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service 1315 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-40 August 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Vice Admiral Conrad C.
    [Show full text]
  • 9.7 Summary of Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides 421
    09_BRCLoudon_pgs4-3.qxd 11/26/08 12:25 PM Page 420 420 CHAPTER 9 • THE CHEMISTRY OF ALKYL HALIDES The occurrence of some inversion also shows that the lifetime of a tertiary carbocation is 8 very small. It takes about 10_ second for a chloride counterion to diffuse away from a carbo- cation and be replaced by solvent. The carbocations that undergo inversion do not last long enough for this process to take place. The competition of backside substitution (which gives inversion) with racemization shows that the lifetime of the carbocation is approximately in 8 this range. In other words, a typical tertiary carbocation exists for about 10_ second before it is consumed by its reaction with solvent. This very small lifetime provides a graphic illustration just how reactive carbocations are. PROBLEMS 9.27 The optically active alkyl halide in Eq. 9.61 reacts at 60 C in anhydrous methanol solvent to give a methyl ether A plus alkenes. The substitution reaction° is reported to occur with 66% racemization and 34% inversion. Give the structure of ether A and state how much of each enantiomer of A is formed. 9.28 In light of the ion-pair hypothesis, how would you expect the stereochemical outcome of an SN1 reaction (percent racemization and inversion) to differ from the result discussed in this section for an alkyl halide that gives a carbocation intermediate which is considerably (a) more stable or (b) less stable than the one involved in Eq. 9.61? E. Summary of the SN1 and E1 Reactions Let’s summarize the important characteristics of the SN1 and E1 reactions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Summer Assignment Will Receive a GRADE on the First Day of Class – August 9
    Bishop Moore AP Chemistry Summer Assignment June 2017 Future AP Chemistry Student, Welcome to AP Chemistry. In order to ensure the best start for everyone next fall, I have prepared a summer assignment that reviews basic chemistry concepts some of which you may have forgotten you learned. For those topics you need help with there are a multitude of tremendous chemistry resources available on the Internet. With access to hundreds of websites either in your home or at the local library, I am confident that you will have sufficient resources to prepare adequately for the fall semester. The reference text book as part of AP course is “Chemistry: The Central Science” by Brown LeMay 14th Edition for AP. Much of the material in this summer packet will be familiar to you. It will be important for everyone to come to class the first day prepared. While I review throughout the course, extensive remediation is not an option as we work towards our goal of being 100% prepared for the AP Exam in early May. There will be a test covering the basic concepts included in the summer packet during the first or second week of school. You may contact me by email: ([email protected]) this summer. I will do my best to answer your questions ASAP. I hope you are looking forward to an exciting year of chemistry. You are all certainly excellent students, and with plenty of motivation and hard work you should find AP Chemistry a successful and rewarding experience. Finally, I recommend that you spread out the summer assignment.
    [Show full text]
  • Solubility and Solution-Phase Chemistry of Isocyanic Acid, Methyl Isocyanate, 2 and Cyanogen Halides 3 4 5 6 James M
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1160 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discussion started: 9 November 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Solubility and Solution-phase Chemistry of Isocyanic Acid, Methyl Isocyanate, 2 and Cyanogen Halides 3 4 5 6 James M. Roberts1, and Yong Liu2 7 8 1. NOAA/ESRL Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado, 80305 9 2. Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, Colorado, 80217 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1160 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discussion started: 9 November 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. 52 Abstract 53 54 Condensed phase uptake and reaction are important atmospheric removal processes for reduced nitrogen 55 species, isocyanic acid (HNCO), methyl isocyanate (CH3NCO) and cyanogen halides (XCN, X =Cl, Br, I), yet many 56 of the fundamental quantities that govern this chemistry have not been measured or are understudied. Solubilities 57 and first-order reaction rates of these species were measured for a variety of solutions using a bubble flow reactor 58 method with total reactive nitrogen (Nr) detection. The aqueous solubility of HNCO was measured as a function of 59 pH, and exhibited the classic behavior of a weak acid, with an intrinsic Henry’s law solubility of 20 (±2) M/atm, and -4 60 a Ka of 2.0 (±0.28) ×10 M (which corresponds to pKa = 3.7 ±0.06) at 298K.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydroxyacetonitrile (HOCH2CN) As a Precursor for Formylcyanide (CHOCN), Ketenimine (CH2CNH), and Cyanogen (NCCN) in Astrophysical Conditions
    A&A 549, A93 (2013) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201219779 & c ESO 2013 Astrophysics Hydroxyacetonitrile (HOCH2CN) as a precursor for formylcyanide (CHOCN), ketenimine (CH2CNH), and cyanogen (NCCN) in astrophysical conditions G. Danger1, F. Duvernay1, P. Theulé1, F. Borget1, J.-C. Guillemin2, and T. Chiavassa1 1 Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, PIIM UMR 7345, 13397 Marseille, France e-mail: [email protected] 2 Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France Received 8 June 2012 / Accepted 19 November 2012 ABSTRACT Context. The reactivity in astrophysical environments can be investigated in the laboratory through experimental simulations, which provide understanding of the formation of specific molecules detected in the solid phase or in the gas phase of these environments. In this context, the most complex molecules are generally suggested to form at the surface of interstellar grains and to be released into the gas phase through thermal or non-thermal desorption, where they can be detected through rotational spectroscopy. Here, we focus our experiments on the photochemistry of hydroxyacetonitrile (HOCH2CN), whose formation has been shown to compete with aminomethanol (NH2CH2OH), a glycine precursor, through the Strecker synthesis. Aims. We present the first experimental investigation of the ultraviolet (UV) photochemistry of hydroxyacetonitrile (HOCH2CN) as a pure solid or diluted in water ice. Methods. We used Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to characterize photoproducts of hydroxyacetonitrile (HOCH2CN) and to determine the different photodegradation pathways of this compound. To improve the photoproduct identifications, irradiations of hydroxyacetonitrile 14N and 15N isotopologues were performed, coupled with theoretical calculations.
    [Show full text]
  • POTASSIUM CYANIDE -- Chemical Fact Sheet What Is It? 1 Potassium Cyanide Is a White Granular Solid with a Bitter Almond Odor
    POTASSIUM CYANIDE -- Chemical Fact Sheet What is it? 1 Potassium Cyanide is a white granular solid with a bitter almond odor. It is similar in appearance to sugar. Potassium Cyanide has been used to extract metals from ore and as a rat poison. Where does it Potassium Cyanide is the product of reacting potassium with hydrogen cyanide. come from? What are the Rat Poison common uses for Metal Plating it? Semiconductor Manufacturing How is it Potassium Cyanide is shipped by truck transported in CCC? How is it stored Potassium Cyanide is stored in tightly closed containers. in CCC? Health Hazards from Exposure Exposure Route Symptoms First Aid Inhalation Irritates nose, throat and lungs Remove to fresh air. Seek (low concentrations) Headache or Dizziness medical attention. DO NOT Nausea ATTEMPT CPR. Inhalation Burning sensation Remove to fresh air. Get (high concentrations & prolonged exposure) Unconsciousness medical attention Convulsions immediately. DO NOT Coma ATTEMPT CPR. Death Ingestion Digestive tract burn DO NOT INDUCE Abdominal pain VOMITING. Seek medical Vomiting attention. Large doses can cause death Eyes Severe eye irritant Rinse eyes with water for at Blurred Vision least 15 minutes. Seek Redness, swelling, eye burns medical attention. Skin Skin irritant Wash skin with water for 15 Burning/discomfort minutes. Remove Ulcers contaminated clothing and Skin burns shoes. Seek medical attention . Contra Costa RMP/CalARP Companies that Use, Store or Manufacture this Chemical 2 Electroforming Company Web Sites on the Internet US Environmental
    [Show full text]
  • War Gases .Pdf
    yh&% .*i From the collection of the m Prejinger h v Jjibrary San Francisco, California 2007 THE WAR GASES WAR GASES Their Identification and Decontamination BY MORRIS B. JACOBS, Ph.D. Food, Drug and Insecticide Admin. U. S. Dept. of Agr. 1927 Chemist Department of Health, City of New York, 1928. Formerly, Lt. U. S. Chemical Warfare Service Reserve INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS, INC. NEW YORK, N. Y.-1942 Copyright, 1942, by INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS, INC. 215 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Printed in U. S. A. by WAVERLY PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD. PREFACE Relatively little has been written in the United States of America on the subject of passive defense, or as we would put it, civilian defense against poison gas. One of the very first steps in defense of this nature is a system for the detection, the sampling and the identification of the chemical war- fare agents, and the decontamination of areas and materials polluted by them. It is the aim of this book to present these subjects so that the informa- tion given will be useful to the gas identification officer, the war gas chemist, the decontamination officer, and the health officer. While this book was written primarily for the aforementioned officers, Chapters I, II, III, part of IV and VII should prove of value to the air raid warden and, in general, to all persons dealing with the above mentioned phases of gas defense. It is written so that it can be used for the training of gas identifi- cation officers, as a manual by chemists and decontamination officers, and as a source of information on the analytical chemistry of the war gases.
    [Show full text]
  • SAFETY DATA SHEET Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Cyanogen Chloride 1-999Ppm / Nitrogen 99%
    SAFETY DATA SHEET Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Cyanogen Chloride 1-999ppm / Nitrogen 99% Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Cyanogen Chloride 1-999ppm / Nitrogen 99% Other means of : Not available. identification Product use : Synthetic/Analytical chemistry. SDS # : 012226 Supplier's details : Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 24-hour telephone : 1-866-734-3438 Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the : GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Compressed gas substance or mixture GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Warning Hazard statements : Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. Precautionary statements General : Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDS’S) before use. Read label before use. Keep out of reach of children. If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand. Close valve after each use and when empty. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Do not open valve until connected to equipment prepared for use. Use a back flow preventative device in the piping. Use only equipment of compatible materials of construction. Prevention : Not applicable. Response : Not applicable. Storage : Protect from sunlight when ambient temperature exceeds 52°C/125°F. Store in a well- ventilated place. Disposal : Not applicable. Hazards not otherwise : In addition to any other important health or physical hazards, this product may displace classified oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. Section 3. Composition/information on ingredients Substance/mixture : Mixture Other means of : Not available.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Advances in Cyanamide Chemistry: Synthesis and Applications
    molecules Review Recent Advances in Cyanamide Chemistry: Synthesis and Applications M. R. Ranga Prabhath, Luke Williams, Shreesha V. Bhat and Pallavi Sharma * School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK; [email protected] (M.R.R.P.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (S.V.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-015-2288-6885 Academic Editor: Margaret A. Brimble Received: 9 March 2017; Accepted: 7 April 2017; Published: 12 April 2017 Abstract: The application of alkyl and aryl substituted cyanamides in synthetic chemistry has diversified multi-fold in recent years. In this review, we discuss recent advances (since 2012) in the chemistry of cyanamides and detail their application in cycloaddition chemistry, aminocyanation reactions, as well as electrophilic cyanide-transfer agents and their unique radical and coordination chemistry. Keywords: cyanamide; synthesis; aminocyanation; cycloaddition; electrophilic cyanation; radical reaction; coordination chemistry 1. Introduction Cyanamide enjoys a rich chemical history, which can be traced to its unique and chemically promiscuous nitrogen-carbon-nitrogen (NCN) connectivity. The chemistry of the nitrile-substituted amino-group of the ‘cyanamide-moiety’ is dominated by an unusual duality of a nucleophilic sp3-amino nitrogen and an electrophilic nitrile unit. The reported use of unsubstituted cyanamide (NH2CN) and metal cyanamides (MNCN, where M = metal) date back as far as the late 19th century, where the likes of calcium cyanamide (CaNCN) was used as a fertilizer, and later as source of ammonia and nitric acid, which fueled the industrial production of metal cyanamides. In contrast, the reported use of the corresponding substituted organic cyanamides (RNHCN or RR’NCN) gathered pace only in more recent years.
    [Show full text]