DOCSLIB.ORG

Before Humphrey: the First Stage of English Humanist Interest to C.1440

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Before Humphrey: the First Stage of English Humanist Interest to C.1440 Extract from D. Rundle, ‘Of Republics and Tyrants: aspects of quattrocento humanist writings and their reception in England, c. 1400 – c. 1460’ (unpublished DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1997) © David Rundle 1997 -III- Before Humphrey: the first stage of English humanist interest to c.1440 In 1444, Æneas Sylvius Piccolomini received a letter from the English cleric Adam Moleyns, the elegance of which surprised him. He responded with praise not only of Moleyns but also of the person he had heard was responsible for the introduction of this dicendi ornatus: Magne ob hanc causam referende sunt grates clarissimo illi et doctissimi principi Clocestrie duci qui studia humanitatis summo studio in regnum vestrum recepit qui sicut mihi relatum est et poetas mirifice colit et oratores magnopere veneratur. hoc enim nimirum fit ut plures Anglorum eloquentes evadunt quia quales sunt principes tales et cives esse consueverunt et imitantur servi studia dominorum.1 As Piccolomini himself went on to remark, great is eloquence: many have been persuaded by his claim for Humphrey as the father of ‘English humanism.’ In this century, it has been said that the Duke of Gloucester “taught his countrymen to look to Italy for inspiration” with the result that by 1460, “Englishmen were no longer looked upon as necessarily utter barbarians.”2 Others might dispute the impact of Humphrey’s patronage - “the fire which he lit smouldered for a long time” - but his Promethean feat is uncontested.1 Before him, the English had no spark of ‘humanism.’ Humphrey’s own contribution to English humanist interest is the subject of the next chapter; for the moment, I want to focus on the pre-history of that interest. For, on my submission, Humphrey was neither isolated nor utterly unprecedented in 1 R.Wolkan, ed., Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini I/i [Fontes Rerum Austriacarum lxi] (Vienna, 1909) ep.143 {p.325}. On Moleyns, see Weiss, pp.80-3, BRUO. 2 R.J.Mitchell, John Tiptoft (London, 1938) p.2. 48 Extract from D. Rundle, ‘Of Republics and Tyrants: aspects of quattrocento humanist writings and their reception in England, c. 1400 – c. 1460’ (unpublished DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1997) © David Rundle 1997 his collecting of works by modern Italians. The evidence for this pre-history is necessarily sparse; it requires at times oblique methods to reconstruct it. From what we can detect, however, this first stage of interest consisted of two separate strands. For one of these strands, the information is mainly garnered by taking our knowledge of Humphrey’s library and working back in time; for the other, the evidence comes from a couple of manuscripts that have been overlooked or misinterpreted. Neither strand, it should be added, involves John Whethamstede whose oft-stated claims to early interest in the studia humanitatis will be reviewed in the chapter’s final pages. Even if the abbot of St.Albans is excluded from this first stage of interest, the first forty years of the fifteenth century provided rather more than “the background against which the rise of English humanism took place.”1 Indeed, the conclusion of this chapter is that Humphrey of Gloucester was not the alpha and the omega of humanist interest; he was, merely, as it were, one iota - although admittedly one written in littera notabilior. What is at stake in this chapter is not just chronology; how ideas spread is also in question. The traditional narrative of humanist cultural transmission has concentrated on largescale, aristocratic collectors at the expense of less exalted figures, and has placed great importance on the influence of humanists who visited England. The first of these tendencies will come under scrutiny in the middle sections of this chapter; the second will be discussed through the case study of Poggio’s English years. That example will also serve to demonstrate the need to read humanist epistles with care: conventional interpretations have rarely appreciated fully the distorting effect of humanist rhetoric. Nowhere is this clearer than in their 1 B.L.Ullman, “Manuscripts of Duke Humphrey of Gloucester” in id., Studies in the Renaissance (Rome, 1955) pp.345-355 at p.345. Cf.Sammut, pp.52-3. 49 Extract from D. Rundle, ‘Of Republics and Tyrants: aspects of quattrocento humanist writings and their reception in England, c. 1400 – c. 1460’ (unpublished DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1997) © David Rundle 1997 willingness to take humanist stereotypes of the English at face-value. By way of introduction, I wish briefly to discuss these caricatures. Britain held a central - if unenviable - place in the early humanists’ mental cosmography.2 For Italians, these islands were axiomatically far away - penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos.3 As for the inhabitants themselves, to the traditional stereotype of their being terrible gormands the humanists added that they made even worse scholars.4 In the late fourteenth century, the vogue for dialectic had been seen by its Florentine opponents as an imported British disease.5 The island’s geographical isolation and its intellectual practices were not unrelated, at least in Salutati’s eyes: both demonstrated that it was barbarous.6 Even their scholars’ names sound uncouth, was the next generation’s contribution to this construction: Farabrich, Buser, Occam ... qui omnes mihi videntur a Rhadamantis cohorte traxisse cognomina.7 The early 1 Weiss, p.39. 2 Britanni and Anglici were, of course, used interchangeably. Few had the dubious advantage of Piccolomini’s experience which taught him that England was civilised when compared to Scotland: Pius II, I Commentari, ed.G.Bernetti, i (Siena, 1972) pp.14-5. 3 Vergil, Eclogue, I.66; employed, for example, in 1443 by Piccolomini [Wolkan, Der Briefwechsel, p.227] and in c.1460 by Griffolini in his dedication of Lucian’s Calumnia to Tiptoft [see D.Cast, The Calumny of Apelles (London, 1981) pp.203-4; see c.vii p.239 below]. Bruni used the phrase extremus mundi angulus, which is perhaps an echo of Bede’s fertilis angulus orbis: see Mehus, ep.V/4 (IV/22); cf. his Oratio in funere Iohannis Strozzae in J.D.Mansi, Stephani Baluzii ... Miscellanea, iv (Lucca, 1764) p.4. 4 For the topos of English dietary excess, apart from Poggio’s comments noted below, see da Fiano’s inelegant poem edited in R.Weiss, “A humanist invective against an unnamed English poet”, JWCI, x (1947) pp.153-5; V.da Bisticci, Le Vite, ed.A.Greco, i (Florence, 1970) p.312; for the early sixteenth century, see C.A.Sneyd, ed., A relation...of the island of England [Camden Society, no.37] (London, 1847) p.21; also J.R.Hale, The Civilisation of Europe in the Renaissance (London, 1993) p.52. 5 On this generally, E.Garin, “La cultura fiorentina nella seconda metà del ’300 e i ‘barbari britanni’”, La Rassegna della letteratura italiana lxiv (1960) pp.181-195; C.Vasoli, “Intorno al Petrarca ed ai logici ‘moderni’”, Miscellanea Medievalia, ix, ed.A.Zimmermann (Berlin, 1974) pp.142-54. 6 Salutati employs the Vergil quotation in both a letter [F.Novati, ed., Epistolario di Coluccio Salutati iii (Rome, 1896) pp.318-322] & De Laboribus I.1 [ed.B.L.Ullman (Zurich, 1951) I, p.3]. Petrarch, attacking a Sicilian dialectician, emphasises instead England’s island nature, on the basis of Pomponius Mela [Rerum Familiarum, I.75]. 7 Garin, pp.58-60. This comment was reiterated in the early 1480s by Antonio de Ferrariis Galateo: Epistole, ed. A.Altamura (Lecce, 1959) p.95. 50 Extract from D. Rundle, ‘Of Republics and Tyrants: aspects of quattrocento humanist writings and their reception in England, c. 1400 – c. 1460’ (unpublished DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1997) © David Rundle 1997 humanists’ opponents may have been ‘scholastics’ but their rhetoric of enmity (and thus of self-definition) was against foreigners and, in particular, this island-race.1 The range of commonplaces, from over-indulgence to obscurantism, is deftly combined in a letter written from England by Poggio Bracciolini: Homines ventri deditos et peni satis reperire possumus; amatores verum litterarum perpaucos et eos barbaros ac disputatiunculis et sofismatibus eruditos potius quam doctrina.2 On such comments severe interpretations of English scholarship have been based. Yet, though Poggio was living among these men, his assessment was surely based more on the established stereotypes than on dispassionate sociological analysis. That he could write this suggests (it might be argued) some truth to the convention of the English as obese pedants; at the very least, the stereotype may actually have coloured Poggio’s perception of his English hosts. There is no doubt that such iconic images affected the way in which humanists described their contacts with Englishmen: when one of the barbarians showed early interest in Bruni’s works, the author commented that this man was mihi amicus et studiorum nostrum, quantum illa natio capit, ardentissimus affectator.3 Yet, even if humanists wrote such comments with no sense sense of irony whatsoever, their sense of superiority patently did not stifle cultural contacts. Barbarians could make unobjectionable colleagues or even employers; men with Rhadamantine names managed to be acceptable correspondents and dinner- companions. Indeed, the negative stereotypes may even have nurtured humanist 1 Outside the cabal of ‘humanists’, there was a counter-tradition of praise of England: so, Paolo de Campograsso, addressing Henry V in 1414 on behalf of John XXIII, described the island’s glories by reference to Bede, Bartholomeus Anglicus and John of Salisbury: Florence: Biblioteca Riccardiana, MS.784, fol.114-5. 2 Harth i, ep.7 {ll.25-7}. 3 Mehus, ep.II/18 (II/25); see below pp.65-6. 51 Extract from D. Rundle, ‘Of Republics and Tyrants: aspects of quattrocento humanist writings and their reception in England, c.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lambeth Palace Library Research Guide Biographical Sources for Archbishops of Canterbury from 1052 to the Present Day
    Lambeth Palace Library Research Guide Biographical Sources for Archbishops of Canterbury from 1052 to the Present Day 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 3 2 Abbreviations Used ....................................................................................................... 4 3 Archbishops of Canterbury 1052- .................................................................................. 5 Stigand (1052-70) .............................................................................................................. 5 Lanfranc (1070-89) ............................................................................................................ 5 Anselm (1093-1109) .......................................................................................................... 5 Ralph d’Escures (1114-22) ................................................................................................ 5 William de Corbeil (1123-36) ............................................................................................. 5 Theobold of Bec (1139-61) ................................................................................................ 5 Thomas Becket (1162-70) ................................................................................................. 6 Richard of Dover (1174-84) ............................................................................................... 6 Baldwin (1184-90) ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Academic Freedom 258–260, 281 See Also Libertas Inquirendi
    INDEX Academic Freedom 258–260, 281 See also Giles of Rome, Geoff rey See also Libertas inquirendi Hardeby, John Kedington, Philip Albert the Great 27 Repyndon, John Shipton Alneto, William of 102 Avignon 5, 76–78, 85–90, 104, 123, Alnwick, William of 65, 71, 75 137 n. 26, 206, 257, 275, 296 Alyngton, Robert 179–180, 182, 209, 250 Bacher, John Rea 69 Andreas Capellanus 29 Baconthorpe, John of 263–264 Andrew, William, bishop of Meath 211, Baketon, Th omas 168, 170 215, 219–220, 277, 299 Baldock, Robert 238 Annals of Dunstable 58–59 Ball, John 148, 179, 195 Annals of Oseney 48–51, 57–58 Baltinglass Abbey, Ireland 153 Anne of Bohemia 164, 184 Balton, John 190 Antimendicant poetry 97–98 Bangor, bishop of 213 Apostolic Poverty See Poverty Bartholemew the Cistercian 72 Controversy Barton, William 129–130, 141, 148, Appeals 17, 20–21, 60, 62, 66, 77–78, 80, 150–152, 154–155, 157–163, 168, 171, 82, 93–94, 99–107, 124, 129, 139, 141, 174, 177, 203, 241, 245, 247, 276, 280, 149–150, 153, 163, 178, 192, 194, 198, 282, 288–289, 297–298 201–203, 206, 222, 226–229, 234, Condemnation of John Wyclif’s 236–238, 244, 247, 275, 279, 281, 296, propositions 129, 148–164, 171, 298–300 177, 241 Appelby, John 170 Sententia 152, 156–159, 161–162, 288 Aquinas, Th omas 1, 17, 27, 29–30, 42, Beaufon, Walter 85 46–47, 49 n. 34, 64, 260–261, 276, 280 Bedeman, Laurence (see Laurence Arundel, Th omas, archbishop of Stephen) Canterbury 223–226, 228–230, Belluno-Feltre, Gregory of 90 250–251, 253, 261, 270–271, 286 Benedict XI 94 Th e Constitutiones 223–226, 229–231, Benedict XII 98 n.
    [Show full text]
  • 0 1472 the Evidence of John Stone's Chronicle
    http://kentarchaeology.org.uk/research/archaeologia-cantiana/ Kent Archaeological Society is a registered charity number 223382 © 2017 Kent Archaeological Society THE POLITICAL ALLEGIANCES OF CHRIST CHURCH PRIORY 1400-1472: THE EVIDENCE OF JOHN STONE'S CHRONICLE MERIEL CONNOR In the Parker Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, is to be found a fifteenth-century manuscript, CCCC MS417. A Latin edition of this manuscript, transcribed by W.G. Searle, was published by the Cambridge Antiquarian Society in 1902, and this edition is well known to many historians of the fifteenth c e n t u r y . The preface of the manuscript declares it to be the 'book of brother John Stone, a monk of Christ Church Canterbury, composed as a result of his great work in the year 1467 in his fiftieth year as a monk'.1 Stone's name first occurs in the Christ Church records on 13 December 1417, when he was about eighteen years old.2 He was born in Kent and lived as a monk at the priory for some sixty years. The surviving manuscript is a copy of that 'great work', which has been described as 'an extremely curious and interesting memorandum book of most miscellaneous character'.3 Over the years, scholars have frequently cited Searle's edition to provide evidence for some aspect of their research. However, little attention lias been given to the original manuscript or to the composition of the work as a whole. Closer examination of the text shows it to be more than a chronological account of the internal life of this important medieval religious house.
    [Show full text]
  • Archbishop of Canterbury, and One of the Things This Meant Was That Fruit Orchards Would Be Established for the Monasteries
    THE ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY And yet — in fact you need only draw a single thread at any point you choose out of the fabric of life and the run will make a pathway across the whole, and down that wider pathway each of the other threads will become successively visible, one by one. — Heimito von Doderer, DIE DÂIMONEN “NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Archbishops of Canterb HDT WHAT? INDEX ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY 597 CE Christianity was established among the Anglo-Saxons in Kent by Augustine (this Roman import to England was of course not the Aurelius Augustinus of Hippo in Africa who had been in the ground already for some seven generations — and therefore he is referred to sometimes as “St. Augustine the Less”), who in this year became the 1st Archbishop of Canterbury, and one of the things this meant was that fruit orchards would be established for the monasteries. Despite repeated Viking attacks many of these survived. The monastery at Ely (Cambridgeshire) would be particularly famous for its orchards and vineyards. DO I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION? GOOD. Archbishops of Canterbury “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY 604 CE May 26, 604: Augustine died (this Roman import to England was of course not the Aurelius Augustinus of Hippo in Africa who had been in the ground already for some seven generations — and therefore he is referred to sometimes as “St. Augustine the Less”), and Laurentius succeeded him as Archbishop of Canterbury.
    [Show full text]
  • Lambeth Palace Library Research Guide Archbishops of Canterbury – Universities Attended Abbreviations: B
    Lambeth Palace Library Research Guide Archbishops of Canterbury – Universities attended abbreviations: b. = born. c or c. = circa. e = education. e. = educated. esp. = especially. nr. = near. s = school. (ap) = apparently. (pr) = probably. (ps) = possibly. (r) = reputedly. 105th 2013- Justin Portal Welby (b. 1956) Trinity College Cambridge BA 78; St John’s College Durham BA 91. 104th 2002-2012 Rowan Douglas Williams (b. 1950) Christ’s College Cambridge BA 71, MA 75; Wadham College, Oxford DPhil 75; DD 89. 103rd 1991-2002 George Leonard Carey (b.1935) London College of Divinity. King's College London. Associate of the London College of Divinity 1st class 1961, BD Hons 1962 (London), MTh1965 (London), PhD1971 (London). 102nd 1980-1991 Robert Alexander Kennedy Runcie (1921-2000) Brasenose College Oxford (1 year). Sandhurst (trained for Guards Armoured Division). Brasenose College Oxford. BA (1st class lit. hum) 1948, MA 1948. 101st 1974-1980 Frederick Donald Coggan (1909-2000) St John's College Cambridge. 1st class oriental languages tripos part i 1930, BA (1st class oriental languages tripos part ii), MA 1935. 100th 1961-1974 Arthur Michael Ramsey (1904-1988) Magdalene College Cambridge. 2nd class classical tripos part i 1925, BA (1st class theological tripos part i) 1927, MA1930, BD1950. 99th 1945-1961 Geoffrey Francis Fisher (1887-1972) Exeter College Oxford. 1st class classical honour moderations 1908, BA (1st class literae humaniores) 1910, 1st class theology 1911, MA1913. 98th 1942-1944 William Temple (1881-1944) Balliol College Oxford. 1st class honour moderations 1902 & literae humaniores 1904. 97th 1928-1941 William Cosmo Gordon Lang (1864-1945) Glasgow. MA. Balliol College Oxford.
    [Show full text]
  • Download 2012 Transactions
    Monumental Brass Society 2012 TRANSACTIONS Monumental Brass Society Volume XVIII, Part 4, 2012. ISSN 0143-1250 Obligations and Strategy: Managing Memory in the Later Medieval Parish 289 Clive Burgess Each According to their Degree: the Lost Brasses of the Thorpes of Northamptonshire 311 Robert Kinsey Embellishment and Restoration: the Barttelots and their Brasses at Stopham, Sussex 334 Jerome Bertram The Brass to the Revd. Montague Henry Noel, d. 1929, St. Barnabas, Oxford 363 David Meara Conservation of brasses, 2011 370 William Lack Reviews 374 Portfolio of Small Plates 381 Contributors are solely responsible for all views and opinions contained in the Transactions, which do not necessarily represent those of the Society. © Monumental Brass Society and the authors, 2012 Registered Charity No. 214336 www.mbs-brasses.co.uk Obligations and Strategy: Managing Memory in the Later Medieval Parish Clive Burgess Primarily concerned with commemorative practice within I England’s late medieval parishes, this essay first explores When starting to consider the nature of later the means by which the commemorative impulse became medieval commemoration a number of embedded in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and, questions immediately arise. Why did men and second, looks at factors, both general and local, which women strive so assiduously to be remembered? particularly assisted with managing memory within How generally did they contrive to maintain parishes. The essay then turns to consider how their presence? And what, therefore, was the individuals endeavoured to weave themselves into the broader array of commemorative devices parish liturgy, especially through repeated ceremonial such among which memorial brasses took their as anniversaries and by commissioning chantry Masses.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ, Canterbury
    THE CATHEDRAL AND METROPOLITICAL CHURCH OF CHRIST, CANTERBURY The Reverend C Edwards in Residence SERVICES SUNG BY THE LYNWOOD SINGERS 15 THE 8.00 Holy Communion (BCP) – High Altar 18 ASH 7.30 Morning Prayer – Our Lady Martyrdom SUNDAY p236, readings p82 WEDNESDAY 8.00 Holy Communion with Imposition of Ashes – High Altar NEXT 11.15 Litany, Imposition of Ashes and Holy Communion (BCP) BEFORE 9.30 Morning Prayer (said) – Quire Psalms 27; 150 – Jesus Chapel, Crypt LENT 11.00 SUNG EUCHARIST – Quire 5.30 EVENSONG and Litany in procession Responses – Sarum Quinquagesima SUNG BY THE CATHEDRAL CHOIR (BCP) Schubert Mass in C Hymns 265; Introit: In ieiunio et fletu – Tallis O nata lux – Tallis 178; 310; 385 Antiphon: Lay up for yourselves Henry Deane, Tones iv solemn and iii th 67 Archbishop, 1503 Preacher: The Reverend C Edwards, Vice Dean The Litany – Ridout Psalm 51 3.15 EVENSONG Responses – Radcliffe 6.30 Eucharist with Imposition of Ashes Hymns 67; Howells St Paul’s Service Psalm 2 – Our Lady Undercroft 70i v1,2,4,6; 383ii; 64 Hail! Gladdening light – Wood Collection Hymn 339 6.30 Sermon and Compline Preacher: The Dean 19 THURSDAY 7.30 Morning Prayer – Our Lady Martyrdom 8.00 Holy Communion – Jesus Chapel, Crypt Thomas Arundel, th 60 Archbishop, 1414 5.30 Evening Prayer (said) – Eastern Crypt Psalms 100; 101 16 MONDAY 7.30 Morning Prayer – Our Lady Martyrdom 6.15 Holy Communion – Our Lady Martyrdom 8.00 Holy Communion – Saints and Martyrs of Our Own Time Saints and Martyrs of Our Own Time 5.30 EVENSONG Responses – Ferial and procession to
    [Show full text]
  • Law, Religion, and War in Shakespeare's King Henry V
    Journal of Catholic Legal Studies Volume 53 Number 2 Volume 53, 2014, Number 2 Article 2 The Conscience of a King: Law, Religion, and War in Shakespeare's King Henry V Robert J. Delahunty Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/jcls Part of the International Law Commons, and the Religion Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at St. John's Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Catholic Legal Studies by an authorized editor of St. John's Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARTICLES THE CONSCIENCE OF A KING: LAW, RELIGION, AND WAR IN SHAKESPEARE'S KING HENRY V ROBERT J. DELAHUNTY INTRODUCTION Shakespeare's King Henry V is an elusive, searching meditation on the relationship of law and religion to war, peace, and statecraft, "the most subtly disturbing study in religious warfare that Shakespeare ever created."1 Although set in England and France during the period between Lent 1414 and May 1420, the play reflects the politics of Tudor England in early 1599, when it was originally produced.2 But it remains of absorbing interest for later periods, including ours.3 Just ' Professor of Law, University of St. Thomas School of Law, Minneapolis, Minnesota. I would like to thank Professors Mark Movsesian and Charles Reid, my Research Assistant Ken Knapp, Andrew Ratelle, and Catherine Ratelle for their help with this Article. ' Paul A. Jorgensen, A Formative Shakespearean Legacy: Elizabethan Views of God, Fortune, and War, 90 PUBLICATIONS MOD.
    [Show full text]
  • CONTEXTS of the CADAVER TOMB IN. FIFTEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND a Volumes (T) Volume Ltext
    CONTEXTS OF THE CADAVER TOMB IN. FIFTEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND a Volumes (T) Volume LText. PAMELA MARGARET KING D. Phil. UNIVERSITY OF YORK CENTRE FOR MEDIEVAL STUDIES October, 1987. TABLE QE CONTENTS Volume I Abstract 1 List of Abbreviations 2 Introduction 3 I The Cadaver Tomb in Fifteenth Century England: The Problem Stated. 7 II The Cadaver Tomb in Fifteenth Century England: The Surviving Evidence. 57 III The Cadaver Tomb in Fifteenth Century England: Theological and Literary Background. 152 IV The Cadaver Tomb in England to 1460: The Clergy and the Laity. 198 V The Cadaver Tomb in England 1460-1480: The Clergy and the Laity. 301 VI The Cadaver Tomb in England 1480-1500: The Clergy and the Laity. 372 VII The Cadaver Tomb in Late Medieval England: Problems of Interpretation. 427 Conclusion 484 Appendix 1: Cadaver Tombs Elsewhere in the British Isles. 488 Appendix 2: The Identity of the Cadaver Tomb in York Minster. 494 Bibliography: i. Primary Sources: Unpublished 499 ii. Primary Sources: Published 501 iii. Secondary Sources. 506 Volume II Illustrations. TABU QE ILLUSTRATIONS Plates 2, 3, 6 and 23d are the reproduced by permission of the National Monuments Record; Plates 28a and b and Plate 50, by permission of the British Library; Plates 51, 52, 53, a and b, by permission of Trinity College, Cambridge. Plate 54 is taken from a copy of an engraving in the possession of the office of the Clerk of Works at Salisbury Cathedral. I am grateful to Kate Harris for Plates 19 and 45, to Peter Fairweather for Plate 36a, to Judith Prendergast for Plate 46, to David O'Connor for Plate 49, and to the late John Denmead for Plate 37b.
    [Show full text]
  • Illegitimacy and English Landed Society C.1285-C.1500 Helen Sarah
    Illegitimacy and English Landed Society c.1285-c.1500 Helen Sarah Matthews A thesis presented to Royal Holloway, University of London in Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 Declaration of Authorship I, Helen Sarah Matthews, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: ______________________ Date: ________________________ 2 Abstract This study examines the incidence of illegitimacy among members of the landed classes, broadly defined, in late medieval England and the factors which affected the ability of parents to provide for their illegitimate offspring. Illegitimacy has normally been studied from either a legal or a social standpoint. This thesis will combine these approaches in order to provide insight into the social structure of late medieval England. Illegitimacy was a matter which primarily affected the right to inherit property and by implication, the person’s associated status. The period from c.1285, when the statute De Donis Conditionalibus was enacted, to the end of the fifteenth century saw the development of a number of legal devices affecting the ability of landowners to plan the succession to their estates. The enfeoffment to use and the entail allowed landowners the opportunity to settle estates on illegitimate children, or anyone else, without permanently alienating the property from the family line. By the fifteenth century, this freedom of action was becoming restricted by pre-existing entails and a means of breaking entails developed. This study begins with a survey of the legal issues surrounding illegitimacy and the context within which landowners were able to make provision for illegitimate children.
    [Show full text]
  • Memorials & Graves
    St. James, Hampton Hill CONTENTS Layout of the Memorials - - - - - 4 Section A - - - - - - - 18 Section B - - - - - - - 42 Section C - - - - - - - 56 Section D - - - - - - - 65 Section E - - - - - - - 93 Section F - - - - - - - 112 Section G - - - - - - - 132 Section H (Garden of rest) - - - - 181 War Memorial - - - - - - 182 Index - - - - - - - 184 St. James, Hampton Hill LAYOUT OF THE MEMORIALS Overview Page 4 of 193 St. James, Hampton Hill Section A Page 6 of 193 St. James, Hampton Hill Sections B, C and H Page 7 of 193 St. James, Hampton Hill Section D Page 8 of 193 St. James, Hampton Hill Section E Page 9 of 193 St. James, Hampton Hill Section F Page 10 of 193 St. James, Hampton Hill Section G Page 11 of 193 St. James, Hampton Hill SECTION A 1A1. Headstone Sacred / to the memory of / WALTER RICHARD son of / WILLIAM and LOUISA DAINES / who died Sept. 4th 1864, aged 11 months / Also SARAH ARIS grandmother of the above / who died January 11th 1872, aged 69 years / Also WILLIAM FREEMANTLE DAINES / father of the above WALTER RICHARD / who died March 22nd 1872, aged 45 years / The strife is o'er; the battle done / The triumph of the Lord is won / O let the song of praise be sung / Also AMY PRISCILLA the beloved daughter of / WILLIAM FREEMANTLE DAINES / who died October 15th 1872, aged 5 years / She is safe in her father's house above in the / place prepared by her Saviour's love / Also / In loving memory of / LOUISA DAINES / who peacefully entered into rest / on Thursday February 8th 1900 / aged 72 years / And there shall be no more death or sorrow / [nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain / for the former things] are passed away / Rev XXI v4.
    [Show full text]
  • Apostolic-Succession-Poster.Pdf
    There have been 161 bishops who have ministered in succession connecting our bishop with the twelve apostles 30 1.St. Peter (32-67) who before dying in Rome, appointed: 2.St. Linus (67-76) ROME Our Lord Jesus Christ commissioned the Twelve to minister 3.St. Anacletus (Cletus) (76-88) 4.St. Clement I (88-97) in his name, among them, St. Peter: 5.St. Evaristus (97-105) 6.St. Alexander I (105-115) The Apostles take the message into Judea, 7.St. Sixtus I (115-125) 8.St. Telesphorus (125-136) Samaria, and the Ends of the Earth. First SUCCESSION 9.St. Hyginus (136-140) 10.St. Pius I (140-155) 11.St. Anicetus (155-166) to the reaches of the Roman Empire, which 12.St. Soter (166-175) Listed in Irenaeus, writing c. 175 writing in Irenaeus, c. Listed 13.St. Eleutherius (175-189) included England, and then, in the 16th IN THE SEE 14.St. Victor I (189-199) 15.St. Zephyrinus (199-217) 16.St. Callistus I (217-22) century, into the New World. 17.St. Urban I (222-30) 18.St. Pontain (230-35) Showing Continuity of Teaching 19.St. Anterus (235-36) 20.St. Fabian (236-50) 21.St. Cornelius (251-53) 22.St. Lucius I (253-54) 23.St. Stephen I (254-257) In the Same Place 24.St. Sixtus II (257-258) 25.St. Dionysius (260-268) 26.St. Felix I (269-274) THE SCRIPTURES 27.St. Eutychian (275-283) 28.St. Caius (283-296) 29.St. Marcellinus (296-304) Jesus said to them again, “Peace be with you.
    [Show full text]