DOCSLIB.ORG

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Analysis of Aromatic Compounds of Leaves and Peel from Healthy and Viroid-Infected Citron Plants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Analysis of Aromatic Compounds of Leaves and Peel from Healthy and Viroid-Infected Citron Plants Fifteenth IOCV Conference, 2002—Viroids Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Analysis of Aromatic Compounds of Leaves and Peel from Healthy and Viroid-infected Citron Plants S. A. Vekiari, E. E. Protopapadakis, and P. Papadopoulou ABSTRACT. The aroma profile and the influence of viroid infection on the oil composition of leaves and peel of citron plants were studied. Oil components were separated, identified and quantified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy. Limonene was one of the main compo- nents in the essential oil of leaves and peel. Viroid infection reduced oil content of leaves and caused pronounced alteration in the oil composition of the peel when compared with leaves. Sig- nificant changes were observed in the concentration of volatile terpene constituents. Aldehydes and esters were found in significantly higher concentration in the oil of healthy fruit peel com- pared with peel from viroid plants. Index words. Citron leaves, citrus peel, Essential oil, Viroid infection, GC-MS analysis. Citron was the first citrus culti- rosis, epinasty of the newly formed vated in the Mediterranean region and developing leaves, curling of the and the island of Crete, and it is leaves and cracking of the lower side considered a basic species and a par- of midvein (2). ent plant in citrus evolution (13). Etrog citron is one of the oldest Improved genetic material has been cultivated citrus and is a host of all created by mutation and introduc- the citrus viroids (CVds). It was ini- tion of foreign isolates into the tially used as an indicator plant for island. CEVd, but today it is used as a gen- Viroids are the smallest agents of eral indicator for citrus viroids. Lota infectious diseases. Citrus may be et al., (12) used the Gas Chromatog- infected by several citrus viroids raphy-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) which include the exocortis and technique to analyze the essential cachexia agents (5, 21). Viroid dis- oil composition of peel and leaves of eases usually originate by acciden- different citron varieties cultivated tal introduction of viroids from wild in Corsica. Limonene and citral plants into susceptible cultivated were the main substances identified plants (1). These diseases appear in in both peel and leaves. nearly all areas where citrus is The aim of this work was to grown, and are transmitted by prop- study the effects of viroid infection agation of infected budwood and by on the profile and composition of the mechanical means, such as pruning essential oil components extracted with contaminated tools (10, 16, 19). from citron leaves and peel and ana- According to Roistacher (16), there lyzed by the GC-MS technique. are several varieties of citron sensi- tive to Citrus exocortis viroid MATERIALS AND METHODS (CEVd) and other citrus viroids. The reaction of different citron to citrus Sampling. Leaves and fruits viroids was initially reported by were collected from 16-yr-old citron Frolich et al. (6), who studied the plants (healthy and viroid infected) symptoms of the disease by inocu- in the Chania region of Crete island. lating various cultivars and clones Tissue was collected around the top with different viroid sources. Symp- of the tree at a height of 1.7 m. toms of viroid infection include chlo- Seedlings trees of cultivar Diamante, 272 Fifteenth IOCV Conference, 2002—Viroids 273 certified genetically by isoenzymatic tion splitter with a split ratio 1/20 analysis, were used to obtain mate- and flame ionization detector (FID). rial free of viruses and viroids (14, The oven temperature was pro- 15). Four isoenzymatic systems, grammed from 50°C (5 min isother- malate deshydrogenase, tetrazolium mal), to 230°C at 4°C/min. The oxidase, glutamate oxaloacetate temperature of the injector and transaminase and esterases, in cor- detector were 200 and 240°C, relation with biometric characteris- respectively. Helium (0.6 ml/min) tics, were applied for the taxonomy was used as a carrier gas. Injection of the citron variety. All the trees volume was 0.2 µl. Chromato- (seedlings) possessed a unique graphic analysis was run in six rep- banding for the four isoenzymatic licates. Standards previously systems. The viroid-infected trees identified as constituents of citron were produced by inoculating some leaves were added to the sample for trees with tissue from an experi- peak assignment based on peak mental tree of Etrog citron, carrying enrichment. The results were calcu- a virulent strain of CEVd. The pres- lated on the basis of an internal ence of CEVd was confirmed by the standard method (octyl acetate as severe reaction obtained in citron internal standard). from 469 field sources and the infec- A Hewlett-Packard P5890 GC tion of Gynura, a selective host of with a split/splitless injection port CEVd (20). The symptoms of CEVd and split ratio 1/100, coupled with a on citron trees were yellow blotch HP5970 Mass Spectrometer system and slight cracking in stems. In gen- (electron impact mode) was used. A eral the trees of Diamante pre- 25 m × 0.2 mm i.d., HP-1 fused silica sented bark mottling without capillary column, 0.2 µm film thick- appreciable dwarfing. The trees had ness was used. The temperature already been infected for 12 yr program was isothermal for 3 min at before the assays. 60°C and then raised to 230°C at Care was taken to collect leaves 5°C/min. The injector temperature of approximately 5-7 mo old, repre- was 200°C and the transfer line sentative of the variety. Samples of temperature was 250°C. The column 10 leaves from each of 10 healthy outlet was inserted directly into the and 10 diseased trees were collected ion source block. Ultrapure helium at different time intervals over a was used as a carrier gas with flow period of greater than 1 yr. The rate 1 ml/min. Injection volume was fruits were collected 3 mo after the 0.2 µl. Identification of components anthesis from the four compass was confirmed by comparison of the points of the trees to minimize posi- experimental retention index and tion variables. Mass Spectrum with that of authen- Essential oil extraction and tic reference standards. analysis. The hydrodistillation The data were subjected to the method with the Clevenger appara- analysis of variance (ANOVA) and tus was used to extract the essential the test of Duncan was performed in oil from leaves and peel. Samples of order to identify significant differ- 150 g were washed, cut and ences at P < 005 between healthy extracted for 3 h (9). Oil samples and diseased citrons. were collected and stored in vials at -18°C until used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION For gas chromatography analysis (17, 18) a 30 m × 0.32 mm i.d., SE-52 Yield of the essential oil. The capillary column and 0.25 µm film yield of the essential oil was thickness was used. The column was expressed as ml/kg of the fresh installed in a Perkin Elmer Autosys- material (Table 1). Healthy leaves tem GC equipped with a glass injec- yielded higher quantity of essential 274 Fifteenth IOCV Conference, 2002—Viroids TABLE 1 AVERAGE YIELD OF ESSENTIAL OIL, FROM LEAVES AND PEEL OF HEALTHY CITRON PLANTS AND THOSE INFECTED BY EXOCORTIS VIROID Oil Content Viroid-infected Healthy Leaves 3.8 ± 0.2z 8.4 ± 0.7 ay Peels 5.8 ± 0.3 5.9 ± 0.4 a zValues are mean of six samplings expressed as ml/kg fresh weight. yValues horizontally followed by different letters are statistically significant at P < 0.05. oil compared with diseased ones, infected leaves. Significant differ- while no significant differences were ences were also observed in the observed in the quantity of the oil minor components of the essential extracted from fruit peel. It seems oil from leaves such as: the monoter- that these differences are the result pene hydrocarbon δ-3-carene, the of cytological effect on the mesophyll aldehyde decanal, the ester geranyl tissues as a result of viroid infec- propionate, and the sesquiterpene tion. hydrocarbons, β-caryophyllene, ber- Essential oil composition. In gamotene and humulene. this study the main monoterpene CEVd accumulates in mesophyll hydrocarbon was limonene. Other tissues and causes cytological reso- hydrocarbons which were identified lution (3). Although no biological were the monoterpenes α, β-pinene, function of monoterpenes is yet myrcene, δ-3-carene, α-terpinene, known, their penetrating odor prob- and terpinolene. Among the sesquit- ably acts positively in attracting or erpenes caryophyllene, farnasene, repelling insects (7). humulene were the most impor- Peel oil from citron fruits tant. Esters on a quantitative basis, infected with CEVd had relatively account for only a small fraction of high concentrations of terpenes the citrus oil, while ethyl acetate, while aldehydes and esters were linalyl acetate, geranyl acetate are found in lower quantities (Table 3). the components most frequently Significant differences in the α and appeared (Tables 2 and 3). Large β-pinene, (Ζ) β- and (Ε) β-ocimene, amounts of alcoholic components citral, citronellal, neryl and geranyl were also found among the volatile acetate and neryl propionate compo- flavor substances of citrus. However, nents of the essential oil of peel their contribution to the overall fla- among healthy and viroid infected vor and aroma is probably less than citron plants were found. Citral is that of the carbonyl compounds and considered as a key aroma com- terpenes. pound of citrus flavor and its con- The mean value and other data tent is indicative of the quality of for the components of the essential oils. It is of great scientific and tech- oil from leaves from six samplings nological significance in aromatic and six replicates which come from and medicinal chemistry (8).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Grapefruit Organic Botanical Name: Citrus X Paradisi Origin: Isreal
    GC/MS BATCH NUMBER: GK0102 ESSENTIAL OIL: GRAPEFRUIT ORGANIC BOTANICAL NAME: CITRUS X PARADISI ORIGIN: ISREAL KEY CONSTITUENTS PRESENT IN THIS BATCH OF % GRAPEFRUIT ORGANIC OIL LIMONENE 92.9 MYRCENE 1.8 Comments from Robert Tisserand: Exquisite pink Grapefruit odor quality. Does not quite meet the full ISO standards, but this looks like a genuine oil. 510 2nd St S. Twin Falls, ID 83301 * 800-917-6577 * planttherapy.com facebook.com/PlantTherapy * planttherapy.com/blog Date : March 05, 2018 CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS - GC PROFILING SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION Internal code : 18C01-PTH2-1-CC Customer identification : Grapefruit Organic - Israel - GK0102191R Type : Essential oil Source : Citrus x paradisi cv. Yellow Customer : Plant Therapy ANALYSIS Method: PC-PA-014-17J19 - Analysis of the composition of an essential oil, or other volatile liquid, by FAST GC-FID (in French); identifications validated by GC-MS. Analyst : Sylvain Mercier, M. Sc., Chimiste Analysis date : March 05, 2018 Checked and approved by : Alexis St-Gelais, M. Sc., chimiste 2013-174 Note: This report may not be published, including online, without the written consent from Laboratoire PhytoChemia. This report is digitally signed, it is only considered valid if the digital signature is intact. Page 1/9 Essential oil, Citrus x paradisi cv. Yellow Report prepared for Internal code: 18C01-PTH2-1-CC Grapefruit Organic - Israel - GK0102191R Plant Therapy PHYSICOCHEMICAL DATA Physical aspect: Bright yellow liquid Refractive index: 1.4745 ± 0.0003 (20 °C) CONCLUSION No adulterant, contaminant
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroprotective Potential of Limonene and Limonene Containing Natural Products
    molecules Review Neuroprotective Potential of Limonene and Limonene Containing Natural Products Lujain Bader Eddin 1 , Niraj Kumar Jha 2 , M. F. Nagoor Meeran 1 , Kavindra Kumar Kesari 3,4 , Rami Beiram 1 and Shreesh Ojha 1,* 1 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] (L.B.E.); [email protected] (M.F.N.M.); [email protected] (R.B.) 2 Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland; kavindra.kesari@aalto.fi 4 Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Limonene is a monoterpene confined to the family of Rutaceae, showing several biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antinociceptive and gastroprotective characteristics. Recently, there is notable interest in investigating the pharmacological effects of limonene in various chronic diseases due to its mitigating effect on oxidative stress and inflam- mation and regulating apoptotic cell death. There are several available studies demonstrating the neuroprotective role of limonene in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Citation: Eddin, L.B.; Jha, N.K.; multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, anxiety, and stroke. The high abundance of limonene in nature, its Meeran, M.F.N.; Kesari, K.K.; Beiram, safety profile, and various mechanisms of action make this monoterpene a favorable molecule to R.; Ojha, S.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Study of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Contamination and Mitigation in Buildings Part 4. Evaluation of the Activate
    EPA/600/R-11/156C November 2012 Laboratory Study of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Contamination and Mitigation in Buildings Part 4. Evaluation of the Activated Metal Treatment System (AMTS) for On-site Destruction of PCBs Xiaoyu Liu and Zhishi Guo U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development National Risk Management Research Laboratory Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 and Corey A. Mocka, R. Andy Stinson, Nancy F. Roache, and Joshua A. Nardin ARCADIS, US Inc. 4915 Prospectus Dr., Suite F Durham, NC 27709 NOTICE This document has been reviewed internally and externally in accordance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Executive Summary E.1 Background Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were once used as a plasticizer in certain building materials such as caulking, sealants, and paints from the 1950s through the late 1970s. Because PCBs have a variety of adverse health effects in animals and human, federal regulations have specific requirements for use and disposal of PCB-containing materials (U.S. EPA, 2005; 2009). Briefly, building materials that contain 50 ppm or more PCBs are not authorized for use and must be disposed of as PCB bulk product waste according the Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR §761.3 and §761.62. If PCBs have contaminated either the surrounding building materials or adjacent soil, these materials are considered PCB remediation waste, which is subject to the cleanup and disposal requirements according 40 CFR §761.61.
    [Show full text]
  • Use the Right Citrus-Based Cleaning Products to Avoid Corrosion Or Rust Bob Beckley, Project Leader
    United States Department of Agriculture Facilities Forest Service Technology & Development Program March 2006 0673–2319–MTDC 7300/7100/5100/2400/2300 Use the Right Citrus-Based Cleaning Products to Avoid Corrosion or Rust Bob Beckley, Project Leader itrus-based cleaning products are commonly found in metal on their chain saws. The crew stopped using citrus-based residential and commercial settings. The ingredients in products because they believed citric acid was causing the these products vary widely (figure 1). While some of damage. However, the damage probably was caused by a C water-based citrus cleaning product. What To Look for in a Citrus-Based Cleaning Product The Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for chemical products list their ingredients. The MSDS for a citrus-based cleaner should list D-Limonene among the ingredients. D- Limonene is in the terpene family, which includes citrus and pine oils. Terpenes are generally not corrosive or harmful to metals or most plastics and polymers. Terpenes won’t cause rusting, pitting, etching, or staining. Citrus-based terpenes can dissolve heavy petroleum greases and residues in about 30 Figure 1—Citrus-based cleaners are commonly used in residential and minutes when they are used at ambient temperatures. commercial settings, but users often are unaware of the difference between citrus oil-based cleaning products and water-based products. A citrus oil-based cleaning product will not cause corrosion these products can cause corrosion or rust, others do not. The or rust. Such products are made from the oil found in the difference is based on the ingredients. Hundreds of cleaning orange peel, rather than the pulp and juice of the orange.
    [Show full text]
  • Immobilization of P. Digitatum and Bioconversion of Limonene to Alpha-Terpineol. Qiang Tan Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1996 Immobilization of P. Digitatum and Bioconversion of Limonene to Alpha-Terpineol. Qiang Tan Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Tan, Qiang, "Immobilization of P. Digitatum and Bioconversion of Limonene to Alpha-Terpineol." (1996). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 6312. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6312 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Part I. Isolation of (R)-(+)-Limonene from Grapefruit Or Orange Peel
    EXPERIMENT 5 ISOLATION OF LIMONENE FROM NATURAL PRODUCTS: STEAM DISTILLATION AND SOXHLET EXTRACTION OF CITRUS PEELS & MINT LEAVES Part 1: Isolation of limonene from citrus peel by steam distillation Part 2: Isolation of limonene from mint leaves by soxhlet extraction Students will work in teams of two. Each team will do one steam distillation, and one soxhlet extraction. If there is an odd number of students, then the student will do either a steam distillation or extraction, depending on availability of glassware. Reading Assignment: Pavia, Sections 18.1-18.4, 12.12 Pre-lab Questions: 1) Questions #1, 2, Pavia p. 284 - 285 2) In the spearmint leaf extraction, indicate which of the following solvents may or may not be suitable as a replacement for the hexane used in the experiment: acetone, diethyl ether, ethanol. Briefly explain your choices. Part I. Isolation of (R)-(+)-Limonene from Grapefruit or Orange Peel: (R)-(+)-limonene Line and 3-D structures of (R)-(+)-limonene. The major constituent of the steam-volatile oil of grapefruit or orange peel is (R)-(+)-limonene. It can be isolated as an esential oil of about 97% purity by a steam distillation of citrus fruit peels. Attempting to distill this essential oil directly from plant CHEM M52LA/H52LA Experiment 5 Page 1 763 material is generally not feasible. Limonene is a high-boiling liquid (bp = 175.5-176 °C) which decomposes under the high heat needed to bring it to a boil. Steam distillation is a much gentler way to obtain essential oils, as it allows the distillation of co-mixture of oil and water at a boiling point less than 100 °C.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Variability of Peel and Leaf Essential Oils in the Citrus Subgenus Papeda (Swingle) and Few Relatives
    plants Article Chemical Variability of Peel and Leaf Essential Oils in the Citrus Subgenus Papeda (Swingle) and Few Relatives Clémentine Baccati 1, Marc Gibernau 1, Mathieu Paoli 1 , Patrick Ollitrault 2,3 ,Félix Tomi 1,* and François Luro 2 1 Laboratoire Sciences Pour l’Environnement, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Université de Corse—CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France; [email protected] (C.B.); [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (M.P.) 2 UMR AGAP Institut, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 20230 San Giuliano, France; [email protected] (P.O.); [email protected] (F.L.) 3 CIRAD, UMR AGAP, 20230 San Giuliano, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-495-52-4122 Abstract: The Papeda Citrus subgenus includes several species belonging to two genetically distinct groups, containing mostly little-exploited wild forms of citrus. However, little is known about the potentially large and novel aromatic diversity contained in these wild citruses. In this study, we characterized and compared the essential oils obtained from peels and leaves from representatives of both Papeda groups, and three related hybrids. Using a combination of GC, GC-MS, and 13C-NMR spectrometry, we identified a total of 60 compounds in peel oils (PO), and 76 compounds in leaf oils (LO). Limonene was the major component in almost all citrus PO, except for C. micrantha and C. hystrix, where β-pinene dominated (around 35%). LO composition was more variable, with different Citation: Baccati, C.; Gibernau, M.; major compounds among almost all samples, except for two citrus pairs: C.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Antiproliferative Properties of Grapefruit Essential Oil Prepared by Molecular Distillation
    molecules Article Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Antiproliferative Properties of Grapefruit Essential Oil Prepared by Molecular Distillation Weihui Deng, Ke Liu, Shan Cao, Jingyu Sun, Balian Zhong and Jiong Chun * National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; [email protected] (W.D.); [email protected] (K.L.); [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (B.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-797-839-3068 Academic Editor: Raffaele Capasso Received: 3 December 2019; Accepted: 3 January 2020; Published: 5 January 2020 Abstract: Grapefruit essential oil has been proven to have wide range of bioactivities. However, bioactivity of its molecular distillate has not been well studied. In this study, a light phase oil was obtained by molecular distillation from cold-pressed grapefruit essential oil and GC-MS was used to identify its chemical composition. The antimicrobial activity of the light phase oil was tested by filter paper diffusion method, and the anticancer activity was determined by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Twenty-four components were detected with a total relative content of 99.74%, including 97.48% of terpenes and 1.66% of oxygenated terpenes. The light phase oil had the best antimicrobial effect on Bacillus subtilis, followed by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonellaty phimurium. DPPH and ABTS assays demonstrated that the light phase oil had good antioxidant activity. The CCK-8 assay of cell proliferation showed that the light phase oil had a good inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HepG2 liver cancer cells and HCT116 colon cancer cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Volatile Constituents, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Citrus Reticulata Blanco Cultivar Murcott
    Available online on www.ijppr.com International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research 2017; 9(3); 376-386 DOI number: 10.25258/phyto.v9i2.8089 ISSN: 0975-4873 Research Article Volatile Constituents, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Citrus reticulata Blanco Cultivar Murcott Al-Gendy A A1*, El-Sayed M A1, Hamdan D I2, El-Shazly A M1 1Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt 2Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Egypt Received: 23rd Feb, 17; Revised: 15th March, 17; Accepted: 20th March, 17 Available Online: 25th March, 2017 ABSTRACT Hydrodistilled essential oils isolated from the leaf, ripe and unripe rinds as well as flower hexane extract of Murcott mandarin were analysed by GLC-MS to identify their constituents. The identified compounds were 48, 41, 40 and 46 from the mentioned organs, respectively. Monoterpenes represented the highest percentage for the identified components of ripe rind (94.76%), unripe rind (97.05%) and flower hexane fraction (50.97%) while oxygenated monoterpenes (45.94%) were the highest for leaf oil. Limonene was the major components in all samples followed by terpinene-4-ol and linalool in leaf oil, geranial, γ-terpinen and neral in flower hexane extract. Myrcene represented 2.43% and 2.69% for the ripe and unripe rind, respectively. Moreover, the major constituents were quantified by GLC-FID using a calibration curve of limonene. All tested samples showed high concentration of limonene which reached its highest concentration in flower hexane fraction (527.54 µg/ml). The tested samples were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities by using agar well diffusion assay and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using gentamicin, ampicillin and amphotricin B as positive controls.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Original Research Article 307 CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF FINGERED CITRON PEEL (CITRUS MEDICA L. VAR. SARCODACTYLIS) AND ITS EFFECT ON THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Winai Sayorwan1, *, Vadee Rumruay2 1 Kanchanabhishek Institute of Medical and Public Health Technology, Sainoi Nonthaburi, 11150, Thailand 2 Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom, 73170, Thailand ABSTRACT: Background: In Thailand, Fingered Citron (Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis) is used in folk medicine as a tonic for antispasmodic conditions and as an inhaler. According to published research, there are no comprehensive scientific researches on the chemical composition and physiological effects of fingered citron; thus, the present study was designed. We investigated the chemical composition of fingered citron peel oil by GC-MS and its effect on the autonomic nervous systems (blood pressure, heart rate, skin temperature, and respiratory rate) and mood responses after inhaling. Methods: The hydrodistillation technique was used to extract the essential oil from the fruit of fingered citron. The major chemical composition of the essential oil was limonene (65.11%) and gamma terpinene (34.89%). There were 30 volunteer participants for this experiment. The parameters of assessment were measured before and after using a paired t-test statistical procedure. Results: The results revealed that fingered citron oil caused a significant increase in blood pressure, and the respiratory rate also showed a significant increase upon exposure to the inhaled oil. Furthermore, the oil increased positive emotions including the feelings of well-being, activeness, and freshness. The oil also significantly reduced negative emotions such as drowsiness. Conclusion: This finding provides evidence of the stimulating effects of inhaling fingered citron peel oil.
    [Show full text]
  • Product Name Ingredients
    Product Name Ingredients Body Lotion Rich Nourishing 250Ml - 3 Pack Aqua, Paraffinum Liquidum, Isohexadecane, Glycerin, Isopropyl Palmitate, Cera Microcristallina, PEG-40 Sorbitan Perisostearate, Polyglyceryl-3 Diisostearate, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Oil, Magnesium Sulfate, Sodium Citrate, Citric Acid, Potassium Sorbate, Linalool, Limonene, Benzyl Alcohol, Geraniol, Citronellol, Butylphenyl Methylpropional, Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone, Parfum Body Lotion Rich Nourishing 400Ml - 3 Pack Aqua, Paraffinum Liquidum, Isohexadecane, Glycerin, Isopropyl Palmitate, Cera Microcristallina, PEG-40 Sorbitan Perisostearate, Polyglyceryl-3 Diisostearate, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Oil, Magnesium Sulfate, Sodium Citrate, Citric Acid, Potassium Sorbate, Linalool, Limonene, Benzyl Alcohol, Geraniol, Citronellol, Butylphenyl Methylpropional, Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone, Parfum Body Lotion Irresistibly Smooth 400Ml - 3 Pack Aqua, Glycerin, Cetearyl Alcohol, C15-19 Alkane, Isopropyl Palmitate, Paraffinum Liquidum, Glyceryl Stearate SE, Butyrospermum Parkii Butter, Dimethicone, Glyceryl Stearate, Sodium Cetearyl Sulfate, Sodium Hydroxide, Carbomer, Phenoxyethanol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Linalool, Limonene, Butylphenyl Methylpropional, Benzyl Alcohol, Citronellol, Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone, Parfum Body Lotion Express Hydration 250Ml - 3 Pack Aqua, Glycerin, Alcohol Denat., Dicaprylyl Ether, Glyceryl Stearate SE, Isopropyl Palmitate, Cetearyl Alcohol, Maris Sal, Dimethicone, Carbomer, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Cetearyl Sulfate, Phenoxyethanol, Linalool, Limonene, Benzyl Alcohol,
    [Show full text]
  • 18B26-PTH1-1-CC Customer Identification : Kumquat Oil - Brazil - K2010078R Type : Essential Oil Source : Fortunella Japonica Customer : Plant Therapy
    GC/MS BATCH NUMBER: K20100 ESSENTIAL OIL: KUMQUAT BOTANICAL NAME: FORTUNELLA JAPONICA ORIGIN: BRAZIL KEY CONSTITUENTS PRESENT IN THIS BATCH OF % KUMQUAT OIL LIMONENE 91.2 MYRCENE 1.9 β-PINENE 1.2 Comments from Robert Tisserand: Exquisite, green-citrus odor profile with hints of gardenia and white pepper. Constituents are in expected amounts. 510 2nd St S. Twin Falls, ID 83301 * 800-917-6577 * planttherapy.com facebook.com/PlantTherapy * planttherapy.com/blog Date : February 27, 2018 CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS - GC PROFILING SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION Internal code : 18B26-PTH1-1-CC Customer identification : Kumquat Oil - Brazil - K2010078R Type : Essential oil Source : Fortunella japonica Customer : Plant Therapy ANALYSIS Method: PC-PA-014-17J19 - Analysis of the composition of an essential oil, or other volatile liquid, by FAST GC-FID (in French); identifications validated by GC-MS. Analyst : Alexis St-Gelais, M. Sc., chimiste Analysis date : February 27, 2018 Checked and approved by : Alexis St-Gelais, M. Sc., chimiste 2013-174 Note: This report may not be published, including online, without the written consent from Laboratoire PhytoChemia. This report is digitally signed, it is only considered valid if the digital signature is intact. Page 1/9 Essential oil, Fortunella japonica Report prepared for Internal code: 18B26-PTH1-1-CC Kumquat Oil - Brazil - K2010078R Plant Therapy PHYSICOCHEMICAL DATA Physical aspect: Bright yellow liquid Refractive index: 1.4718 ± 0.0003 (20 °C) CONCLUSION No clear adulterant, contaminant or diluent has been detected
    [Show full text]