Rutschungen Im Südwestlichen Annapurna-Massiv Des Zentralen Nepal-Himalaya

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Rutschungen Im Südwestlichen Annapurna-Massiv Des Zentralen Nepal-Himalaya Rutschungen im südwestlichen Annapurna-Massiv des zentralen Nepal-Himalaya Ein Beitrag zur geographischen Hazardforschung Peter Christian Ottinger I N A U G U R A L - D I S S E R T A T I O N zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Naturwissenschaftlich-Mathematischen Gesamtfakultät der Ruprecht - Karls - Universität Heidelberg Gutachter: HD Dr. Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt Prof. Dr. Edmund Krauter vorgelegt von Diplom-Geograph Peter Christian Ottinger aus Rosenberg in Oberschlesien April 2003 I Vorwort Bereits auf Reisen 1995, 1996 und 1997 in verschiedene Landesteile Nepals reifte in mir die Idee, über Naturgefahren im Himalaya eine Arbeit zu verfassen. Die hochentwickelte Terrassenlandwirtschaft an den steilen Hängen im nepalischen Bergland faszinierte mich von Anfang an. Ist sie jedoch nicht stark bedroht durch die heftigen Monsunregen, Erdbeben und Rutschungen? Ich konnte doch so häufig Abrißnischen von Rutschungen, Murkegel und Spuren von Überflutungen mitten in bewohnten Gebieten sehen. Dieser Frage wollte ich nachgehen und über die Naturgefahren, allen voran über die Rutschungen in dem dicht besiedelten Gebirgsraum mehr herausfinden. Ein heftiger Sommermonsun des Jahres 1998 mit zahlreichen frischen Rutschungen veranlaßte mich schließlich, mit meinem physio- geographischen Hintergrund und einigen Erfahrungen aus den europäischen Hochgebirgen diese anspruchsvolle Aufgabe anzugehen. Zur Entstehung dieser Arbeit haben eine Vielzahl von Personen beigetragen. Mein ganz besonderer Dank gilt meinem Doktorvater Herrn HD Dr. Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt, der die Arbeit bestens betreut hat und mir jederzeit beratend und engagiert zur Stelle stand, in Nepal wie in Heidelberg. Durch seine große Nepalerfahrung öffnete er mir die Augen für das Verständnis des Landes und seiner Menschen sowie die geoökologischen Zusammenhänge. Herr Prof. Dr. Edmund Krauter, Universität Mainz, begleitete die Arbeit ebenfalls von Anfang an. Ihm gebührt Dank für die immerwährende Diskussionsbereitschft, und seinen wertvollen Anregungen verdanke ich ein besseres Verständnis der weitreichenden Rolle, welche Rutschungen im Ökosystem des Hochgebirges spielen. Bedanken möchte ich mich auch beim Herrn Prof. Dr. Hans-Georg Bohle für die fruchtbaren Disskussionen und viele Hinweise bezüglich der Konzeption der Arbeit. Herr Prof. Dr. Rainer Altherr interressierte sich sehr für das Vorankommen der Arbeit und ermöglichte (und leitete auch) die Dünn- schliffanalysen und röntgenspektographische Untersuchungen meiner Gesteinsproben am Mineralogischen Institut der Unversität Heidelberg. Prof. Dr. Hellmut R. Völk, den ich auf drei Nepalreisen begleiten durfte, verdanke ich viele wegweisende Ideen. Ganz besonders herzlichen Dank möchte ich Herrn Dr. Arnold Scheuerbrandt für jahrelange freundschaftliche Unterstützung und fachlichen Gedankenaustausch durch interessanteste Gespräche, die mich immer wieder motivierten, aussprechen. Er trug entscheidend zum Gelingen der Arbeit bei. Während meiner Aufenthalte in Nepal haben mich zahlreiche Personen unterstützt, von denen ich hier nur einige erwähnen kann – ihnen gilt mein herzlicher Dank. Allen voran Prof. Dr. Bisal Nath Upreti, Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Direktor des Nepal Geological Society, Kathmandu für viele Gespräche und nützliche Ratschläge. Eine Immatrikulation am Department of Geography der Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, und die Hilfe der King Mahendra Stiftung, insbesondere des Annapurna Conservation Area Project II (ACAP) ermöglichte erst die Durchführung der Geländearbeiten im Annapurna-Massiv. Jukka Koivisto von der Firma Finnmap danke ich für die Hilfe beim Beschaffen von aktuellen Karten und Luftbildmaterial in Kathmandu, Elmar Brömse und Jörg Volkmann (beide DED) für die Hilfe bei der Beschaffung von wertvollen Niederschlagsdaten vom Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM, Pokhara-Office). Frau Reeta Lama-Schmidt-Vogt teilte mit mir ihr Wissen und ihre Erfahrungen über das Land und seine Menschen. Schließlich möchte ich mich bei den Magarfamilien aus dem Sikha Valley, die mich aufgenommen haben, für die herzliche Gastfreundschaft, und bei meinen Geländeassistenten Gaju Bahadyr Gurung und Suresh Chetri für die vielen mühevollen Monate auf den schmalen Bergpfaden bedanken. Dem Deutschen Akademischen Austausch Dienst (DAAD) gilt mein besonderer Dank für ein 15-Monatiges Auslandsstipendium, mit welchem die Geländearbeiten in Nepal größtenteils finanziert werden konnten. Der Deutsch-Nepalischen Gesellschaft (DNG) – besonders ihren Vorsitzendern Dr. Wolf Donner und Herrn Ram Pratap Thapa – sei Dank für einen Flug- kostenzuschuß der Gesellschaft. Ohne die Hilfe von vielen Freunden in Heidelberg könnte die Arbeit nicht fertig gestellt werden. Mein besonderer Dank gilt v.a. Alexander Scheid für seine kameradschaftliche Unterstützung und konstruktive Ratschläge, Christian Böge, der mir bei so manchem Computerproblem zu Seite stand, Frank Woll, der mit seinen Zeichnungen viel zum graphischen Gesamteindruck beigetragen hat, Christina Bommas, Nicole Bruhn-Vögtlin und Brigitte Schauwienold für das gewissenhafte Korrekturlesen. Besonderer Dank gilt meiner Familie, die über Jahre die finanzielle Hauptlast zu tragen hatte. Schießlich möchte ich mich bei meiner Frau Katrin herzlich bedanken, die mich bei der Entstehung dieser Arbeit unermüdlich unterstützt hat und etliche durch diese verursachte Strapazen überstehen mußte. Widmen möchte ich diese Arbeit meiner Familie Heidelberg, im April 2003 Peter Christian Ottinger III Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite: 1. Einführung 1 1.1 Einleitung 1 1.2 Die Studie im Kontext der Hazard- und der Rutschungsforschung 4 1.2.1 Geographische Hazardforschung 4 1.2.2 Rutschungsforschung 8 1.3 Fragestellung und Zielsetzung der Arbeit 10 1.4 Forschungsansatz 12 1.5 Der Naturraum „Nepal-Himalaya“ 13 1.5.1 Allgemeine Charakterisierung 13 1.5.2 Grundzüge der naturräumlichen Einheiten Nepals 14 1.6 Naturgefahren im Nepal-Himalaya 18 1.7 Rutschungen – ein wichtiger Umweltfaktor im Nepal-Himalaya 23 1.7.1 Die besondere Stellung der Rutschungen unter den Naturgefahren in 23 Nepal 1.7.2 Rutschungen in jungen Hochgebirgen. Ein Vergleich Himalaya – Alpen 26 2. Methoden 28 2.1 Auswahlkriterien für das Arbeitsgebiet 28 2.2 Sekundäre Informationen über das Arbeitsgebiet 29 2.3 Primäre Datenerhebung. Natur- und sozialwissenschaftliche 32 Geländeforschung 2.4 Laboruntersuchungen 34 2.4.1 Dendrochronologische Datierung von Rutschungen 34 2.4.2 Laboruntersuchungen von Gesteinsproben 35 3. Das Arbeitsgebiet – naturräumliche Ausstattung, Besiedlung 36 und Nutzung 3.1 Die Lage des Arbeitsgebietes. Das Sikha Valley und das Kali Gandaki 36 Valley (zwischen Tatopani und Kusma) im Bergland Zentralnepals. IV 3.2 Naturräumliche Faktoren 40 3.2.1 Geologische Situation 40 3.2.1.1 Einführung 40 3.2.1.2 Kurzer Abriß der Himalaya-Entstehung 41 3.2.1.3 Die geologische Lage innerhalb des Himalaya (Lesser Himalaya) 42 3.2.1.4 Struktur und Tektonik 45 3.2.1.5 Stratigraphie 46 3.2.1.6 Lithologie 48 3.2.1.7 Zusammenfassung 52 3.2.2 Reliefverhältnisse 53 3.2.2.1 Quartäre Reliefentwicklung 53 3.2.2.2 Aktuelle Morphologie des Arbeitsgebietes 56 3.2.3 Klimatische Bedingungen 59 3.2.3.1 Das subtropisch-monsunale Klima im Arbeitsgebiet 59 3.2.3.2 Der Verlauf der Niederschläge 61 3.2.4 Böden 67 3.2.5 Vegetation 68 3.3 Besiedlung und Nutzung im Arbeitsgebiet 71 3.3.1 Bevölkerung und Siedlungen 71 3.3.1.1 Die ethnische Zusammensetzung der Bevölkerung 72 3.3.1.2 Bevölkerungsentwicklung im Arbeitsgebiet 74 3.3.2 Landnutzung 77 3.3.2.1 Bedeutung der Landwirtschaft in Nepal 77 3.3.2.2 Landwirtschaftliches Produktionssystem im Sikha Valley 78 3.3.2.3 Höhenstufen des Anbaus 80 3.3.2.4 Entwicklung der Größe landwirtschaftlich genutzter Fläche 83 4. Rutschungen – Definition und Klassifikation 84 4.1 Definition der Rutschungen 84 4.2 Klassifikation von Rutschungen 85 5. Rutschungen im Arbeitsgebiet – Bestandsaufnahme und 88 Analyse der Ursachen 5.1 Bestandsaufnahme der Rutschungen 88 5.1.1 Einführung 88 5.1.2 Der Sikha-Hang (ein Schichtflächenhang) 89 5.1.3 Der Pauder-Hang (ein Schichtkopfhang) 93 5.1.4 Lokale Fallbeispiele für Rutschungen 94 5.1.4.1 Fallbeispiel 1: Der abgleitende „Tallo Sikha-Block“ und die Cithe 95 Khola-Rutschung 5.1.4.2 Fallbeispiel 2: Thulo Kharka–Rutschungen 97 V 5.1.4.3 Fallbeispiel 3: Phalate–Rutschungen 98 5.2 Analyse der Ursachen und Auslöser von Rutschungen im Arbeitsgebiet 101 5.2.1 Einführung 101 5.2.2 Natürliche Ursachen von Rutschungen 102 5.2.2.1 Geologie 102 5.2.2.2 Klima / Niederschläge 105 5.2.2.3 Schmelz- und Bergwasser 106 5.2.2.4 Permafrostschwund 107 5.2.2.5 Vegetation 107 5.2.2.6 Topographische / morphologische Situation 108 5.2.2.7 Der Faktor Zeit 108 5.2.3 Anthropogene Ursachen von Rutschungen 109 5.2.3.1 Unsachgemäße Flächennutzung 109 5.2.3.2 Erosion durch Lasttiere 112 5.2.3.3 Straßenbau 112 5.2.4 Auslöser von Rutschungen 113 5.2.4.1 Intensive und langandauernde Starkregenereignisse 113 5.2.4.2 Rapide Schneeschmelze 114 5.2.4.3 Erdbeben 114 5.2.5 Zusammenfassung 115 5.3 Das Problem der „Degradation“ im Zusammenhang mit den 116 Rutschungen 6. Die Tatopani-Rutschung vom 26. September 1998 und 119 ihre Folgen: eine Fallstudie 6.1 Die Rutschung von Tatopani im September 1998 119 6.2 Analyse der Ursachen der Rutschung 120 6.3 Direkte Folgen und weitere Bewegungen 123 6.4 Zukunftsaussichten für Tatopani 126 6.5 Maßstab des Ereignisses – ein Exkurs 127 7. Positive Folgen von Rutschungen im Arbeitsgebiet 129 7.1 Langfristige Modifikation des Reliefs und Veränderung des 129 Hangsubstrats. Neue Flächen für die
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